胶体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条。该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测限为20g／L。对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测限为40g／L,检测时间5min,与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500g／L浓度时,不发生交叉反应。试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月,所以该研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留。     

交体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条。该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测检测限为20ug／L;对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测检测限为40ug／L,检测检测时间5min：与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500μg／L浓度时,不发生交叉反应。试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月,所以本研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的检测。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条.该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测,检测限为20μg/L;对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测,检测限为40μg/L.检测时间为5min.与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500μg/L浓度时,不发生交叉反应.试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月.本研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的检测.     

呕吐毒素残留快速检测试纸条的研制

为研制一种用于检测牛奶中呕吐毒素（deoxynivalenol,DON）残留的快速检测试纸条,试验以人工合成抗原DON-OVA和羊抗鼠二抗为原料,包被硝酸纤维素膜;以抗DON单克隆抗体为原料,制备金标抗体,并冻干保存于反应板微孔中,最终制备出可用于检测牛奶中DON残留的胶体金快速检测试纸条。结果显示,该检测试纸条检测限为100 μg/L,重复性、特异性均较好,可用于检测牛奶中DON残留。     

一种黄曲霉毒素M_1快速检测试纸条检测性能的评估

黄曲霉毒素是天然产生的真菌毒素,是饲料的主要污染源之一。本文对黄曲霉毒素M1快速检测试纸条检测性能指标充分评估,确认其是否符合欧盟CRL Guidelines 2010和519/2014/EC标准。基于欧盟参考实验室方案CRL Guidelines 2010对检测试纸条的精密度、特异性、假阳性率和假阴性率、重复性、稳定性、样本差异影响、批间差异及试剂盒稳定性分别检测,并通过胶体金读数仪对检测数据分析。结果发现:该黄曲霉毒素M1检测试纸条可在10 min中检测牛奶中的黄曲霉毒素M1,肉眼判读定性检测灵敏度为50 ng/L;试纸条特异性良好,除黄曲霉毒素M2(交叉反应为0.86%)外,与呕吐毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素B1等交叉反应均小于0.5%,其余无交叉反应。用胶体金读数仪分析时,试纸条检测灵敏度为21.58 ng/L,定量限为58.11 ng/L;检测60个添加浓度为50 ng/L的牛奶样本时平均值为49.07 ng/L,标准差为6.45 ng/L。因此,该试纸条可作为定性筛选方法检测牛奶中的黄曲霉毒素M1污染,检测能力满足欧盟MRL(50 ng/L)要求。     

胶体金快速诊断方法对鸡减蛋综合征病毒的检测

选择15nm的胶体金颗粒作为标记物，制备了鸡减蛋综合征病毒（EDSV）胶体金试纸条。该试纸条能检出浓度约为1．35μg／mL的纯化EDSV，用该试纸条检测135份临床样本，并与HA方法相比较，结果显示，二者的阳性符合率为89．8％。特异性试验结果显示，与鸡新城疫病毒（NDV）、鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒（IBDV）、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）无交叉反应。表明，该试纸条用于检测EDSV具有快速、操作简便、特异性强等优点，可用于大批量抗原样本的检测。     

肉鸡组织中氟喹诺酮类抗生素快速检测的胶体金技术研究

为了建立一种简单、快速、灵敏、特异的肉鸡组织中氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留检测方法,试验采用胶体金标记单克隆抗体与竞争抑制方法,组装了检测氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留的胶体金免疫层析试纸条。结果表明:将具有氟喹诺酮类药物母核结构共性特征的环丙沙星(CPFX)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联,获得了人工抗原CPFX-BSA,免疫6周龄Balb/c雌性小鼠,筛选得到了3株抗氟喹诺酮类抗生素广谱特异性单克隆抗体,分别命名为2D5、3E9、4H8。以4H8单克隆抗体对10种氟喹诺酮类抗生素的广谱性最好、敏感性最强,将4H8单克隆抗体纯化后标记胶体金颗粒作为金标垫,分别以CPFX-BSA偶联蛋白和兔抗鼠IgG作为检测限和质控限,组装了检测氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留的胶体金免疫层析试纸条,该试纸条肉眼于10 min内即可判定结果。检测10种氟喹诺酮类抗生素均为阳性,而检测4种常见药物均为阴性。对CPFX、培氟沙星、达氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、洛美沙星的检测限为3.2 ng/mL,对沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、麻保沙星的检测限为6.4 ng/mL。在37℃条件下可稳定保存60 d,在4℃条件下可稳定保存360 d。检测2015—2016年河北省及周边地区的鸡肉样品3 414份,阳性率为0.76%,其中屠宰场、超市、活禽市场的阳性率分别为0.38%、0.10%、2.31%。说明胶体金检测氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留具有良好的广谱性、特异性、灵敏度、稳定性,且操作简单、检测快速,适合现场检测。     

