改良彗星实验检测黄曲霉毒素B1致雏鸭DNA损伤

试验旨在通过改良彗星实验检测黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin-B1,AFB1）对雏鸭肝细胞DNA损伤的影响。雏鸭经AFB1灌胃染毒,2 h后分离肝细胞,并通过改良彗星实验测定DNA损伤。结果显示,AFB1能够导致雏鸭肝细胞DNA损伤,表现为〖JP2〗尾长、尾部DNA百分含量、尾矩、Olive尾矩等彗星参数与空白和溶剂对照组相比显著增加（P<0.05）。表明改良彗星实验能够用于AFB1导致肝细胞DNA损伤的检测,试验还提示,在体肝细胞彗星实验能够作为雏鸭AFB1暴露的遗传毒性标志物。     

中药组方对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肝功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,本试验选用7日龄健康雏鸭90只,分为3组,每组30只。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,灌胃与试验组等体积二甲基亚砜;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1mg/kg剂量给Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21d,试验期间给Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2%复方中药。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肝功能部分血清指标。结果显示,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)含量显著下降(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,在日粮中添加复方中药的Ⅲ组雏鸭各项血清指标均有显著改善(P<0.05)。说明黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化。     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B_1中毒雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响

观察黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对试验雏鸭肝功能血清指标的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFB1的颉颃效应。本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只。第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组。每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)1次。分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肝功能血清指标。结果显示:第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)与Y-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)活性均显著高于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而血清总蛋白(TP)与白蛋白(ALB)均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与第Ⅱ组比较,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭各项肝功能血清指标均有显著的改善(P<0.05)。结果表明:黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肝功能血清指标发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化。     

中药对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)对雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,试验将90只7日龄雏鸭分为3组,每组30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2％复方中药.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛(MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及G1R活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,在日粮中添加复方中药的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化.     

鸭疫里氏杆菌OmpA基因真核表达载体构建及免疫效果初步评价

为构建鸭疫里氏杆菌外膜蛋白A(OmpA)基因真核表达重组质粒,同时验证其在DF-1细胞中的表达和对雏鸭的免疫保护效果,以pVAX1为真核表达载体,构建真核表达质粒pVAX1-OmpA,通过质粒PCR、双酶切和测序进行鉴定,将鉴定后的阳性质粒pVAX1-OmpA转染至DF-1细胞,采用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)和Western blot方法检测OmpA基因在DF-1细胞中的表达;将pVAX1-OmpA DNA免疫雏鸭,采集血清检测免疫抗体,并进行攻毒保护试验。结果,成功构建真核表达质粒pVAX1-OmpA,两种免疫学方法均检测到ompA蛋白的特异性表达,免疫雏鸭后14、28、35、49、63 d抗体水平与灭活疫苗组差异不显著,对雏鸭的免疫保护率达到100%。结果表明,pVAX1-OmpA重组质粒免疫雏鸭后能够诱导产生特异性的免疫抗体,能够产生较强的免疫保护效果,可作为新型DNA疫苗的候选。     

镉致大鼠BRL 3A细胞DNA及线粒体损伤

为了研究镉对大鼠肝细胞系(BRL 3A细胞)DNA及线粒体损伤的作用,本研究选用0、10、20、40 μmol/L的醋酸镉分别作用于BRL 3A细胞12h,利用四氮唑蓝比色分析法(MTT法)测定细胞存活率,显微镜观察各组细胞形态,通过彗星试验法检测细胞DNA的损伤,用透射电镜观察细胞线粒体超微结构,并检测细胞Caspase 3,9的活力.结果显示,随镉浓度的增大(10～40 μmol/L),BRL 3A细胞存活率降低,拖尾率、尾长、尾部DNA含量、细胞Caspase 3,9的活力和线粒体变形肿胀以及空泡现象均呈增加趋势;表明镉可致BRL 3A细胞DNA及线粒体损伤,并呈剂量依赖关系.     

