新型A/H1N1猪流感疫情最新动态及防控措施

2009年3月18日由墨西哥发端的人类甲型H1N1大流行性流感疫情全球蔓延,并已扩散到中国。新型A/H1N1流感突破种间屏障由人传染给猪,并相继在北美、南美、大洋洲出现疫情。2009年4月21日,新型A/H1N1猪流感疫情首次在北美的加拿大发生;2009年6月24日,在南美的阿根廷发生猪流感疫情;2009年7月24日,远在大洋洲的澳大利亚也出现猪流感疫情;2009年7月23日,在南美的紧邻阿根廷的智利的火鸡发生A型流感疫情。此次新型A/H1N1流感疫情呈现重大的流行病学显著变化:(1)突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽;(2)突破地理屏障,在三大洲先后暴发规模不等、强度不一的多起疫情。因此我国卫生主管部门、兽医主管部门和出入境检验检疫部门应高度戒备,密切关注,严防疫情疫病传入国境,特别是防止新型A/H1N1猪流感疫情在人群、猪群之间相互传播,避免疫情在人类和动物进一步扩散。     

A/H1N1研究进展

2009年3以来,包括墨西哥、美国和加拿大在内的许多国家发生了甲型H1N1流感[Swine-origin Influenza A (A/H1N1)]疫情,WHO已于2009年6月20日将此次流感流行的预警级别提升至6级.现已基本明确,引起此次流感疫情的A/H1N1流感病毒是猪流感病毒(Swine Influenza Virus, SIV)的一种新型变异株.此次流感疫情的发生,再次使猪流感成为社会各界关注的焦点之一.本文就甲型H1N1流感的临床表现、病毒特征、相互关系及其对动物卫生监督工作的影响等作一综述.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒及其疫苗研究热点

2009年4月初,北美爆发一种新型甲型(H1N1)流感病毒,并通过各种途径迅速传播,引起了全球极大的恐慌。文章介绍了历史上历次甲型流感大流行,流感的分类与生物学特性,甲型H1N1流感的病原学特点和分子特征,甲型H1N1流感的传染源、传染性、传染途径和传染方式,甲型H1N1流感的临床特征和严重危害。最后指出疫苗是最经济有效的预防流感的手段,国内生产疫苗主要使用鸡胚作为生产基质,筛选出高丰度的流感病毒适应性细胞将成为研究的热点。     

1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的全基因组特征及其对小鼠的致病性

旨在了解河南省猪流感病毒的流行情况及其遗传进化和基因组特征。2018年4月，从河南省某一出现疑似流感症状猪群中采集鼻拭子样品150份用于分离病毒，对分离病毒的全基因组进行序列测定和分析。同时感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠，研究其对小鼠的致病性。结果显示，获得1株H1N1亚型病毒[命名为A/swine/Henan/NY20/2018（H1N1）]。遗传进化表明，其HA和NA基因属于欧亚类禽H1N1分支，PB2、PB1、PA、NP和M基因属于2009甲型H1N1分支，NS基因属于经典H1N1分支。HA蛋白的裂解位点序列为PSIQSR↓GL，具有低致病性流感病毒的分子特征，在小鼠肺和鼻甲有效复制并能引起肺组织病理学变化。本研究分离到1株3源重排H1N1亚型病毒，对小鼠呈现一定致病力，提示应进一步加强对SIV的监测。     

猪源新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的分离鉴定及遗传进化特点

本研究旨在了解猪源新型甲型H1N1流感病毒山东分离株的遗传进化特点。对山东地区出现的疑似H1N1流感病死猪进行病料采样,然后进行病毒的分离鉴定,并对分离病毒株(A/swine/Shandong/07/2011)的HA、NA、PB2、PB1、PA、NP、NS和M基因进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,该株病毒8个片段的核酸序列与A/H1N1(2009)对应序列的相似性都大于99%,并且该毒株HA蛋白的裂解位点和优先识别唾液酸α-2,6受体的位点与A/H1N1(2009)也高度一致,分别为PSIQSR↓GLFGAI和190D、225D。但是,与A/H1N1(2009)毒株的HA蛋白相比,受体结合位点处出现了重要的突变(Q226R)。该研究结果为进一步研究猪源新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的分子进化提供了重要信息。     

甲型H1N1与季节性H1N1流感病毒检测基因芯片的制备与初步应用

建立DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1和季节性H1N1流感病毒的方法,进而探讨该方法用于检测临床标本的可行性。通过生物医学数据库甲型H1N1流感病毒及季节性H1N1亚型流感HA与NA基因进行检索和筛选,应用分子生物学软件,进行序列分析、引物及探针设计,并进行验证。试验所设计的探针可以对甲型H1N1流感与季节性H1N1流感病毒进行区分,用该方法检测了长春市CDC送检的6份疑似甲型H1N1流感病毒临床病例,4份阳性,检测结果同实时荧光定量PCR方法一致。结果表明,利用本研究建立的DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1流感病毒方法,特异性和敏感性强,可作为甲型H1N1流感病毒临床标本检测方法。     

