鸡实验性淋巴细胞性白血的病理学研究

给３５只１日伊莎褐蛋母鸡雏腹腔接种淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株、应用常规病理技术，对接毒后第１５天、１、２、３、４、５、６个７批次的实验鸡做了病理学研究。结果：接毒后１５ｄ和１个月，部分实验鸡发生性细胞性白血病，主要表现为骨髓在髓细胞大量增生，或形成成髓细胞性肿瘤瘤结节，肝、心、肾、法氏囊等内脏器官出现成髓细胞聚集，接毒后２－６个月，实验鸡发生了淋巴细胞性白血病，主要表现为法氏囊髓淋巴细胞发生     

鸡实验性淋巴细胞性白血病的病理学研究

给３５只１日龄伊莎褐蛋母鸡雏腹腔接种淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株，应用常规病理技术，对接毒后第１５天、１、２、３、４、５、６个月７个批次的实验鸡做了病理学研究。结果：接毒后１５ｄ和１个月，部分实验鸡发生了成髓细胞性白血病，主要表现为骨髓成髓细胞大量增生，或形成成髓细胞性肿瘤结节，肝、心、肾、法氏囊等内脏器官出现成髓细胞聚集；接毒后２～６个月，实验鸡发生了淋巴细胞性白血病，主要表现为法氏囊髓质淋巴细胞发生转化，成淋巴细胞克隆增殖形成成淋巴细胞克隆增殖灶，在肝、心、肾、脾、腺胃等器官中形成成淋巴细胞性肿瘤结节。据此，可对鸡淋巴细胞性白血病做出病理组织学诊断。     

鸡实验性成髓细胞性白血病的细胞化学及超微结构

用鸡成髓细胞性白血病病毒（ＡＭＶ）ＢＡＪ－Ａ株鸡传代血浆毒感染１日龄伊莎鸡雏２０只，在接毒后１９￣２５ｄ于濒死期扑杀、采样，进行细胞化学和电镜检查。结果表明，肝、肾、法氏囊、胸腺及血液的成髓细胞来源于骨髓；其成髓细胞胞浆、胞膜及细胞间隙存在带有囊膜的含核心的病毒粒子。     

鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒和群特异性抗原（P^27）在体内的分布与消长

应用生物素－亲和素法和电镜技术对接种鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒的实验鸡作了研究。结果：接种后１５ｄ的两只发病鸡雏骨髓中含有大量病毒抗原和群特异性抗原，ＢＡ阳性细胞主要是成髓细胞。接种后１个月一只实验鸡骨髓中形成成髓细胞性肿瘤结节，结节中成髓细胞ＢＡ弱性。接种两个月以后骨髓结构正常，各细胞群ＢＡ弱阳性。接种后１５ｄ法氏囊中即有病毒抗原和群特异性抗原，但主要是成髓细胞阳性，接种后２￣５个月，法氏囊淋巴滤泡     

鸡实验性成骨髓细胞性白血病的病理学研究

将禽成骨髓细胞性白血病病毒(AMV)BAI—A株鸡传代血浆毒5稀释,按0.2mL/只剂量,给2日龄伊莎和尼克鸡雏翼部皮下注射.结果:接毒后第12d仅骨髓的血窦外区出现多发性成髓细胞增生灶,而外周血液和其他器官无明显变化.接毒后第19～37d发病死亡26只,尸体消瘦、贫血,骨髓出现多发性成髓细胞增生灶,其涂片中成髓细胞和颗粒髓细胞占全血细胞的81.60±12.35％;在血液涂片中占63.84±3.85％.在肝脏涂片中,成髓细胞几乎代管了肝组织.肝脏、脾脏和肾脏由于成髓细胞在其血管内外聚集和肿瘤性增生而显著肿大,重量明显增加,肝重为正常的4.22倍,脾重为2.66倍,肾重为2.11倍.接毒后第60d,在骨髓、肝脏和心肌实质内见许多灰白色半透明针尖大小点(由成髓细胞组成的结节).法氏囊缩小,皱褶内滤泡几乎完全萎缩、消失.     

