提高我国兽用生物制品批签发管理的几点思考

简要介绍了我国兽用生物制品批签发的管理现状,就目前我国兽用生物制品批签发管理工作中存在的问题进行了分析,并从健全规章、完善管理机制、加大执法力度以及加大从业人员的培训力度等四个方面提出了提高兽用生物制品批签发管理工作水平的建议和措施。     

兽用生物制品批签发管理制度尚需完善

通过对全国兽用生物制品批签发管理情况的介绍,分析了批签发管理工作中存在的主要问题.针对加强批签发管理,提高兽用生物制品质量提出了几点建议,包括:依法加强对兽用生物制品的质量监督,加大批签发执行情况的监督检查;进一步完善批签发管理办法,促进批签发制度的全面实施;批签发管理与GMP监管相结合,促进兽用生物制品质量的提高;改进工作方法,缩短批签发周期,提高工作效益等.     

诠释我国兽用生物制品批签发制度

兽用生物制品的国家批签发，是我国兽用生物制品质量监督管理的一项重要措施，本文从我国批签发的发展历程、批签发中各级部门的职责要求以及批签发的基本程序三个方面介绍了我国兽用生物制品的国家批签发制度。     

北美发达国家和欧盟兽用生物制品批签发管理特点及对我国批签发管理工作的启示

兽用生物制品是动物疫病防控的关键,批签发作为兽用生物制品质量控制的重要手段,其管理制度应根据国情和产业发展情况不断完善。笔者通过对美国、欧盟和加拿大等发达国家的兽用生物制品批签发管理体系、批签发种类、流程、抽样、检验和核查情况等方面进行研究,发现我国与上述国家在兽用生物制品批签发方面尚存在差距,如批签发管理种类和数量、批签发的法律地位及批签发方式等。据此,笔者对我国兽用生物制品批签发管理工作提出建立兽用生物制品批签发法规体系、明确管控重点、强化批签发效能、明确事权、强化属地责任等建议。     

我国首次发布《兽用生物制品批签发管理程序》

<正>为加强兽用生物制品质量管理,有效防治重大动物疫病,规范兽用生物制品批签发工作,保障兽用生物制品质量安全,近期中国兽医药品监察所首次发布了《兽用生物制品批签发管理程序》(以下简称程序)。《程序》中对兽用生物制品生产企业和中国境内代理机构首次申报批签发、生产企业申报产品批签发、代理机构申报产品批签发、以及生产企业或代理机构     

中国兽医药品监察所近日将举办兽用生物制品批签发申报技术培训班

为进一步保证兽用生物制品的质量,促进各兽用生物制品生产企业、进口兽用生物制品代理机构和注册机构严格按照《兽用生物制品批签发管理程序》规定开展兽用生物制品申报批签发的相关工作,中国兽医药品监察所定于2010年11月29—30日举办“兽用生物制品批签发申报技术”培训班。     

浅述我国兽用生物制品批签发制度的发展及管理程序

本文介绍了我国兽用生物制品批签发的发展历程、批签发管理程序及修订批签发管理程序的意义.     

国家出台兽用生物制品的批签发审核规范

《兽用生物制品批签发审查核对程序》于2011年1月1日起施行,标志着我国对兽用生物制品批签发审核工作的管理制度进一步趋向完善。     

兽用生物制品批签发信息化管理探索

兽用生物制品批签发（简称“批签发”）是其产品上市销售的前置条件。随着兽用生物制品行业体量的逐年增大和当今社会信息化的快速发展,批签发管理向信息化模式迈进十分必要。针对目前批签发管理的内容和程序,提出批签发管理系统的建设思路,为提高批签发的规范性和时效性提供参考。     

解读《兽用生物制品经营管理办法》

兽用生物制品质量关系到动物疫病防控，关系到畜牧业持续稳定健康发展，关系到食品卫生安全，更关系到公共卫生安全和生物安全，所以应当对其严格管理。农业部一贯重视兽用生物制品管理工作，1996年4月25日发布了《兽用生物制品管理办法》（农业部令第6号），2001年9月17日对其进行了修订并发布了2号令，2004年11月1日根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》规定予以废止。2004年11月1日施行的《兽药管理条例》，对兽用生物制品管理提出了一些新的要求。《兽药管理条例》规定，对兽用生物制品实行批签发管理制度，对强制免疫所需兽用生物制品实行定点生产制度，同时授权农业部制定强制免疫兽用生物制品经营管理办法。关于兽用生物制品生产环节的管理，由《兽药生产质量管理规范》、《兽用生物制品批签发管理办法》等办法规范和明确。但是，由于兽用生物制品具有对储存、运输条件要求严格的特性，所以，加强兽用生物制品经营环节管理，对保证兽用生物制品质量，保证动物疫病防控工作有效开展具有重要意义。正是基于这些考虑，农业部根据《兽药管理条例》规定，制定了《兽用生物制品经营管理办法》，对兽用生物制品的经营行为进行规范和管理。     