从“猪流感”到“甲型H1N1流感”看当前动物检疫工作

2009年3月墨西哥与美国先后出现甲型H1N1型流感,并在很短时间内席卷全球,WHO不仅将此次流感疫情称谓由“猪流感”变更为“甲型H1N1流感”,而且将其预警级别也提高到了6级。目前研究表明甲型H1N1流感是由新的流感病毒引起,该毒株包含有猪流感、禽流感和人流感等三种流感病毒的基因片段。其易感人群的年龄段主要为儿童和青壮年,且人群间传染性强。临床表现除一般流感症状外,表现出特异的呼吸道和消化道疾病症状,病死率高于一般流感。本文对猪流感、甲型H1N1流感的特征及其相互关系以及对动物检疫工作的影响等进行简述。     

从"猪流感"到"甲型H1N1流感"看当前动物检疫工作

2009年3月墨西哥与美国先后出现甲型H1N1型流感,并在很短时间内席卷全球,WHO不仅将此次流感疫情称谓由"猪流感"变更为"甲型H1N1流感",而且将其预警级别也提高到了6级。目前研究表明甲型H1N1流感是由新的流感病毒引起,该毒株包含有猪流感、禽流感和人流感等三种流感病毒的基因片段。其易感人群的年龄段主要为儿童和青壮年,且人群间传染性强。临床表现除一般流感症状外,表现出特异的呼吸道和消化道疾病症状,病死率高于一般流感。本文对猪流感、甲型H1N1流感的特征及其相互关系以及对动物检疫工作的影响等进行简述。     

畜牧工作者科学应对甲型H1N1流感

为了解甲型H1N1流感、猪流感的概念和流行状况，阐述其发病特点，提出畜牧工作者科学应对甲型H1N1流感的方法，了解甲型H1N1流感远没有非典和禽流感那么可怕。我们即有防控非典的经验，又有疗效确切的抗病毒药，所以甲型H1N1流感是可防、可控、可治的。     

新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情动态及防控措施

2009年3月18日由墨西哥发端的人类大流行性甲型(A型)H1N1流感疫情迅速在全球蔓延,并已扩散到中国。新型A型H1N1流感突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽,并相继在北美、南美、大洋洲出现疫情。2009年4月21日,新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情首次在北美的加拿大发生;2009年6月24日,在南美的阿根廷发生猪流感疫情;2009年7月24日,远在大洋洲的澳大利亚也出现猪流感疫情;更糟糕的是在2009年7月23日,在南美紧邻阿根廷的智利的禽类(火鸡)首次发生A型流感疫情。此次新型A型H1N1流感疫情呈现大流行病学显著变化:①突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽;②突破地理屏障,在三大洲先后暴发规模不等、强度不一的多起疫情。因此,我国卫生主管部门、兽医主管部门和出入境检验检疫部门应高度戒备,密切关注,采取严格的生物安全措施,严防疫情疫病跨越国境,特别是防止新型A型H1N1流感疫情在人群、猪群、禽群之间相互传播,避免疫情在人类和动物进一步扩散。     

猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

对我国分离到的猪流感病毒和GenBank数据库中已有的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型毒株的HA、NA基因核苷酸序列进行分析,分别选出各个病毒亚型HA和NA基因中高度保守且特异的核苷酸区域,设计扩增猪流感病毒H1和H3、N1和N2亚型的2套多重PCR特异性引物,建立了猪流感H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型病毒多重RT-PCR诊断方法。采用该方法对H1N1、H1N2、H3N2亚型猪流感病毒标准参考株进行RT-PCR检测,结果均呈阳性,对扩增得到的片段进行序列测定和BLAST比较,表明为目的基因片段。其它几种常见猪病病毒和其它亚型猪流感病毒的RT-PCR扩增结果都呈阴性。对107EID50/0.1mL病毒进行稀释,提取RNA进行敏感性试验,RT-PCR最少可检测到102EID50的病毒量核酸。对40份阳性临床样品的检测结果是H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型分别为16份、1份和20份,其它3份样品同时含有H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒,和鸡胚分离病毒结果100%一致。试验证明建立的猪流感病毒H1N1、H1N2和H3N2亚型多重RT-PCR诊断方法是一种特异敏感的诊断方法,可用于临床样品的早期快速诊断和分型。     

Reassortant H1N1 influenza virus vaccines protect pigs against pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H1N2 swine influenza virus challenge

Influenza A (H1N1) virus has caused human influenza outbreaks in a worldwide pandemic since April 2009. Pigs have been found to be susceptible to this influenza virus under experimental and natural conditions, raising concern about their potential role in the pandemic spread of the virus. In this study, we generated a high-growth reassortant virus (SC/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from a novel H1N1 isolate, A/Sichuan/1/2009 (SC/09), and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, by genetic reassortment. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this reassortant virus were evaluated at different doses in a challenge model using a homologous SC/09 or heterologous A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2) virus (GD/06). Two doses of SC/PR8 virus vaccine elicited high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies specific for the 2009 H1N1 virus and conferred complete protection against challenge with either SC/09 or GD/06 virus, with reduced lung lesions and viral shedding in vaccine-inoculated animals compared with non-vaccinated control animals. These results indicated for the first time that a high-growth SC/PR8 reassortant H1N1 virus exhibits properties that are desirable to be a promising vaccine candidate for use in swine in the event of a pandemic H1N1 influenza.     