β-内酰胺类抗生素快速检测试纸条的质量测试研究

本研究通过验证β-内酰胺类抗生素快速检测试纸条的检测限、假阳性率、假阴性率等三个质量参数,证明此类试纸条的检测阈值与检测限一致,没有假阴性结果出现,假阳性率在国家规定范围内.说明该试纸条具有可靠性,并且能快速、方便地检测牛奶中的抗生素残留,验证牛奶质量,保证检测结果有效由此证明,β-内酰胺类抗生素试纸条可用于牛奶中12种β-内酰胺类抗生素的检测.     

牛羊日本血吸虫抗体检测试纸条的研制

为研制一种快速检测牛羊血吸虫抗体的试纸条检测方法,以乳胶微球标记兔抗牛羊IgG为免疫探针,血吸虫虫卵可溶性抗原为检测线,羊抗兔IgG为质控线,建立了快速检测牛羊血吸虫抗体的试纸条检测法。该方法可测出人工感染血吸虫尾蚴28d及以上的牛血纸抗体,检测东毕吸虫、肝片吸虫血样未见交叉反应;用试纸条检测人工接种血吸虫牛血纸20份、非疫区牛血纸30份,与Dot-ELISA法、粪孵法的阳性符合率和阴性符合率均为100%。血吸虫抗体检测试纸条在2℃~8℃保存14个月,室温保存8个月不失效。试验表明,血吸虫病血纸抗体检测试纸条具有很高的敏感性、特异性、可重复性和稳定性,适合于基层单位进行家畜血吸虫抗体的快速诊断、普查和检疫。     

一种检测奶样中布鲁氏菌抗体免疫层析方法的建立

通过制备脂多糖(LPS)并将其作为检测抗原,建立了一种检测奶样中布鲁氏菌抗体的酶联免疫层析方法。通过对处理方法和反应条件的优化,制备出敏感性高、特异性强的布鲁氏菌抗体检测试纸条。该试纸条敏感性为98.0%,抗体滴度为1:2~1:8,特异性为96.0%,且与其他常见病原无交叉反应,批内、批间重复性良好。保存期加速试验显示,该试纸条在2~30℃下可保存12个月;符合率验证显示,该方法与标准奶样的符合率达94.9%。上述结果表明,该检测方法具有敏感性高、特异性强以及方便、快捷等优点,适用于现场大批量检测,因而可应用于奶牛场布鲁氏菌病的快速诊断。     

HPLC-MS/MS法研究恩诺沙星在鸡蛋中残留消除规律

建立了高效液相色谱—串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）检测鸡蛋中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星残留的方法。鸡蛋样品经1%乙酸乙腈提取、正己烷除脂, 用HPLC-MS/MS进行检测。恩诺沙星、环丙沙星在0.5~500 ng/mL浓度时线性关系良好（r≥0.999）;恩诺沙星回收率为87.7%~99.1%、环丙沙星的回收率为89.1%~101.4%, 检测限为0.5 μg/kg, 定量限为1.0 μg/kg。应用该方法初步研究了恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律。结果表明, 给药后鸡蛋中恩诺沙星及其代谢物蓄积迅速, 停药8 d后痕量恩诺沙星代谢缓慢, 25 d后恩诺沙星代谢完全。     

氟喹诺酮类药物胶体金试纸的研制

用针对抗氟喹诺酮类(fluoroquinolones,FQs)药物的广谱性单克隆抗体建立了可以同时检测11种FQs药物的胶体金免疫层析方法。该试纸条用20 nm的胶体金标记单抗,将诺氟沙星－卵清蛋白喷涂在检测线上,羊抗小鼠二抗喷涂在质控线上。该胶体金试纸对猪肉和虾中环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星的检测限都是30 ng/g,对诺氟沙星、培氟沙星、依诺沙星、麻保沙星、洛美沙星、达氟沙星、沙拉沙星和二氟沙星8种药物在以上两种样品中添加浓度为100 ng/g时都可被检出,整个检测过程包括样品前处理的时间可在20 min内完成。试验结果表明符合对这11种FQs药物在鸡肉和虾中残留现场大量筛查的要求。     

Comparison of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic indices of efficacy for 5 fluoroquinolones toward pathogens of dogs and cats