Effect of different methods of administration of ivermectin on its efficacy against the shedding of gastrointestinal nematode eggs by gazelles

Seven different methods of administering ivermectin to gazelles were compared: subcutaneous injection, direct oral administration, administration in individual feeds, administration in a herd feed, direct oral administration of a second ivermectin formulation, administration in individual water supplies, and administration in the herd's water supply. The first five treatments were effective, as monitored by faecal egg count reduction tests, and administration in individual feeds or in a herd feed avoided the need to capture the animals, with the attendant risk of mortality. Of the factors associated with the recipients (species, sex, age and inbreeding coefficient) age was the only significant factor for the efficacy of the treatment. Oral or subcutaneous, individual or collective, and direct or indirect administrations were equally satisfactory for the treatment of all the parasite groups studied. Only when parasitic problems were due to Nematodirus species did direct administration to individual animals appear to be preferable.     

Intramuscular administration of a low dose of ACTH for ACTH stimulation testing in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare adrenal gland stimulation achieved following administration of cosyntropin (5 microg/kg [2.3 microg/lb]) IM versus IV in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. DESIGN: Clinical trial. Animals-9 healthy dogs and 9 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. PROCEDURES: In both groups, ACTH stimulation was performed twice. Healthy dogs were randomly assigned to receive cosyntropin IM or IV first, but all dogs with hyperadrenocorticism received cosyntropin IV first. In healthy dogs, serum cortisol concentration was measured before (baseline) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after cosyntropin administration. In dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, serum cortisol concentration was measured before and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration. RESULTS: In the healthy dogs, serum cortisol concentration increased significantly after administration of cosyntropin, regardless of route of administration, and serum cortisol concentrations after IM administration were not significantly different from concentrations after IV administration. For both routes of administration, serum cortisol concentration peaked 60 or 90 minutes after cosyntropin administration. In dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration, compared with baseline concentration, and concentrations after IM administration were not significantly different from concentrations after IV administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, administration of cosyntropin at a dose of 5 microg/kg, IV or IM, resulted in equivalent adrenal gland stimulation.     

Effect of intrathecal and intravenous administration of oxytocin on amplitude of the reflex-evoked muscle action potential after electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in anesthetized dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intrathecal (IT) or IV administration of oxytocin will diminish amplitude of the reflex-evoked muscle action potential (REMP) in the digastricus muscle during electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in anesthetized dogs, thus suggesting an analgesic effect for oxytocin. ANIMALS: 6 male Beagles that were 2 to 6 years old. PROCEDURE: Dogs were used in a crossover design with at least a 5-day washout period between treatments. Each dog received morphine, saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and oxytocin by both the IT and IV routes of administration. Noninvasive dental dolorimetry was used to assess changes in pain threshold following administration of treatments. Effectiveness of analgesia was determined on the basis of change in REMP amplitude in the digastricus muscle. RESULTS: Morphine administered IV significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IV administration of saline solution or oxytocin. There was not a significant change in REMP amplitude between saline solution and oxytocin administered IV. Intrathecal administration of morphine significantly inhibited REMP amplitude, compared with IT administration of saline solution or oxytocin. Intrathecal administration of oxytocin significantly increased REMP amplitude, compared with IT administration of saline solution or morphine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although IV administration of oxytocin did not have an effect on REMP amplitude, compared with IV administration of saline solution, IT administration of oxytocin had the opposite effect of morphine and increased REMP amplitude of the digastricus muscle. These data do not support the use of oxytocin as an analgesic agent in dogs.     

盐酸赛拉嗪对家兔麻醉效果的研究

[目的]探究盐酸赛拉嗪对家兔的麻醉效果。[方法]选取新西兰兔12只,随机分为耳缘静脉注射（IV）保定组、臀部肌肉注射（IM）保定组、IV未保定组、IM未保定组,每组3只;按照不同给药途径给予家兔3 mg/（kg·BW）盐酸赛拉嗪,给药后保定处理方式为仰卧保定四肢及头部,未保定的家兔自然俯卧;第1次给药后30 min,再以相同给药途径给予家兔2 mg/（kg·BW）盐酸赛拉嗪;于给药前10 min以及第2次给药后5、30、60 min监测家兔基本生命体征及麻醉反应指标。[结果]给予盐酸赛拉嗪后不同时间,4组家兔呼吸频率和脉搏次数与给药前相比均显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）降低;给药后60 min IM保定组脉搏次数最低,显著（P<0.05）低于IV未保定组。4组家兔给药后30 min直肠温度与给药前相比均显著（P<0.05）降低;除IV未保定组外,给药后60 min各组家兔直肠温度与给药前相比极显著（P<0.01）降低;给药后60 min IM保定组的直肠温度最低,极显著（P<0.01）低于IV未保定组。IM保定组家兔给药后不同时间均未出现翻正反射、睫毛反射和疼痛反射;IV未保定组在给药后60 min,3只家兔均出现翻正反射、睫毛反射和疼痛反射。IM保定组家兔的麻醉期最长,显著（P<0.05）长于IV保定组,极显著（P<0.01）长于IV未保定组和IM未保定组。[结论]用盐酸赛拉嗪麻醉家兔时应使用IM给药途径,推荐首次给药剂量为3 mg/（kg·BW）,之后30 min再补充2 mg/（kg·BW）,给药后应即刻保定确实。     

Comparison of intravenous and intramuscular routes of administering cosyntropin for corticotropin stimulation testing in cats.