欧亚类禽H1N1与古典H1N1亚型猪流感病毒NA基因遗传进化分析

本研究对2011年分离自吉林省猪群的3株流感病毒进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明欧亚类禽H1N1猪流感病毒和古典H1N1猪流感病毒在吉林省猪群中共同流行,因此加强猪流感流行病学调查具有重要意义。     

欧亚类禽H1N1与古典H1N1亚型猪流感病毒NA基因遗传进化分析

本研究对2011年分离自吉林省猪群的3株流感病毒进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明欧亚类禽H1N1猪流感病毒和古典H1N1猪流感病毒在吉林省猪群中共同流行,因此加强猪流感流行病学调查具有重要意义。     

Comparative study of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, swine H1N1, and avian H3N2 influenza viral infections in quails

Quail has been proposed to be an intermediate host of influenza A viruses. However, information on the susceptibility and pathogenicity of pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) and swine influenza viruses in quails is limited. In this study, the pathogenicity, virus shedding, and transmission characteristics of pH1N1, swine H1N1 (swH1N1), and avian H3N2 (dkH3N2) influenza viruses in quails was examined. Three groups of 15 quails were inoculated with each virus and evaluated for clinical signs, virus shedding and transmission, pathological changes, and serological responses. None of the 75 inoculated (n = 45), contact exposed (n = 15), or negative control (n = 15) quails developed any clinical signs. In contrast to the low virus shedding titers observed from the swH1N1-inoculated quails, birds inoculated with dkH3N2 and pH1N1 shed relatively high titers of virus predominantly from the respiratory tract until 5 and 7 DPI, respectively, that were rarely transmitted to the contact quails. Gross and histopathological lesions were observed in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of quail inoculated with either pH1N1 or dkH3N2, indicating that these viruses were more pathogenic than swH1N1. Sero-conversions were detected 7 DPI in two out of five pH1N1-inoculated quails, three out of five quails inoculated with swH1N1, and four out of five swH1N1-infected contact birds. Taken together, this study demonstrated that quails were more susceptible to infection with pH1N1 and dkH3N2 than swH1N1.     

An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vectored H1 vaccine protects against challenge with swine-origin influenza virus H1N1

In 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (S-OIV), antigenically and genetically divergent from seasonal H1N1, caused a flu pandemic in humans. Development of an effective vaccine to limit transmission of S-OIV in animal reservoir hosts and from reservoir hosts to humans and animals is necessary. In the present study, we constructed and evaluated a vectored vaccine expressing the H1 hemagglutinin of a recent S-OIV isolate using equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as the delivery vehicle. Expression of the recombinant protein was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and western blotting and the in vitro growth properties of the modified live vector were found to be comparable to those of the parental virus. The EHV-1-H1 vaccine induced an influenza virus-specific antibody response when inoculated into mice by both the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. Upon challenge infection, protection of vaccinated mice could be demonstrated by reduction of clinical signs and faster virus clearance. Our study shows that an EHV-1-based influenza H1N1 vaccine may be a promising alternative for protection against S-OIV infection.     

Investigations of the efficacy of European H1N1- and H3N2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel H1N2 subtype

The efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on A/New Jersey/8/76 (H1N1) and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) strains was tested against challenge with an H1N2 swine influenza virus. Influenza virus-seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an H1N2 component. Control pigs were left unvaccinated. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the swine influenza strain Sw/Gent/7625/99 (H1N2). The commercial vaccine induced cross-reactive antibodies to H1N2, as detected by the virus neutralisation (VN) assay, but VN antibody titres were 18 times lower than in the pigs vaccinated with the H1N2-supplemented vaccine. The challenge produced severe respiratory signs in nine of 10 unvaccinated control pigs, which developed high H1N2 virus titres in the lungs 24 and 72 hours after the challenge. Vaccination with the commercial vaccine resulted in milder respiratory signs, but H1N2 virus replication was not prevented. Mean virus titres in the pigs vaccinated with the commercial vaccine were 1-5 log10 lower than in the controls at 24 hours but no different at 72 hours. In contrast, the H1N2-supplemented vaccine prevented respiratory disease in most pigs. There was a 4-5 log10 reduction in the mean virus titre at 24 hours in the pigs vaccinated with this vaccine, and no detectable virus replication at 72 hours. These data indicate that the commercial swine influenza vaccine did not confer adequate protection against the H1N2 subtype.     

甲型流感H1N1也会感染犬

人类和甲流的战争还在持续中,现在已经殃及在人类最亲密的朋友——犬身上,我国发现首例狗感染甲流12009年11月25日,农业部接到中国农业大学报告,该校动物医学院临床医院按农业部要求,在门诊病例的52份发病犬鼻咽拭子样品中,检出2份样品呈甲型H1N1流感病原学阳性。基因序列分析表明,该病毒也与当前人群中流行病毒同源性为99‰属于同一种病毒。