鸡白血病的防治

鸡白血病是由禽白血病肉瘤病毒群中的病毒引起的成年鸡的一种慢性淋巴样肿瘤性传染病。有多种病型，如淋巴白血病、成红细胞白血病、成髓细胞白血病、骨髓细胞瘤、肾母细胞瘤、骨石化病、血管瘤等，其中以淋巴白血病（LL）较常见。LL多发于性成熟期的鸡，特征是在肝、     

鸡马立克氏病(MD)的特异性诊断 Ⅰ、使用已知阳性血清作免疫扩散试验诊断MD的研究

使用已知抗马立克氏病病毒(MDV)血清进行免疫扩散试验,共检查了1,933只鸡的羽髓材料,其中未感染MDV的健康鸡104只(全部阴性),实验感染MDV的鸡475只(469只阳性,占98.73％),火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)免疫的鸡56只(全部阴性),实验感染鸡成髓细胞增生性白血病病毒(AMV)的鸡107只(全部阴性),实验感染鸡新城疫(ND)、传染性支气管炎(IB)和传染性喉气管炎(ILT)病毒的鸡各60只(全部阴性),非MD发病鸡场的鸡545只(19只阳性,占3.48％),MD发病鸡场的鸡466只(252只阳性,占54.08％)。在实验感染鸡中,MDV羽髓抗原的最早检出时间大约在感染后的第13～14天,最适检出时间大约在20～30天。临床耐过鸡的羽髓抗原检出率随时间的延长而降低。另外,把在非MD发病鸡场检出的羽髓抗原阳性鸡的抗凝全血接种于5日龄的鸡胚卵黄囊,接种后14天检查绒毛尿囊膜,在大多数接种胚中可见典型的病毒痘斑,说明羽髓抗原阳性鸡的血流中确实含有MDV;也就是说,用已知MDV阳性血清检查羽髓抗原来诊断MD的免疫扩散试验是特异而可靠的。     

鸡淋巴细胞性自血病病毒和群特异性抗原（P27）在体内的分布与消长

应用生物素－亲和素法和电镜技术对接种鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒的实验鸡作了研究。结果：接种后１５ｄ的两只发病鸡雏骨髓中含有大量病毒抗原和群特异性抗原，ＢＡ阳性细胞主要是成髓细胞。接种后１个月一只实验鸡骨髓中形成成髓细胞性肿瘤结节，结节中成髓细胞ＢＡ弱阳性。接种两个月以后骨髓结构正常，各细胞群ＢＡ弱阳性。接种后１５ｄ法氏囊中即有病毒抗原和群特异性抗原，但主要是成髓细胞阳性。接种后２－５个月，法氏囊淋巴滤泡中一直存有病毒抗原和群特异性抗原，但以接毒后３－４个月时含量最高。接毒后６个月，法氏囊萎缩，结缔组织和成淋巴细胞ＢＡ弱阳性。电镜观察，在接毒后１－４个月的实验鸡法氏囊滤泡髓质巨噬细胞胞浆内和胞膜表面、网状细胞胞浆内和淋巴细胞之间观察到大量ＬＬ病毒粒子。根据ＢＡ法染色在法氏囊检出ＢＡ阳性细胞，或电镜在法氏囊检出大量ＬＬ病毒粒子。均可与ＭＤ相区别而建立ＬＬ病理学诊断。     

鸡淋巴细胞性白血病的诊断与防控

鸡白血病是由禽白血病病毒（Avian leucosisviruses,ALV）引起的慢性传染性肿瘤病。按病型可分为淋巴性白血病、成红细胞性白血病、成髓细胞性白血病和骨髓细胞瘤病4个类型,     

黄芪多糖和香菇多糖对VAMV感染雏鸡实质器官中LPO含量的影响

ＡＡ雏鸡３日龄感染禽成髓细胞性白血病病毒（ＶＡＭＶ）的ＢＡＩ－Ａ株,实质器官肝、心和肾中原有组织被骨髓性肿瘤组织取代。感染雏鸡分组同时给予黄芪多糖和香菇多糖,不仅降低禽髓细胞性白血病（ＡＭＢ）的发病率和死亡率,而且在此后３周内提高上述器官内ＬＰＯ含量,清除肿瘤细胞作用明显加强,其中各实质器官中ＬＰＯ含量通过给予黄芪多糖在１０日龄升高,而给予香菇多糖则分别在１０日龄和２４日龄２次升高。     

Pulmonary aspergillosis in a horse with myelomonocytic leukemia

Acute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a 2-year-old Standardbred mare that had hind limb edema and fever unresponsive to antibiotics. The mare had anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis, with circulating myeloblasts and monocytoid cells. A bone marrow specimen was hypercellular, with myeloblasts and monocytoid cells. Peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, and alpha naphthyl acetate esterase activities were detected in many bone marrow cells. Interstitial pulmonary densities were seen radiographically. The mare was euthanatized and necropsied. Infiltrates of leukemic cells were found microscopically in specimens of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. Granulomas containing fungal hyphae were seen microscopically in the lungs, and Aspergillus sp was isolated from the lesions.     