NO及NOS在Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒致雏鸭肝损伤机制中的作用

人工感染4日龄雏鸭病毒性肝炎模型,探讨一氧化氮合酶（NOS）和NO在Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒感染后的肝脏中的动态变化及与肝损伤的关系。120羽4日龄雏鸭随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组腿部肌注Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒,对照组注射等量生理盐水。感染后动态观察肝脏的病变、测定肝组织内NOS活性和NO的浓度以及肝组织内诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的分布规律。结果显示,病毒感染后,雏鸭肝功能和肝脏结构都受到不同程度的损害;NO对肝脏的损伤在感染后3d内持续增强,从4d开始逐渐减弱;iNOS主要存在于雏鸭的巨噬细胞中,其含量在感染早期上升,后期逐渐下降;肝组织内NOS活性及NO的浓度变化与免疫组化显示结果一致。结果表明,鸭肝炎病毒感染的雏鸭肝脏的损伤程度与NOS、NO浓度变化一致,提示NO在鸭肝炎病毒导致的雏鸭肝损伤中起重要作用。     

鸭坦布苏病毒对雏鸭免疫系统的影响

为研究鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)对雏鸭免疫系统的影响,本试验对5日龄雏鸭静脉接种DTMUV,并于接种后不同时间取雏鸭脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊进行组织病理学、抗原和凋亡检测。结果显示,DTMUV感染雏鸭的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊均严重受损。接种DTMUV后4d,脾脏淋巴细胞减少,胸腺可见严重细胞崩解和大面积坏死区域,法氏囊滤泡轻度萎缩;接种后6d免疫器官病变最为严重,其中胸腺静脉严重栓塞,淋巴细胞变性坏死,空泡化也更加严重;接种后8d免疫器官病变均有所减轻,至16d,免疫器官结构基本恢复正常。通过免疫组织化学方法在感染雏鸭的脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊中均检测到DTMUV抗原;细胞凋亡试验显示DTMUV能够显著引起脾淋巴细胞凋亡。综上所述,DTMUV可严重损伤雏鸭免疫器官,且这种损伤常发生于感染早期,并于感染后8d出现好转。     

硒与中药对黄曲霉毒素B_1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响

为观察亚硒酸钠与复方中药对黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响,将7日龄120只试验雏鸭随机分成4组,每组30只。Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,以0.1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用一次AFB1,并在Ⅲ组雏鸭基础日粮中添加2%复方中药,以1mg/kg剂量每天给Ⅳ组雏鸭灌胃投用亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)一次,试验期共21d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组雏鸭在灌胃投用AFB1后,其体重、日增重显著下降(P0.05),料肉比、死亡率显著增高(P0.05);同时,Ⅱ组生长性能显著低于Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。结果表明,灌喂投用亚硒酸钠或在基础日粮中添加复方中药,均能显著缓解AFB1所致雏鸭生长性能下降的影响(P0.05),且亚硒酸钠的效果显著优于复方中药(P0.05)。     

3型鸭甲型肝炎病毒逆转录环介导等温扩增技术快速检测方法的建立

为建立一种3型鸭甲型肝炎病毒(DHAV-3)的快速检测方法,本研究针对DHAV-3 VP1基因序列中的8个不同区段设计了3对特异性引物,并对反应体系进行优化,通过加入羟基萘酚蓝(HNB)实现对反应结果的可视化观察,建立了检测DHAV-3的逆转录环介导等温核酸扩增(RT-LAMP)方法,采用已建立的方法对人工感染雏鸭的血清样品和病死鸭肝组织样品提取的核酸进行了检测。结果显示,该方法仅对DHAV-3的RNA进行扩增,而对1型鸭甲型肝炎病毒(DHAV-1)以及鸭常见的病原RNA均无扩增反应;可以检测出10拷贝/μL的DHAV-3 RNA,其敏感性为RT-PCR的1 000倍;最低能够检测到相当于1.1个DELD50的DHAV-3;能够检测到人工感染雏鸭血清和病死鸭肝组织中的DHAV-3;上述结果表明该方法能够特异、灵敏、快速地检测DHAV-3,而且使用方便。     

