分离蜂蜜和压榨蜂蜜的品质对比

<正>在养蜂生产中,从蜂巢中获取蜂蜜方式主要有两种,即分离取蜜和压榨取蜜。分离取蜜通过摇蜜机的离心作用分离蜂巢中的蜂蜜,巢脾可以反复利用,生产效率高,适合于现代养蜂生产。压榨取蜜通过机械挤压蜜脾的方式得到蜂蜜,巢脾在取蜜过程中被破坏,蜜蜂为重新造脾需要消耗大量的能量,群势势必会受到影响,     

蜜蜂肠道菌群概述(续)

(续《中国蜂业》2019年第1期)三、蜜蜂肠道菌群的分布1.蜜囊蜜囊(图1,2)是肠道内的一种肌肉质的可膨胀器官,以适应采集蜂采集花蜜。虽然蜜囊经常含有营养丰富的花蜜并可作为微生物的能量来源,染色结果表明蜜囊内几乎不包含有细菌,但其他学者从蜜囊中分离出13种乳酸菌和部分双歧杆菌菌株,这些细菌可能是来自花蜜而非蜜蜂体内共生的菌群。蜜囊这种频繁的填充和排空采集的花蜜到蜂箱中可扰乱微生物群落结构并阻止其他细菌定殖。     

东、西方蜜蜂蜂蜜的差异性分析

对同一时间、地点采集的东、西方蜜蜂的蜂蜜样品进行检测.感官分析表明:东方蜜蜂蜂蜜色泽较深,气味较浓郁,滋味上没有明显区别.理化分析表明:东、西方蜜蜂蜂蜜的水分含量和蔗糖含量差异不显著,还原糖差异显著,酸度差异极显著;东方蜜蜂蜂蜜的酸度较高,西方蜜蜂蜂蜜的还原糖含量较高.     

野藿香花期蜂蜜酿造过程淀粉酶值变化

通过分光光度计法对野藿香花期蜂蜜酿造过程淀粉酶值的测定,结果表明从花蜜到蜜囊液的过程淀粉酶值变化差异极显著,受蜜蜂分泌影响;0~4 d未成熟蜂蜜淀粉酶值变化无差异;从蜜囊液到0 d蜂蜜,5~7 d蜂蜜淀粉酶值差异显著,并发现其变化不受蜜蜂分泌影响。     

特色蜂蜜的生产技术

蜂蜜一直被人们视为纯天然的营养保健佳品。在现代养蜂生产中,用摇蜜机取出的蜂蜜,称为分离蜜。蜜蜂采集几个花种配制的分离蜜,称为混合蜜,或杂花蜜。如为单一花种,则称为单一花蜜;如果人为加入一定营养成分,饲喂蜜蜂所酿造的蜜,称为生物强化蜜。所谓“特种蜜”。就是指生产具有一定营养保健价值的单一花种蜜或生物强化蜜.目前,市场上特种蜂蜜很受消费者欢迎,价格也比较高。生产特种蜂蜜可增加养蜂场的经济效益。     

蜂蜜中的胶质

各种蜂蜜中都有悬浮的胶态粒子。胶粒很微小 ,不会沉淀 ,滤不掉 ,长期悬浮于蜜中 ;普通悬浮粒子会沉淀 ,可用滤网滤掉。一般花种的蜜中 ,胶粒带正电荷 ,同性相斥 ,悬浮于蜜中。某些甘露蜜和树蜜中的胶粒带负电荷 ,也互相排斥 ,呈悬浮状。调整蜂蜜酸度 ,或往蜜中加悬胶物———膨润土 (带正电荷 ) ,则会使胶粒絮凝 ,从蜜中析出。蜂蜜是食品 ,不能用这种澄清法。现已发现 :在细菌研究工作中 ,用蜂蜜作介质时 ,胶体特别有用。蜂蜜中的胶体是不纯一的 ,花源不同 ,成分也不同 ,差异很大。蜂蜜中总会有一点杂质的 ,如 :蛋白质、蜡屑、花粉粒、二氧…     

利用非靶向和靶向代谢组学鉴别荆条蜜、枣花蜜和洋槐蜜

蜂蜜品种的鉴别是确定蜂蜜独有特性、促进优质优价的有效手段,在前期已经建立特色蜂蜜鉴别和功能识别可靠模型的基础上,本文建立了同时鉴别荆条蜜、枣花蜜和洋槐蜜的方法。采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(UHPLC/Q-Tof-MS)技术对荆条蜜、枣花蜜和洋槐蜜3种大宗蜂蜜进行了非靶向代谢组学分析,结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis,OPLS-DA)对该3种蜂蜜进行差异比较,发现咖啡酸、4-羟基喹啉和刺槐苷对3种蜂蜜的鉴别起到关键作用。采用超高效液相色谱—三重四极杆质谱(UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS)技术建立了同时测定蜂蜜中咖啡酸、4-羟基喹啉和刺槐苷的方法,该方法简便快速、准确可靠。分析北京及周边地区荆条蜜、枣花蜜和洋槐蜜样品中的咖啡酸、4-羟基喹啉和刺槐苷的含量,确定咖啡酸、4-羟基喹啉和刺槐苷可分别作为荆条蜜、枣花蜜和洋槐蜜的标志性成分,其阈值分别为1.6mg/kg、1.0mg/kg和0.4mg/kg。     

利用生物加工,生产优质蜂蜜

我国现行的养蜂生产工艺,所生产的蜂蜜一般浓度低、质量差,在国际市场上缺乏竞争力。为了提高蜂蜜质量,本试验试图根据蜜蜂酿蜜的本能,在蜜源植物大流蜜期,不失时机地勤取蜜,以获取蜂蜜的高产量。而在大宗蜜源后,用低浓度的蜂蜜饲喂,利用蜜蜂口器涎液中酶和蜜囊的再转化生物加     

中药蜂巢蜜的制备方法

正近年来,多元素的注入对蜜蜂产业的健康发展起了推动和促进作用。彭州市蜜蜂文化产业协会是一支敢于创新、敢于开拓进取的蜜蜂文化产业队伍,由协会组织的《中药蜂巢蜜在中蜂养殖中的应用》课题组经过多次实践,在中药蜂巢蜜的获取与加工方法研究上有了一定的进展。蜂巢蜜,又称格子蜜、巢蜜,利用蜜蜂的生物学特性,在规格化的蜂巢中酿造出来的连巢带蜜的蜂蜜块。巢蜜既具有分离蜜的功效,又具有蜂巢的特性,是一种高档的天然蜂蜜产品。人们根据蜜源     

云南不同地域野坝子蜂蜜及三种商品蜂蜜中维生素k含量比较研究

测定比较了云南省武定县、永胜县、祥云县、姚安县、大姚县的野坝子蜂蜜以及其他三种商品蜂蜜中维生素K(以下简称VK)的含量,结果表明:采自不同地域的野坝子蜂蜜中VK含量不同。其中采自祥云县的野坝子蜂蜜VK含量普遍较高,其次是大姚县、姚安县和永胜县,武定县的野坝子蜂蜜VK含量普遍偏低;不同品种的蜂蜜中VK含量差异较大。与其他3种市售商品蜜种(苕子蜜、枣花蜜和野藿香蜜)相比,野坝子蜂蜜的VK含量最高,其次是苕子蜜、野藿香蜜,VK含量最低的是枣花蜜。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。