四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属分布研究

本试验旨在了解四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属的分布,为饲料和畜产品安全生产提供科学依据。采集四川省内常用的68份能量饲料[包括玉米、小麦、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、喷浆玉米皮、麦麸、米糠]和61份蛋白质饲料(包括玉米蛋白粉、玉米胚芽粕、豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕),利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)含量进行了测定。结果表明:1)玉米中的Cu、Cr和Pb超标率分别为5.00%、20.00%和5.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.00、1.41和1.06 mg/kg;小麦中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为50.00%、30.00%、50.00%、20.00%和30.00%,超标样品平均值分别为12.96、54.67、4.92、0.53和0.72 mg/kg。2)麦麸中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为100.00%、54.55%、81.82%、9.09%,45.45%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为16.01、62.00、13.96、0.82、0.42和1.99 mg/kg;米糠中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为83.33%、16.67%、83.33%、83.33%、16.67%、66.67%和100.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.48、64.00、5.37、1.05、0.32、0.23和19.57 mg/kg。3)玉米胚芽粕中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se和Pb超标率分别为25.00%、37.50%、75.00%、12.50%、25.00%和50.00%,超标样品平均值分别为13.50、64.00、6.10、1.82、0.46和1.66 mg/kg;玉米蛋白粉中的Cu、Cr和Se超标率分别为11.11%、55.56%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为11.40、1.56和0.94 mg/kg;喷浆玉米皮中的Zn、Cr和Pb超标率分别为44.44%、77.78%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为57.50、6.13和1.65 mg/kg;DDGS中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为33.33%、58.33%、66.67%、8.33%、8.33%和66.67%,超标样品平均值分别为11.75、62.57、5.57、0.30、0.62和4.47 mg/kg。4)豆粕中的Cr和Se超标率分别为15.00%和25.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.90和1.63 mg/kg;棉籽粕中的Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为40.00%、30.00%和15.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.43、1.18和3.14 mg/kg;菜籽粕中的Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为81.82%、18.18%、45.45%、9.09%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为7.48、2.22、0.36、0.24和4.91 mg/kg。综合考虑,粮食加工副产物和菜籽粕中的重金属污染较严重,其中Cr和Pb的含量在部分饲料原料中严重超标,具有潜在的危险,应引起重视。     

华东某省部分禽场重金属污染检测与分析

对华东某省部分家禽养殖场的水体、饲料及其粪便重金属含量进行了调查。共采集包括水样、饲料及粪样在内的49份样品,其中水样16份,饲料样24份,粪样9份。样品经微波消解处理,用原子吸收法测定了铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)含量,用电感耦合等离子质谱法测定砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量。结果表明:水样中各元素含量均符合地表水环境质量标准中三类水质要求;部分饲料样品中铬和砷含量超过饲料卫生标准要求,超标率分别为33.3%和8.3%,其中铬元素最高含量达622.5mg/kg,砷元素含量最高为5.8mg/kg;粪样中除铜元素超标外,其余元素均在标准范围内。研究提示少数家禽养殖场存在一定的重金属污染,应加强对其饲料中铜、砷、铬的含量控制。     

砷斑法快速测定饲料和矿物添加剂中的砷

砷(As)是一种剧毒的重金属元素。我国饲料卫生标准(GB13078-91)规定鸡、猪配合饲料中砷的含量不得超过2mg／kg。但砷在自然界分布广泛，植物在生长过程中容易吸收积累土壤中的砷。我国粮食谷类的含砷量为0．07～0．83mg／kg；鱼类的含砷量为1～2mg／kg。作饲料添加剂用的矿物盐含砷量可超过10mg／kg。要将配合饲料中砷含量控制在2mg／kg以下，必须检测矿物添加剂和鱼粉等原料中的含量，以避免使用含砷量高的原料。     

玉米秸秆颗粒饲料产品中重金属和真菌毒素含量及限量标准的研究

为初步了解我国玉米秸秆颗粒饲料产品的卫生安全现状,文章采用相关国家、行业标准规定的方法,对我国玉米秸秆颗粒饲料产品中的重金属和真菌毒素的含量进行检测,并与国内外相关标准和法规中限量进行对比分析。结果表明,玉米秸秆颗粒饲料产品中砷含量平均值1.49 mg/kg接近相关标准中的限量,污染情况较严重;铅、汞、镉等污染情况较轻;真菌毒素仅脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)有检出,但是其平均值1.7 mg/kg超过了GB 13078.3中的1 mg/kg限量。为进一步确保玉米秸秆颗粒饲料产品的卫生安全,文章从污染防控和制定相关标准的角度进行了探讨。     

氢化物原子荧光光度法测定配合饲料总砷研究

饲料中砷的含量已成为国家饲料卫生标准中的一项限制性指标,国标GB13078-2001规定猪、家禽配合饲料中砷含量≤2.0mg/kg,猪、家禽预混料中砷含量≤10mg/kg。目前砷的测定方法主要为银盐法、砷斑法、硼氢化物还原光度法、氢化物原子荧光分析法、原子吸收分析法。我国也相应制定出了“饲料中总砷的测定”(GB/T13079-1999),该标准主要方法是银盐法,该方法可靠、稳定,缺点是繁琐、分析时间长、灵敏度偏低。氢化     