慧星试验检测洛克沙胂对CHL细胞的DNA损伤

利用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术研究洛克沙胂对中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)的DNA损伤影响。洛克沙胂分为10、100、500、1000mg/L剂量组,分别以磷酸盐缓冲液和10mg/L亚砷酸钠为对照组,经3、6、12、24、48h暴露后进行单细胞凝胶电泳。结果表明,慧星试验参数尾DNA含量、慧星全长、慧尾长、尾距和Olive尾距等表现出剂量-效应、时间-效应关系,不同剂量洛克沙胂、不同暴露时间下对CHL细胞有不同程度的DNA损伤。     

Detection of radiation-induced apoptosis using the comet assay

The electrophoresis pattern of apoptotic cells detected by the comet assay has a characteristic small head and spread tail. This image has been referred to as an apoptotic comet, but it has not been previously proven to be apoptotic cells by any direct method. In order to identify this image obtained by the comet assay as corresponding to an apoptotic cell, the frequency of appearance of apoptosis was examined using CHO-K1 and L5178Y cells which were exposed to gamma irradiation. As a method for detecting apoptosis, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used. When the frequency of appearance of apoptotic cells following gamma irradiation was observed over a period of time, there was a significant increase in appearance of apoptosis when using the TUNEL assay. However, there was only a slight increase when using the comet assay. In order to verify the low frequency of appearance of apoptosis when using the comet assay, we attempted to use the TUNEL assay to stain the apoptotic comets detected in the comet assay. The apoptotic comets were TUNEL positive and the normal comets were TUNEL negative. This indicates that the apoptotic comets were formed from DNA fragments with 3'-hydroxy ends that are generated as cells undergo apoptosis. Therefore, it was understood that the characteristic pattern of apoptotic comets detected by the comet assay corresponds to cells undergoing apoptosis.     

The relationship between cellular radiosensitivity and radiation-induced DNA damage measured by the comet assay

The relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and the cell death induced by gamma-irradiation was examined in three kinds of cells, Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast CHO-K1, human melanoma HMV-II and mouse leukemia L5178Y. Cell survival was determined by a clonogenic assay. The induction and rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation were measured by the alkaline and neutral comet assays. L5178Y cells were the most radiosensitive, while CHO-K1 cells and HMV-II cells were radioresistant. There was an inverse relationship between the survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) and the yield of initial DNA strand breaks per unit dose under the alkaline condition for the comet assay, and also a relationship between SF2 and the residual DNA strand breaks (for 4 hr after irradiation) under the neutral condition for the comet assay, the latter being generally considered to be relative to cellular radiosensitivity. In the present analysis, it was considered that the alkaline condition for the comet assay was optimal for evaluating the initial DNA strand breaks, while the neutral condition was optimal for evaluating the residual DNA strand breaks. Since the comet assay is simpler and more rapid than other methods for detecting radiation-induced DNA damage, this assay appears to be a useful predictive assay for evaluating cellular clonogenic radiosensitivity of tumor cells.     

Dietary nucleotides protect thymocyte DNA from damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice

The effects of dietary nucleotides on thymocyte DNA damages induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in mice were examined. First, phase I experiment was conducted to determine the optimal timing of detecting thymocyte DNA damages induced by CP (150 mg/kg body weight) in mice. Thymocyte DNA damages was determined at 6, 12, 18, 24 h by single-cell gel electrophosphoresis assay (comet assay) after intraperitoneal injection of CP. The levels of DNA damage at 6, 12, 18, 24 h were all significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). The highest level of DNA damage appeared at 18 h and then decreased at 24 h. Therefore, 18 h was selected to determine DNA damages induced by CP in subsequent experiments. In phase II experiment, 30 male KunMing mice were divided into three treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC) and nucleotides group (NG). Mice in NC and PC were fed nucleotide-free diet, and mice in NG were fed nucleotide-supplemented diet (supplemented with 0.25% nucleotides, a mixture containing equal amounts of AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP). Mice in PC and NG groups were injected with CP (150 mg/kg body weight) at 21 days. DNA damage in thymocytes was evaluated at 18 h after CP treatment. The results indicate that dietary nucleotides do not affect the weights of the thymus and the spleen, or their organ indices (p > 0.05), but significantly decrease the percentage of comet cells and comet tail sizes (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates that dietary nucleotides could reduce the level of thymocyte DNA damage induced by CP in mice.     

