中国研究橄榄油多酚提取物对从生乳中分离出的蜡样芽孢杆菌营养细胞的抑制作用

<正>来自中国的研究人员分析橄榄油多酚提取物(olive oil polyphenol extract,OOPE)对生乳中蜡样芽孢杆菌营养细胞的抑制作用,揭示可能的抗菌机制。用无菌生理盐水和巴氏杀菌乳的抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌质量浓度、最低杀菌质量浓度和细菌细胞存活数评价OOPE对蜡样芽孢杆菌营养细胞的抗菌活性。分析细胞内ATP浓度、细胞膜电位、细菌蛋     

饲料和饲料添加剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌分离鉴定及其呕吐毒素基因检测

为了掌握饲料及饲料添加剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌分布及其呕吐毒素基因携带情况,从规模化饲料生产企业采集饲料及饲料添加剂样品246批。通过细菌分离、纯化、PCR检测和BD PhoenixTM-100全自动微生物鉴定系统鉴定,共分离蜡样芽孢杆菌63株,分离率为25.6%,从混合型饲料添加剂中检出4株含芽孢杆菌呕吐毒素基因,携带率为13.3%。试验结果表明,饲料和饲料添加剂中存在蜡样芽孢杆菌,尤其是含呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌污染风险。     

吉林省1起炭疽突发事件的病原菌分离和鉴定

从采集的羊肉和土壤样品中分离、鉴定炭疽芽孢杆菌,样品制备悬液,热处理杀死非芽孢的细菌,然后涂布PLET琼脂平板进行选择性增菌培养。疑似菌落首先使用炭疽特异性的引物进行PCR鉴定,然后进行噬菌体裂解和青霉素抑制试验的鉴定;鉴定非炭疽的菌落进行16SrDNA的测序分析。从可疑羊肉样品中成功分离、鉴定出炭疽芽孢杆菌,确定了本次突发事件的传染源。从屠宰地点采集的土壤样品中未检出炭疽芽孢杆菌,土壤中分离的疑似炭疽样菌落经16SrDNA测序和比对鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌等其他需氧芽孢杆菌属的细菌。     

重庆荣昌某奶牛场子宫内膜炎蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从荣昌某奶牛场子宫内膜炎病例的子宫分泌物中,分离到1株细菌,经细菌培养、致病性试验以及生理生化试验,结果该细菌被鉴定为致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌;药敏试验结果表明,分离蜡样芽孢杆菌均对红霉素、大观霉素、氧氟沙星等极度敏感,对头孢曲松、阿莫西林、氨苄西林等敏感性极低。     

四株饲用芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其16S-rRNA的序列分析

芽孢杆菌是一类抗性强耐高温的细菌,部分芽孢杆菌有益生作用,在动物肠道内能有效抑制病原菌,促进肠道有益菌的繁殖,维持动物肠道内的微生态平衡。本试验从引进的饲料样品中分离出4株杆菌,分别命名为YB-1、YB-2、YB-3和YB-4,通过表型鉴定及16S-rRNA测序鉴定,YB-1为苏云金芽孢杆菌、YB-2、YB-4为枯草芽孢杆菌、YB-3为蜡样芽胞杆菌。16S-rRNA序列同源分析结果表明:YB-2、YB-4与枯草芽孢杆菌亚种的同源性分别为99.91%和100%;YB-1与苏云金芽孢杆菌亚种的同源性为99.17%,YB-3与蜡样芽胞杆菌亚种的同源性为100%,从样品中分离出两株枯草芽孢杆菌,一株苏云金芽孢杆菌和一株蜡样芽胞杆菌。     

猪生物发酵床保育期垫料中效应细菌的筛选及鉴定

本试验对猪生物发酵床保育期垫料样品中效应细菌的组成和作用进行了研究,共获得了6株效应细菌;经纯培养后观察其个体与群体形态,并进行生化特征鉴定以及16S rRNA基因分析.结果表明,所得的6株效应细菌中,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)细菌有4株,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillusstearothermophilus)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.)有1株,为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)有1株,为假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas).     

一起兔流行性腹胀病的细菌分离和鉴定

本试验对一起兔流行性腹胀病病死兔进行细菌的分离和鉴定。结果显示:病死兔心脏、心包液、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和淋巴结无菌;从胃内容物、小肠内容物和盲肠内容物中共分离到9株细菌,包括6株大肠杆菌、1株地衣芽孢杆菌、1株苏云金芽孢杆菌和1株蜡样芽孢杆菌。结果表明:细菌性因素可能是诱导兔流行性腹胀病发生的原因。试验结果为该病的进一步研究奠定基础。     

进境羊毛病原的分离鉴定

在 2 56批进境羊毛检疫分离过程中 ,共检出 8大类细菌。经培养特性、菌落形态、生化特性鉴定 ,表明这 8大类分别是大肠杆菌、溶血性大肠杆菌、化脓性链球菌、绿脓杆菌、化脓性棒状杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌。这些细菌对环境和人畜安全都存在一定的潜在威胁。     

微生态制剂培养技术——正交法研究光合细菌的混合培养

利用光合细菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌协同生长的特点进行混菌培养试验。蜡样芽孢杆菌好氧,光合细菌兼性厌氧,通过两种细菌的不同添加比例,寻找一种最好的添加比例,使光合细菌活菌数在最短的时间内达到最大值。试验过程中,采用正交试验对两种菌的比例进行了科学的组合,从而找到两种菌的最佳配比:在光合细菌1%或5%、芽孢杆菌1%的添加量的情况下,可以在最短的时间内使光合细菌菌数达到理想值。     

渔用芽孢杆菌制剂中菌株的分离与鉴定

为了解不同剂型渔用芽孢杆菌制剂中优势菌株情况,本研究对市售4种不同类型、使用效果良好的芽孢杆菌制剂进行培养分离、革兰氏染色和16S r RNA测序鉴定。结果显示:酶制剂中地衣芽孢杆菌为优势菌群,饲料添加剂中枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌为主要菌群,复合菌中地衣芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌为主要菌群,粬种中的主要菌群为地衣芽孢杆菌。据结果推测,地衣芽孢杆菌为目前水产养殖业较为普遍使用的芽孢杆菌。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。