肉类国标将检查总砷 含砷饲料或将被禁用

6月起,我国食品安全国家标准《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012,以下简称新国标)正式实施。关于肉类的砷限量有了变化,限制项目从无机砷变为总砷(旧国标要求畜禽肉类检测无机砷,限量值为0.05毫克/千克;而新国标肉和肉制品的砷限量指标则要求检测总砷,限量值为0.5毫克/千克)。专家表示,肉食品中砷限制项目的更改会加快禁用含砷饲料的趋势。饲料砷超标引发全国关注猪肉中的砷来源于饲料,而饲料中加     

四川省蛋鸡配合饲料及鸡蛋重金属含量分布

蛋鸡配合饲料和鸡蛋中重金属元素污染对动物健康及畜产品安全造成危害,本文旨在评估四川省蛋鸡配合饲料和鸡蛋的重金属含量现状。采集四川省内14个大中型饲料公司和4个大型养殖场不同时期(18个产蛋高峰期、11个育雏育成期和6个产蛋前期)的蛋鸡配合饲料以及11个品牌的鸡蛋,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)的含量进行了研究。结果表明:样品中重金属的分布不均衡,不符合正态分布,其中产蛋高峰期配合饲料中的Cr和育雏育成期中的Pb含量较高,分别为5.61和2.74 mg/kg,其平均Cr和Pb含量未超出限量标准(10和5 mg/kg),但部分来源饲料样品超出限量标准,超标率分别为11.1%和18.2%。饲料中的As、Cd、Hg均未超过我国《饲料卫生标准》限量;另外产蛋高峰期配合饲料中的V含量为1.74 mg/kg,最高检测值为5.2 mg/kg,超过了《Mineral Tolerance of Animals》中蛋鸡对V的耐受剂量(5 mg/kg),超标率为5.6%,但我国《饲料卫生标准》中并未规定其限量。本次抽样调查发现不同时期的蛋鸡配合饲料中重金属含量差异不显著(P0.05),鸡蛋样品中Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Cd等金属的含量未超过限量标准。综上所述:四川地区蛋鸡配合饲料和鸡蛋中的重金属含量随厂家和品牌的不同含量差异较大,其中Cr和Pb含量在部分饲料公司中超标严重;此外,具有潜在危险的重金属V在蛋鸡配合饲料中含量较高,且国内没有限量标准,应引起重视。     

鱼粉中砷消解方法的优化

应用原子荧光法测定鱼粉中砷,分别运用干式灰化法、微波消解法和湿法消解3种前处理方法对样品进行消解并测定砷的含量。采用硝酸-高氯酸-硫酸体系进行湿法消解,检测鱼粉样品中的总砷,检测结果与中国合格评定国家认可委员会组织的鱼粉中重金属含量的测定(CNAS T0508)能力验证中位值相近(相对偏差=0.42%);相对标准偏差(n=6)0.39%;加标水平20 mg/kg,平均回收率98.02%～103.05%;检出限3.6μg/kg;线性范围80～450μg/mL,R2=0.998 2。结果表明:对于鱼粉这类难消解样品,采用硝酸-高氯酸-硫酸体系进行湿法消解,消解能力强,处理效果较好,检测灵敏度、准确度和精密度均能满足分析要求。     

改进进样器进样-在线还原原子荧光法同时测定饲料中汞和砷

以HNO3-HClO4-H2SO4、三角瓶-弯颈小漏斗回流消解样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定饲料中微量元素汞和砷,用改进进样器双道进样在线还原直接检测溶液中砷元素,在线添加正丙醇溶液消除气泡。在试验条件下,汞检出限是0.00825mg/kg,标准回收率是90.75%～95.75%,RSD(n=5)3.62%～4.71%;砷检出限是0.0265mg/kg,标准回收率是97.2%～98.5%,RSD(n=5)2.85%～3.77%。方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可以满足检测要求。     

砷钼蓝法测定饲料和饲料添加剂中的砷

砷（As）是一种剧毒的重金属元素。我国饲料卫生标准规定鸡、猪配合饲料中砷的含量不得超过Zing／kg。但砷在自然界中分布广泛，植物在生长过程中容易吸收积累土壤中的砷。我国粮食谷物类的含砷量为0．07mg／kg－0．83mg／kg，鱼类的含砷量为ling／kg－Zmg／kg，作为饲料添加剂用的矿物盐含砷量可能超过10mg／kg。要将配合饲料中砷含量控制在Zing／kg以下，必需检测矿物添加剂和鱼粉等原料中砷的含量，以避免使用含砷量高的原料。“微量砷的测定方法有分光光度法、砷斑法、极谱法和原子吸收分光光度法等。国家饲料检测标准GB13079—91规…     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.