昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区克隆、生物信息学分析及组织表达研究

试验旨在系统研究昆明犬胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)基因的结构和功能,揭示该基因的组织表达规律,为探讨工作犬体型及生长发育性状提供基本数据。以昆明犬为试验材料,运用分子克隆技术扩增IGF-1基因CDS区,应用生物信息学方法进行序列同源性比对并构建系统进化树;获得对应的氨基酸序列并分析蛋白理化特性及蛋白亚细胞结构、亲疏水性和磷酸化位点,利用SOPMA和SWISS-MODEL软件预测蛋白二级结构并构建蛋白质三级结构模型;同时利用实时荧光定量方法检测该基因在昆明犬各组织的表达情况。结果显示,昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区长462 bp,编码153个氨基酸,其核苷酸序列与家犬的同源性较高(100%),与小鼠和鸡的同源性较低(82.6%和81.2%)。IGF-1蛋白分子质量和理论等电点分别为16.97 ku和9.36,属亲水性分泌型蛋白,无跨膜结构,存在信号肽区域(第1-48位氨基酸);亚细胞定位分析表明,IGF-1蛋白主要分布于细胞核(56.5%)及线粒体(17.4%)中;磷酸化位点分析发现,IGF-1蛋白存在15个磷酸化位点;该蛋白的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。组织表达显示,IGF-1基因在昆明犬不同组织中均有表达,尤其在脾脏、肝脏及肾脏中呈现高表达。本试验结果为今后深入研究IGF-1基因功能提供了理论参考,并为深入探讨IGF-1基因对昆明犬生长发育性状研究提供一定的基础资料。     

鹿科与牛科动物IGF-1基因序列比较及分子进化分析

以GenBank中已登录的梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、普通牛(Bos taurus)、水牛(Bubalus bubalis)、山羊(Capra hircus)和绵羊(Ovis aries)胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)基因mRNA序列为研究材料,通过DNAStar 7.0等生物信息学软件对6个物种的IGF-1基因进行序列比较及分子进化分析。结果表明:鹿科与牛科动物IGF-1基因编码区均为465bp,并且碱基组成表现为GCAT,且G+C含量高于A+T;6个物种IGF-1基因密码子第1位富含A,密码子第2位4种碱基的分布相对均匀,密码子的第3位碱基C含量较高;编码区碱基序列中共检测到20个变异位点,包括10个单一变异和10个简约变异,鹿科和牛科动物IGF-1基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列的相似性均较高;(4)NJ和UPGMA两种方法构建的分子进化树均把6个物种聚为2个大类:鹿科和牛科,其中牛科又分支出牛亚科和羊亚科两类。     

昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区克隆、生物信息学分析及组织表达研究

试验旨在系统研究昆明犬胰岛素样生长因子1（insulin-like growth factor-1，IGF-1）基因的结构和功能，揭示该基因的组织表达规律，为探讨工作犬体型及生长发育性状提供基本数据。以昆明犬为试验材料，运用分子克隆技术扩增IGF-1基因CDS区，应用生物信息学方法进行序列同源性比对并构建系统进化树；获得对应的氨基酸序列并分析蛋白理化特性及蛋白亚细胞结构、亲疏水性和磷酸化位点，利用SOPMA和SWISS-MODEL软件预测蛋白二级结构并构建蛋白质三级结构模型；同时利用实时荧光定量方法检测该基因在昆明犬各组织的表达情况。结果显示，昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区长462 bp，编码153个氨基酸，其核苷酸序列与家犬的同源性较高（100%），与小鼠和鸡的同源性较低（82.6%和81.2%）。IGF-1蛋白分子质量和理论等电点分别为16.97 ku和9.36，属亲水性分泌型蛋白，无跨膜结构，存在信号肽区域（第1-48位氨基酸）；亚细胞定位分析表明，IGF-1蛋白主要分布于细胞核（56.5%）及线粒体（17.4%）中；磷酸化位点分析发现，IGF-1蛋白存在15个磷酸化位点；该蛋白的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。组织表达显示，IGF-1基因在昆明犬不同组织中均有表达，尤其在脾脏、肝脏及肾脏中呈现高表达。本试验结果为今后深入研究IGF-1基因功能提供了理论参考，并为深入探讨IGF-1基因对昆明犬生长发育性状研究提供一定的基础资料。     

家禽IGF-Ⅰ基因与经济性状相关研究进展

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGFs-Ⅰ)是胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)家族成员之一,是生长激素发挥促生长作用的主要介导因子。本文综述了近年来在家禽IGF-Ⅰ基因的结构、IGF-Ⅰ在组织中的表达水平、IGF-Ⅰ与体重体型、屠宰性能、产蛋性能相关的研究进展,旨在为进一步研究家禽IGF-Ⅰ基因与经济性状相关研究提供参考。     