BACKGROUND: Fluoroquinolones are often used interchangeably in dogs and cats. HYPOTHESIS: Predicted therapeutic efficacy differs among fluoroquinolones. ANIMALS: Bacterial pathogens isolated from dogs and cats. METHODS: Using microtube-dilution procedures, percent resistance and 2 pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic indices (maximum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration [Cmax/MIC] [target 0.10] and area under curve/minimum inhibitory concentration [AUC/MIC] [target 0.125]) were compared prospectively at low and high doses (mg/kg) for ciprofloxacin (5 and 20), difloxacin (5 and 10), enrofloxacin (including enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin) (5 and 20), marbofloxacin (2.5 and 5), and orbifloxacin (2.5 and 7.5). Indices were calculated for organisms represented by < or = 15 isolates. RESULTS: Percent resistance for all Gram-negative (n = 180; 20+/-3%; 39+/-5% for Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive isolates (n = 66; 18+/-3%) did not differ among drugs or organisms. The pattern of Cmax/MIC was generally enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin > or = enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin > or = marbofloxacin > or = orbifloxacin > or = difloxacin; and for AUIC/ MIC, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin > or = marbofloxacin > or = ciprofloxacin > or = enrofloxacin > difloxacin > orbifloxacin. Among susceptible Gram-negative isolates studied (n = 117), targeted Cmax/MIC or AUC/MIC were achieved in 88% of E. coli, 53% of Proteus mirabilis, and 35% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and for susceptible Gram-positive isolates studied (n = 49), 53% of Streptotoccus spp. and Staphylococcus intermedius and 27% of Staphylococcus spp. At the high dose, the proportion of isolates for which a target was reached was: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin+ciprofloaxin, and marbofloxacin (77%), enrofloxacin (73%), orbifloxacin (51%), and difloxacin (40%); and at the low dose, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin (43%), ciprofloxacin (40%), marbofloxacin (39%), orbifloxacin (29%), and difloxacin (28%). CONCLUSIONS: E. coli resistance to fluoroquinolones approximated 40%. For susceptible isolates, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin more consistently reached indices associated with predicted efficacy, but only at the high dose.     

Detection of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in equine hair

Hair analysis to detect drug administration has not been studied extensively in horses. This study aimed to (a) develop an analytical method for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in mane and tail hair, (b) relate measured values to doses, routes of administration, hair colour, and (c) demonstrate long-term detectability. Samples were extracted in trifluoroacetic acid at 70 degrees C. Extracts were cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detection. Analyte recoveries were > 87%. Horses were sampled after therapeutic enrofloxacin administration either orally at 7.5 mg/kg daily for 3-13 days or twice daily for 10-14 days (Group 1, n=7) or intravenously at 5.0 mg/kg daily for 12 and 15 days (Group 2, n=2). Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were detected at concentrations up to 452 and 19 ng/mg, respectively, up to 10 months post-treatment. In vitro, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were extensively bound to melanin (> 96%) and in vivo, their uptake was 40-fold greater in black than white hair. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations correlated to enrofloxacin dose (r2=0.777 and r2=0.769). Enrofloxacin:ciprofloxacin ratios were 21:1 and 13:1 following intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Longitudinal analyte distributions correlated to treatment-sampling interval.     

In vitro killing of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enrofloxacin in combination with its active metabolite ciprofloxacin using clinically relevant drug concentrations in the dog and cat

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat infections in companion animals. Enrofloxacin's antimicrobial spectrum includes Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria and demonstrates concentration-dependent bacteriocidal activity. In dogs and cats, enrofloxacin is partially metabolized to ciprofloxacin and both active agents circulate simultaneously in treated animals at ratios of approximately 60-70% enrofloxacin to 30-40% ciprofloxacin. We were interested in determining the killing of companion animal isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin combined using clinically relevant drug concentrations and ratios. For E. coli isolates exposed to 2.1 and 4.1μg/ml of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin at 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 ratios, a 1.7-2.5log(10) reduction (94-99% kill) was seen following 20min of drug exposure; 0.89-1.7log(10) (92-99% kill) of S. pseudintermedius following 180min of drug exposure; 0.85-3.4log(10) (98-99% kill) of P. aeruginosa following 15min of drug exposure. Killing of S. pseudintermedius was enhanced in the presence of enrofloxacin whereas killing of P. aeruginosa was enhanced in the presence of ciprofloxacin. Antagonism was not seen when enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were used in kill assays. The unique feature of partial metabolism of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin expands the spectrum of enhanced killing of common companion animal pathogens.     