玻璃化冷冻对猪MⅡ期卵母细胞及其DNA的影响

研究旨在筛选最适合猪MⅡ期卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的冷冻液,并探究玻璃化冷冻对猪MⅡ期卵母细胞DNA的影响。选取目前应用最多的7种冷冻液（分别为1、2、3、4、5、6、7组）,将MⅡ期卵母细胞随机分为8组,其中对照组直接进行孤雌激活,其余7组分别进行7种冷冻液处理后不经液氮冷冻直接于解冻液中解冻,解冻后进行孤雌激活,通过卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数的统计结果筛选出最适冷冻液;应用筛选的3种冷冻液,进行猪MⅡ期卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻,解冻后恢复2 h,统计卵母细胞形态正常率,孤雌激活44~48 h统计卵裂率;应用透射电子显微镜观察正常MⅡ期卵母细胞与玻璃化冷冻-复苏后的MⅡ期卵母细胞超微结构的变化;将猪MⅡ期卵母细胞随机分成对照组、冷冻液处理组和冷冻组,应用彗星电泳技术检测玻璃化冷冻对卵母细胞DNA的损伤。结果发现,与对照组相比,除5组卵裂率、1组囊胚率显著降低（P<0.05）外,其余各组卵裂率、囊胚率均差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组间囊胚细胞数均低于对照组,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）,3、6、7组卵裂率和囊胚率较高;玻璃化冷冻-解冻后,7组卵母细胞的形态正常率、卵裂率均显著低于3、6组（P<0.05）,6组卵裂率高于3组;MⅡ期卵母细胞移入预处理液中后可见明显的皱缩,移入冷冻液中迅速脱水,解冻后可见卵母细胞透明带断裂,胞质皱缩、分布不均;透射电子显微镜下,冷冻后猪MⅡ期卵母细胞透明带及细胞膜损伤,微绒毛严重损伤甚至消失,皮质颗粒排列在质膜下且数量减少,脂滴形态破坏、形成空泡,内质网与脂滴的联系损坏,线粒体肿胀、嵴不明显;彗星电泳发现,与对照组相比,冷冻液处理组头部DNA、尾部DNA和Olive尾矩值均差异不显著（P>0.05）,有彗星拖尾现象;冷冻组头部DNA损伤、尾部DNA损伤与Olive尾矩值均显著高于冷冻液处理组和对照组（P<0.05）,有明显彗星拖尾现象。结果表明,以二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和乙二醇（EG）为主要成分的冷冻液适于猪MⅡ期卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻;玻璃化冷冻对猪MⅡ期卵母细胞超微结构及其DNA存在一定损伤作用,其损伤机制有待进一步研究。     

Hepatocyte apoptosis in dairy cattle during the transition period

The objective of this study was to investigate hepatocyte apoptosis in dairy cows during the transition period. Four clinically healthy, pregnant dairy cattle were used. The cows had no clinical diseases throughout this study. Blood samples were collected and livers were biopsied from the cows at 3 different times: 3 weeks before expected partition (wk −3); during parturition (wk 0), and 3 weeks (wk +3) after parturition. The damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) caused by hepatocytes was evaluated by comet assay. The apoptotic features of hepatocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic analyses. The hepatic triglyceride content markedly increased at wk 0 and wk +3 compared with the values at wk −3. The results of the comet assay showed increases in the mean tail moment values of hepatic cells after parturition in all cows, which suggested increased DNA damage. Histopathologically, the hepatocytes began to contain lipid droplets at wk 0 and were severely opacified at wk +3. Caspase-3-positive and single-stranded DNA-(ssDNA)-positive cells were first detected in the liver after parturition. Condensation of nuclear chromatin, a typical sign of apoptosis, was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy after parturition. These results suggest that apoptosis is induced in hepatocytes of dairy cows around parturition and may result from lipotoxicity in hepatocytes.     