体型不同导致犬寿命差异的机制研究进展

犬的品种非常多,品种之间的体型变化非常大,并且发现大型犬的寿命明显短于小型犬的寿命。目前对于体型不同导致犬寿命差异的机制尚不清楚,本文对近年来有关体型对犬寿命影响机制的研究从生长发育、细胞代谢与氧化应激、端粒和胰岛素样生长因子-1信号通路四方面总结,并对下一步研究进行展望。     

绿壳蛋鸡IGF-Ⅰ基因SNPs分析及其与末期产蛋性能的相关性研究

本研究以胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factors-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅰ)基因作为候选基因,运用PCR-RFLP法检测基因变异,并分析其变异与鸡末期产蛋性能的相关性。以绿壳蛋鸡(n=113)作为试验材料,对IGF-Ⅰ基因5'调控区进行遗传多样性研究。研究结果表明,该调控区扩增产物经PstⅠ酶切后出现AA、AB、BB共3种基因型,经χ²检验绿壳蛋鸡在IGF-Ⅰ位点上符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05)。相关分析表明,IGF-Ⅰ基因5'调控区PstⅠ位点对于产蛋末期(14和15月龄)的产蛋性能没有显著影响(P＞0.05)。     

绵羊IGF-Ⅰ基因Ⅱ类变异剪接体生物信息学及组织表达分析

为明确绵羊IGF-Ⅰ基因变异剪接体的生物学特性及其在生长发育过程中的功能,本研究成功获得了IGF-Ⅰ基因Ⅱ类的2种变异剪接体(Ea和Eb型),利用生物信息学方法预测分析2种变异剪接体的结构特性,并探讨其在不同组织中的表达规律。结果表明:Ea和Eb型由同一基因通过选择性剪切形成,均是绵羊中新发现的类型,预测其分别编码138 aa和172 aa,2种变异剪接体的信号肽剪切位点、进化同源性、亚细胞定位、蛋白质空间结构预测结果类似,但二者包含不同的共价修饰位点。组织表达分析表明,2种变异剪接体在肝组织中表达量均最高,其次为脂肪、胃、睾丸、肌肉和皮肤组织,心、脾、肺、肾、肠、膀胱组织的表达水平较低;在胃中,羔羊期2种变异剪接体表达水平均极显著高于成羊期(P<0.01),在睾丸中,羔羊期IGF-Ⅰ基因Ⅱ类Ea型表达水平显著高于成羊期(P<0.05)。总体上来看,在各种组织中IGF-Ⅰ基因Ⅱ类Ea型的表达水平高于Eb型,为优势转录本类型。     

MC3R和MC4R基因多态性位点与犬体型性状的关系

为了探讨犬MC3R和MC4R基因多态性与体质量等体型性状的关系,本研究利用PCR-RFLP、AS-PCR方法对已培育的北方实验用犬MC3R基因A167T,MC4R基因T101N多态性位点与体质量、体长、身高、胸围等体型指标的关系进行分析.结果显示,这2个多态性位点的基因型与犬的体质量、胸围和体质量指数(BMI)等呈显著性相关.另外,方差分析显示MC3R和MC4R合并基因型对体质量、胸围和体质量指数影响显著,MC3R和MC4R基因对体型性状的影响有协同作用.结果表明,MC3R、MC4R基因可以作为犬体型性状的候选基因,可选不同MC3R和MC4R合并基因型的犬用于培育小型或大型实验用犬.     

盐津乌骨鸡MyoG和IGF-1基因表达及其与生长、屠宰性状的相关性分析

为研究肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)和胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)基因表达量对家禽生长发育的影响,试验以体型差异较大的盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡为材料,分别测定300日龄鸡的体重、体尺和屠宰性状来进行比较分析,检测胸肌、腿肌和肝脏中MyoG和IGF-1基因mRNA的相对表达量,将生长、屠宰性状与基因的相对表达量进行两两相关性分析。结果显示,盐津乌骨鸡体重、体尺和屠宰性状等指标均高于大围山微型鸡,同时盐津乌骨鸡胸肌、腿肌和肝脏中MyoG和IGF-1基因的表达量也高于大围山微型鸡,表达量趋势为:胸肌腿肌肝脏;相关性分析结果显示,两个品种鸡胸肌、腿肌和肝脏中MyoG和IGF-1基因的表达量与体重、体尺和屠宰性状等指标呈显著正相关(P0.05),其中MyoG基因的相对表达量与除胸深外的所有性状均呈极显著相关(P0.01),而IGF-1基因的相对表达量与体重、体斜长、胸深、胸骨长均呈显著相关(P0.05)。因此,MyoG、IGF-1基因可作为盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡的生长性状候选基因来进行选育。     