The Plasma Kinetics and Tissue Distribution of Enrofloxacin and its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in the Muscovy Duck

Intorre, L., Mengozzi, G., Bertini, S., Bagliacca, M., Luchetti, E. and Soldani, G., 1997. The plasma kinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the Muscovy duck. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (2), 127-136The disposition and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and of its main metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in ducks after oral or intramuscular administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin. Plasma and tissue concentrations were determined by a HPLC method. The peak concentrations of enrofloxacin after intramuscular administration (1.67 µg/ml at 0.9 h) were higher than after an oral dose (0.99 µg/ml at 1.38 h). The relative bioavailability of enrofloxacin after administration directly into the crop was 68%, while the metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was quite low (<10%) with both routes of administration. High tissue concentrations and high tissue:plasma concentration ratios were demonstrated for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 24 h after treatment. It was concluded that a dose of 10 mg/kg per day provides serum and tissue concentrations sufficiently high to be effective in the control of many infectious diseases of ducks.     

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves

The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of enrofloxacin. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the s.c. tissue, gluteal musculature, and pleural space of five calves. Each calf received 12.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin. Plasma and ISF samples were collected for 48 h after drug administration and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma protein binding of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was measured using a microcentrifugation system. Tissue probes were well tolerated and reliably produced fluid from each site. The mean +/- SD plasma half-life was 6.8 +/- 1.2 and 7.3 +/- 1 h for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The combined (ciprofloxacin + enrofloxacin) peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.52 microg/mL, and the combined area under the curve (AUC) was 25.33 microg/mL. The plasma free drug concentrations were 54% and 81% for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, and free drug concentration in the tissue fluid was higher than in plasma. We concluded that Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC ratios for free drug concentrations in plasma and ISF would meet suggested ratios for a targeted MIC of 0.06 microg/mL.     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in goats given enrofloxacin alone and in combination with probenecid.

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats given enrofloxacin alone or in combination with probenecid. Enrofloxacin was administered i.m. at a dosage of 5 mg x kg(-1) alone or in conjunction with probenecid (40 mg x kg(-1), i.v.). Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein at predetermined time intervals after drug injection. Plasma was separated and analysed simultaneously for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration-time data for both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were best described by a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), volume of distribution (V(d(area))), mean residence time (MRT) and total systemic clearance (Cl(B)) were 1.39 h, 7.82 microg x h x mL, 1.52 L x kg(-1), 2.37 h and 802.9 mL x h(-1) x kg(-1), respectively. Enrofloxacin was metabolized to ciprofloxacin in goats and the ratio between the AUCs of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin was 0.34. The t(1/2beta), AUC and MRT of ciprofloxacin were 1.82 h, 2.55 microg x h x mL and 3.59 h, respectively. Following combined administration of probenecid and enrofloxacin in goats, the sum of concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels > or = 0.1 microg x mL(-1) persisted in plasma up to 12 h.Co-administration of probenecid did not affect the t(1/2beta), AUC, V(d (area)) and Cl(B) of enrofloxacin, whereas the values of t(1/2beta) (3.85 h), AUC (6.29 microg x h x mL), MRT (7.34 h) and metabolite ratio (0.86) of ciprofloxacin were significantly increased. The sum of both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin levels was > or = 0.1 microg x mL(-1) and was maintained in plasma up to 8 h in goats after i.m. administration of enrofloxacin alone. These data indicate that a 12 h dosing regime may be appropriate for use in goats.     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Korean catfish (Silurus asotus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in Korean catfish after intravenous and oral administrations. Enrofloxacin was administered to Korean catfish by a single intravenous and oral administrations at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The plasma concentrations from intravenous and oral administrations of enrofloxacin were determined by LC/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters from both routes were described to have a two-compartmental model. After intravenous and oral administrations of enrofloxacin, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2,beta)), area under the drug concentration-time curves (AUC), oral bioavailability (F) were 17.44 +/- 4.66 h and 34.13 +/- 11.50 h, 48.1 +/- 15.7 microgxh/mL and 27.3 +/- 12.4 microgxh/mL, and 64.59 +/- 4.58% respectively. The 3.44 +/- 0.81 h maximum concentration (C(max)) of 1.2 +/- 0.2 microg/mL. Ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected at all the determined time-points from 0.25 to 72 h, with the C(max) of 0.17 +/- 0.08 microg/mL for intravenous dose. After oral administration, ciprofloxacin was detected at all the time-points except 0.25 h, with the C(max) of 0.03 +/- 0.01 microg/mL at 6.67 +/- 2.31 h. Ciprofloxacin was eliminated with terminal half-life t(1/2,beta) of 52.08 +/- 17.34 h for intravenous administration and 52.43 +/- 22.37 h for oral administration.