Effects of Freezing–Thawing on DNA Integrity of Boar Spermatozoa Assessed by the Neutral Comet Assay

A modified version of the neutral comet assay was employed to evaluate the effect of the freezing-thawing process on boar-sperm DNA integrity. The sperm-rich fractions were collected from four mature boars and frozen into aluminium tubes and straws after extension in lactose-hen egg yolk-glycerol extender (lactose-HEY-G) or an extender containing lactose, lyophilized lipoprotein fractions extracted from ostrich egg yolk and glycerol (lactose-LPFo-G). The semen samples were also frozen in a standard boar semen extender (Kortowo-3), without the addition of cryoprotective substances. Post-thaw sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity, assessed by SYBR-14/PI and Hoechst 33258 stains, declined (p < or = 0.05) with a corresponding increase (p < or = 0.05) in sperm DNA damage, regardless of the extender type and packaging material. Spermatozoa frozen in lactose-HEY-G or lactose-LPFo-G extender showed lower (p < or = 0.05) DNA damage than those frozen in the absence of cryoprotective substances. The addition of HEY or LPFo to the freezing extender helped reduce the rate of cryo-damage to sperm DNA, which varied among the boars. Inter-boar variations in post-thaw DNA damage were more pronounced in sperm samples frozen in lactose-HEY-G or lactose-LPFo-G extender. The results of this study show that the freezing-thawing process affects the DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa, irrespective of the extender type and packaging material. Furthermore, the use of whole hen egg yolk and ostrich lyophilized lipoprotein fractions in the freezing extender gave similar results regarding sperm DNA integrity. It can be concluded that the neutral comet assay can be used in conjunction with routine sperm parameters for assessment of post-thaw quality of boar semen.     

Acute bacterial cystitis does not cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage detectable by the alkaline comet assay in urothelial cells of dogs

Considering the high incidence of dogs with acute bacterial cystitis (BC) and the relationship among inflammation, genotoxicity, and carcinogenesis, we conducted a case-control study comparing the frequency of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lesions assessed by the comet assay between disease-free animals (13 males and 13 females) and cytology-confirmed cases of acute BC (12 males and 12 females), which was mainly caused by Staphylococcus sp. (40%) and Escherichia coli (35%). The results show no increase in DNA damage in cells obtained by bladder washings and no influence of age, sex, and breed due to acute BC. In conclusion, DNA damage was seemingly not associated with the infection by specific bacteria.     

Determination of cytogenetic markers for biological monitoring in coypu (Myocastor coypu)

Cytogenetic tests are used to assess the influence of physical and chemical factors with potential mutagenic and genotoxic properties on the animal organism. The test results make it possible to eliminate mutagens, as well as helping predict possible genetic consequences in animal cells and assess animal resistance. The aim of this study was to examine, using cytogenetic tests, the spontaneous chromosome and DNA damage in coypu lymphocytes. Four tests: fragile site (FS), bleomycin (BLM), micronucleus, (MN) and comet were used for the first time in coypu cells. The averages with standard deviations obtained in the research were as follows: 3.30 ± 0.80 fragile sites/cell; 0.63 ± 0.80 BLM damage/cell; 6.10 ± 0.53% binucleated cells with MN; and 3.24 ± 0.63% DNA in tail. The present analysis showed high interindividual variation in spontaneous chromosomal and DNA damage levels. In the case of micronucleus, fragile sites, and comet assays, the differences between animals were statistically significant. The data suggest that these assays are sensitive enough to detect some effects on an individual animal and can be proposed as tools for coypu biomonitoring.