不同浓度胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ对体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和脂肪合成相关基因表达的影响

应用Real-time PCR方法检测不同浓度(0、1、10和100 ng/mL)胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)处理后的体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和脂肪合成相关基因mRNA的相对表达量。结果表明,添加不同浓度IGF-Ⅰ对体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞IGF-Ⅰ受体基因(IGFIR)、IGF-Ⅰ结合蛋白-3基因(IGFBP3)、α-s1-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S1)和κ-酪蛋白基因(CSN3)mRNA的相对表达丰度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着IGF-Ⅰ添加浓度的增加,β-酪蛋白基因(CSN2)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因(ACACA)、脂肪酸合成酶基因(FASN)和脂肪酸结合蛋白-3基因(FABP3)mRNA的相对表达丰度显著上调(P<0.05)。提示,IGF-Ⅰ作为一种重要细胞因子参与调节乳腺上皮细胞乳蛋白和乳脂肪相关基因mRNA的表达。     

高等级生物安全实验室动物尸体处理工艺概况

实验动物尸体的处理是保证高等级生物安全实验室安全运行的重要环节,其设备也是高等级生物安全实验室安全运行的核心关键。论文通过介绍目前国内外高等级生物安全实验室广泛应用的动物尸体处理工艺,为我国生物安全实验室动物尸体处理工艺研究和设备选型提供参考。     

Serum insulin-like growth factor type 1 concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism

Circulating insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in dogs have been correlated with standard breed bodyweight (SBBW or breed size). Thyroid and somatotropic functions, which have common effects and regulatory mechanisms, were investigated in hypothyroid dogs. IGF-1 was measured in 495 adult healthy dogs (N) and in 220 primary hypothyroid dogs (HOT) with clinical and biological signs of primary hypothyroidism. IGF-1 was determined as a function of SBBW (kg): ≤15 (group A); 1540 (group D). In HOT dogs, median fT4 and c-TSH values were 9pmol/L and 1.5ng/mL, respectively. A significant correlation between bodyweight (BW) and IGF-1 was observed in both HOT and N dogs. The median IGF-1 value (ng/mL) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in HOT dogs compared to N in groups B, C and D (230 vs. 182; 316 vs. 230; 606 vs. 306 respectively). In conclusion, IGF-1 concentration should be interpreted in the context of SBBW in dogs and increases in spontaneous primary hypothyroidism. However, it remains unclear if this association is directly due to hypothyroidism or is the result of the weight gain accompanying hypothyroidism.     

Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 in dogs with naturally occurring mitral regurgitation

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which mediates most effects of growth hormone, has effects on cardiac mass and function, and plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone. In humans, an inverse relationship between degree of heart failure (HF) and circulating IGF-1 concentrations has been found in several studies. In dogs with HF, few studies have focused on IGF-1. We examined circulating IGF-1 concentrations in dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease. Study 1 included 88 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with a broad range of asymptomatic MR (median serum IGF-1: 76.7 microg/L; 25-75 percentile, 59.8-104.9 microg/L). As expected, standard body weight and percentage under- or overweight correlated directly with IGF-1. MR (assessed in 4 different ways) did not correlate with IGF-1. In study 2, 28 dogs with severe MR and stable, treated congestive HF had similar serum IGF-1 concentrations (median, 100.8 g/L; 25-75 percentile, 74.9-156.5 microg/L) as 11 control dogs (79.6 microg/L; 25-75 percentile, 64.1-187.4 microg/L; P = .84). In study 3, the plasma IGF-1 concentration of 15 untreated CKCSs with severe MR was 16.4 +/- 24.2 microg/L lower (P = .02) at the examination when decompensated HF had developed (80.8 +/- 30.9 microg/L) than at a visit 1-12 months earlier (97.2 +/- 39.8 microg/L), possibly in part due to an altered state of nutrition. The studies document that circulating IGF-1 concentrations are not altered before development of congestive HF in dogs with naturally occurring MR, but decrease by approximately 20% with the development of untreated HE In treated HF, circulating IGF-1 concentrations apparently return to within the reference range.     