Systemic spindle-cell proliferative disease in broiler chickens

The major organs and tissues of 24 broiler chickens (70 or 71 days old) suspected of spindle-cell proliferative disease (SPD) because of showing the tumorous lesions distributed throughout the body at meat inspection were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Macroscopically, liver, spleen and cecal tonsil showed severe enlargement and white nodules or plaques were observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, intestine and bone marrow of the femur. All chickens were diagnosed with SPD based on the histopathological examination. The lesions of SPD were observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, rectum, cecal tonsil, bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow of the femur and skin. Hemangioma was observed in the lung of 1 bird. Eight 1-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.25 ml of a 20% homogenate of the affected spleens of three naturally occurring cases. One inoculated bird, necropsied at 10 weeks of age, macroscopically had a white nodule in the kidney and histopathologically had spindle-cell proliferative lesions, a pattern similar to that seen in the naturally occurring cases, in the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, proventriculus, duodenum, cecal tonsil and bone marrow of the femur, and was diagnosed with SPD. Immunohistochemically, significant positive reactions with a rabbit antiserum against avian leukosis virus antigens were detected in all spindle cells in the proliferative lesions of all examined SPD cases and in tumor cells of the hemangioma of a field case.     

The effect of feeding a sub-optimum level of lysine to female chicks on the amino acid content of selected tissues and organs

The amino acid content of the liver, brain, serum and leg muscle of broiler breeder female chicks was not influenced appreciably at 4 and 8 weeks of age by feeding a diet containing sub‐optimum levels of lysine. The feeding of the low‐lysine diet produced a slight effect on the amino acid content of the breast muscle and a decided effect on the amino acid content of the skin and bone marrow at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The amino acid content of the heart tissue from chicks which received the 0.53% lysine diet was higher at 4 weeks of age. No explanation for this observation can be offered. The more decided changes were produced in the bone marrow of the chicks fed the low‐lysine diet at 4 and 8 weeks of age.

There is a possibility that feeding the low‐lysine diet had an effect on protein synthesis in the bone marrow. Chicks fed the low‐lysine diet had apparently overcome the lysine deficiency in the synthesis of protein of the bone marrow at the end of the 12th week.     

应用PCR从AA肉种鸡鸡胚和1日龄雏鸡体内检测出CIAV和ALV-J

为了了解鸡传染性贫血病病毒（CIAV）和J亚群禽白血病病毒（ALV-J）对AA肉种鸡鸡胚和1日龄雏鸡的感染情况,试验直接从山东省3个不同AA肉种鸡场的鸡胚和1日龄雏鸡的肝、脾、肾、胸腺、骨髓、法氏囊等组织（器官）提取DNA,进行了PCR扩增及PCR产物的克隆和序列测定。结果显示,被检的3个肉种鸡场的鸡胚和1日龄雏鸡体内均有这2种病毒核酸的检出,其中CIAV的阳性率是20.42%,ALV-J的阳性率是15.83%,二者共感染的阳性率是6.25%;在阳性检出率中弱雏〉死胚〉健康雏〉正常胚。病毒核酸在各感染组织（器官）的含量也有所差异,CIAV以脾的含量最多,ALV-J以肾的含量最多。对肝进行细菌分离鉴定时发现,3个鸡场还存在大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和霉形体的混合感染。结果提示,在AA肉种鸡鸡胚和雏鸡体内存在CIAV、ALV-J的感染和二者的共感染以及继发性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和霉形体的混合感染。     

Flow cytometric evaluation of canine bone marrow based on intracytoplasmic complexity and CD45 expression

BACKGROUND: Because of the complexity, subjectivity, time, and technical skill required for determination of manual bone marrow differential cell counts, an alternative method is needed. Several flow cytometric methods have been described, but all have limitations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a technique for bone marrow differential cell counting based on flow cytometric evaluation of CD45 expression and intracellular complexity (CD45 scatter plots). METHODS: Bone marrow was obtained from 15 dogs that were being evaluated for hematologic disorders. In preliminary studies, the location of bone marrow subpopulations in the CD45 scatter plots was evaluated by labeling bone marrow with lineage-specific markers. A template was developed to identify these cell populations. Gates were set to identify granulocytes, myeloblasts, monocyte/macrophages, lymphocytes, and nucleated erythroid populations. RESULTS: The CD45 labeling technique accurately quantified granulocytes, myeloblasts, erythroid precursors, and lymphocytes in canine bone marrow. Correlation coefficients with manual counts for granulocytes, myeloblasts, erythroid cells, lymphocytes, and monocyte/macrophages were 0.90, 0.89, 0.96, 0.91, and 0.54, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The capacity of the CD45 scatter-plot technique to quantify lymphocytes and myeloblasts is an advantage over previously described techniques. The simplicity of the CD45 labeling method and the ease with which batches of samples can be analyzed makes the technique potentially applicable as a routine test in clinical and research laboratories.     