犬体型大小相关基因的研究进展

犬作为人类最早驯化的家养动物,在人类发展史和现代生活中扮演着非常重要的角色,如伴侣、看护、导盲、军警用犬等。人工选择过程使得家犬产生了极大的表型多样性,其中体型性状是犬最显著的表型性状之一,属高遗传力性状。本文综述了犬体型性状相关基因IGF1、IGF1R、GHR1、GHR2、SMAD2、STC2、HMGA2、IGSF1、ACSL4及IRS4的研究进展,为未来工作犬体型遗传改良育种提供重要的靶点和依据,为进一步阐明人类及其他家养动物在体型上的遗传变异提供参考。     

Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 measurements in dogs: performance characteristics of an automated assay and study of some sources of variation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of an automated immunoassay for canine insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) measurement and to investigate the possible effects of some sources of variation, such as diurnal variations, feeding/fasting cycles, and glucocorticoid administration, in dogs. The immunoassay evaluated had an adequate analytical performance with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) lower than 10%, linear regression equations with correlation coefficients of 0.9993 and 0.9988 after serial dilutions, and a limit of quantification of 7.1 ng/mL that was even lower than that reported by the manufacturer. The assay was significantly affected by hemolysis and lipemia producing a significant decrease in IGF-1 concentrations, but not by bilirubinemia.Serum IGF-1 concentrations did not show significant diurnal changes in fed or fasted dogs and were not affected by glucocorticoid administration.     

撒坝猪胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ基因多态性及其与部分生长性状的关联分析

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)基因的表达产物对猪肌肉的生长有着重要的调控作用。以IGF-Ⅰ基因作为撒坝猪生长性状的候选基因,运用PCR-RFLP技术对其HhaⅠ位点的多态性进行了检测,并对IGF-Ⅰ基因的多态性与12个阶段体重、日增重和体尺性状的关系进行了分析。结果表明,撒坝猪IGF-Ⅰ基因的多态性较为丰富,产生AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,其基因型频率分别是0.3473、0.5149、0.1378,等位基因A和B的频率分别是0.6048、0.3952,且该基因座位处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,撒坝猪IGF-Ⅰ基因的遗传变异对其生长性状有着显著的影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中,不同阶段体重和日增重的增效基因型为AB基因型,180日龄体尺性状的增效基因型多为BB基因型(部分性状表现为AB基因型最高)。结合前人的研究,初步推断IGF-Ⅰ基因可能是影响猪生长性状的一个主效基因或是一个与影响猪生长性状的数量性状座位(quantiative trait locus, QTL)连锁的基因。     

An association between lifespan and variation in insulin-like growth factor I receptor in sheep

Longevity in livestock is a valuable trait. When productive animals live longer, fewer replacement animals need to be raised. However, selection for longevity is not commonly the focus of breeding programs as direct selection for long-lived breeding stock is virtually impossible until late in the reproductive life of the animal. Additionally the underlying genetic factors or genes associated with longevity are either not known, or not well understood. In humans, there is evidence that IGF 1 receptor (IGF1R) is involved in longevity. Polymorphism in the IGF1R gene has been associated with longevity in a number of species. Recently, 3 alleles of ovine IGF1R were identified, but no analysis of the effect of IGF1R variation on sheep longevity has been reported. In this study, associations between ovine IGF1R variation, longevity and fertility were investigated. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) was used to type IGF1R variation in 1,716 New Zealand sheep belonging to 6 breeds and 36 flocks. Ovine IGF1R C was associated with age when adjusting for flock (present 5.5 ± 0.2 yr, absent 5.0 ± 0.1 yr, P = 0.02). A general linear mixed effects model suggested an association (P = 0.06) between age and genotype, when correcting for flock. Pairwise comparison (least significant difference) of specific genotypes revealed the difference to be between AA (5.0 ± 0.1 yr) and AC (5.6 ± 0.2 yr, P = 0.02). A weak negative Pearson correlation between fertility and longevity traits was observed (r = -0.25, P < 0.01). The finding of an association between variation in IGF1R and lifespan in sheep may be useful in prolonging the lifespan of sheep.     

A long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases

In order to investigate differences in the relative maximum longevity and other life history parameter between ruminant species, we collated data on mean body mass, maximum longevity, gestation period and newborn mass in wild ruminant and camelid species. Among ruminants, giraffids (giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and okapi Okapia johnstoni) have particularly high longevities, long gestation periods, and low intrauterine growth rates. A particularly high absolute and relative longevity is also achieved by the anoa (Bubalus depressicornis), a member of the bovinae (cattle-type ruminants) and an insular dwarf (inhabiting the Indonesian island of Sulawesi). The fact that some (but not all) other small ruminants also achieve surprisingly high longevities leads to the hypothesis that extreme relative longevities in this group are an indication for secondary body size reduction.     

Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog

This study was undertaken to determine the association between life spans and breed size in the dog, based upon data derived from the pet population. Seventy-seven American Kennel Club breeds were analyzed with data collected for more than 700 dogs. Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with longevity as the dependent variable and height or weight as the independent variable. A negative correlation was observed between height and longevity (r=-0.603, p<0.05), and between weight and longevity (r=-0.679, p<0.05). Weight was the significant predictor of life span (p<0.001), revealing that breeds smaller by weight generally live longer than heavier breeds. These data form the ground work for investigations of aging utilizing the dog as a model and provide owners with a quantitative method for predicting lifespan of dog breeds, thereby aiding in pet selection.