J亚群白血病病理学观察及抗原定位

通过病理组织学和免疫组织化学技 术对1日龄感染鸡定期进行病理组织学观察 及gp85病毒糖蛋白检测,确定病理变化和J 亚群白血病的组织学嗜性及二者的关系。结 果在3周龄时出现第1只发病鸡,以后所有 鸡发病且病变随着日龄的增加而加重,主要 在骨髓、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、卵巢、心肌等组织 中出现瘤细胞增生,并有炎性反应;免疫组在 3周龄时,肝脏、心脏、肺脏、小肠、肾脏、卵巢、 骨骼肌开始出现阳性反应,抗原主要在胞浆 中出现,呈深蓝色颗粒。在10周龄～14周龄 时,骨髓呈中度的阳性反应,而其它组织的阳 性信号出现的程度未见大的变化;在23周龄 时,肝内肿瘤呈较强阳性反应,信号主要集中 在细胞核;整个实验过程中,法氏囊、脑始终 呈阴性反应。研究发现,骨髓及肿瘤的抗原 性较强,并且肿瘤的抗原性要强于骨髓;另外 还发现,在阳性反应强的组织中,病变较明 显,肿瘤细胞增生明显,即阳性反应的组织器 官易形成肿瘤转移灶。     

Cytologic evaluation of primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in the dog

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of acquired primary and secondary alterations of hematopoietic stem cells that result in cytopenias in blood and cytologic features of dysplasia in blood and/or bone marrow. To better understand the cytologic features that would permit differentiation of primary and secondary forms of myelodysplasia, we reviewed 267 consecutive bone marrow reports from dogs. These reports indicated that 34 dogs (12.7%) had dysgranulopoiesis, dyserythropoiesis, and/or dysthrombopoiesis in >10% of granulopoietic cells, erythroid cells, and/or megakaryocytes, respectively. Thirteen dogs had primary myelodysplastic syndromes, and 21 had secondary myelodysplastic syndromes. Of the 13 dogs with primary myelodysplasia, 4 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory anemia (MDS-RA), and 9 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts (MDS-EB). Secondary conditions associated with dysplasia in the bone marrow included malignant lymphoma (n = 5), myelofibrosis (n = 3), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (n = 4), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (n = 5), multiple myeloma with melphalan administration (n = 1), pyometra with estrogen administration (n = 1), polycythemia vera (n = 1), and thrombopathia (n = 1). MDS-RA was characterized by <5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, normal granulocyte maturation ratio, increased erythroid maturation ratio, and dysplastic changes in >15% of erythroid cells. MSD-EB was characterized by >/=5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, high granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, >/=32% dysplastic granulocytes, and the presence of small atypical immature myeloid cells. Secondary myelodysplastic syndromes were characterized by <5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, variable granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, and variable dysplastic features. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be used to distinguish primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in dogs.     

Phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium reductive properties of mature and immature neutrophils and eosinophils from blood and bone marrow from cows

Functional capabilities of morphologically mature (segmented) and immature granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) from bone marrow from cows were studied and compared with similar activities of segmented granulocytes from blood. Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and postphagocytic oxidative metabolic stimulation, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, were evaluated simultaneously. Phagocytosis was observed readily in segmented neutrophils, neutrophilic bands, and metamyelocytes and rarely in myelocytes. Phagocytosis was not seen in promyelocytes and myeloblasts. Neutrophilic bands and metamyelocytes were phagocytically less active than were segmented neutrophils. Washed segmented bone marrow neutrophils possessed phagocytic activity similar to that of blood neutrophils, whereas the activity of unwashed segmented bone marrow neutrophils was markedly less than that of blood neutrophils. Reduction of NBT was observed only in blood segmented neutrophils and bone marrow segmented neutrophils; the magnitude of NBT reduction was significantly (P = less than 0.005) less in bone marrow neutrophils than in blood neutrophils. Eosinophils were phagocytically less competent than were neutrophils. The NBT reduction was observed only in eosinophils from blood, but not in eosinophils from bone marrow.