Plasma cortisol and immunoreactive (IR)-ACTH responses to 125 micrograms of synthetic ACTH (cosyntropin) administered IV or IM were compared in 10 clinically normal cats. After IM administration of cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.05) within 15 minutes, reached maximal concentration at 45 minutes, and decreased to values not significantly different from baseline concentration by 2 hours. After IV administration of cosyntropin, mean plasma cortisol concentration also increased significantly (P less than 0.05) at 15 minutes, but in contrast to IM administration, the maximal cortisol response took longer (75 minutes) and cortisol concentration remained significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than baseline cortisol concentration for 4 hours. Mean peak cortisol concentration (298 nmol/L) after IV administration of cosyntropin was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the peak value (248 nmol/L) after IM administration. All individual peak plasma cortisol concentrations and areas under the plasma cortisol response curve were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher after IV administration of cosyntropin than after IM administration. Mean plasma IR-ACTH concentration returned to values not statistically different from baseline by 60 minutes after IM administration of cosyntropin, whereas IR-ACTH concentration still was higher than baseline concentration 6 hours after IV administration. Peak plasma IR-ACTH concentration and area under the plasma IR-ACTH response curve also were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher after IV administration of cosyntropin. Results of the study confirmed that IV administration of cosyntropin induces significantly (P less than 0.05) greater and more prolonged adrenocortical stimulation than does IM administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

行政监督失效的心理分析及对策（一）

行政监督的有效性是衡量行政监督活动效能高低的一个综合尺度,目前行政监督中相当部分尚存在监督失效的问题,究其原因,由心理因素造成的行政监督失效是其重要方面,行政监督实践中压抑的心理障碍,异化的平衡思想以及畸形的惧讼心理等是造成行政监督失效的主要因子,要解决行政监督失效问题,作为行政监督主体,要加强行政监督职业道德建设,树立人民的利益高于一切的观念,认真贯彻深入调查、重视证据、准确监督的监督原则,建立心理契约促使行政监督活动合法、及时、有效地进行。     

Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite after oral and intravenous administration of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine serum pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite in horses after administration of a single IV dose and after single and multiple oral doses. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES: A crossover study design was used with a washout period of 6 days between treatments. Treatments were IV administration of a single dose of pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg) and oral administration of generic sustained-release pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, q 12 h, for 8 days). Blood samples were collected 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after IV administration. For oral administration, blood samples were collected 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after the first dose and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the last dose. RESULTS: Elimination of pentoxifylline was rapid after IV administration. After oral administration, pentoxifylline was rapidly absorbed and variably eliminated. Higher serum concentrations of pentoxifylline and apparent bioavailability were observed after oral administration of the first dose, compared with values after administration of the last dose on day 8 of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses, oral administration of 10 mg of pentoxifylline/kg results in serum concentrations equivalent to those observed for therapeutic doses of pentoxifylline in humans. Twice daily administration appears to be appropriate. However, serum concentrations of pentoxifylline appear to decrease with repeated dosing; thus, practitioners may consider increasing the dosage if clinical response diminishes with repeated administration.     

Comparison of two formulations of buprenorphine in cats administered by the oral transmucosal route

This randomised, blinded, cross-over study investigated the ease of oral transmucosal administration of two formulations of buprenorphine using glucose as a control in 12 cats. The cats received three treatments: buprenorphine multi-dose, buprenorphine and the equivalent volume of glucose 5%. Ease of treatment administration, observation of swallowing, changes in pupil size, sedation, salivation, vomiting, behaviour and food intake were assessed. The data were analysed using MLwiN and multi-level modelling. Ease of administration of buprenorphine multi-dose was statistically different from glucose (P <0.001), and the administration of all treatments became easier over the study periods. Swallowing was not statistically different between groups (P >0.05). Mydriasis was evident after the administration of both formulations of buprenorphine. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, behavioural changes or in-appetence were not observed after any treatment. Cats tolerated oral transmucosal administration of glucose better than buprenorphine multi-dose, while buprenorphine administration was tolerated as well as glucose.     

Effects of ergotamine and ergovaline on the electromyographic activity of smooth muscle of the reticulum and rumen of sheep

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of IV administration of ergotamine and ergovaline and intraruminal administration of ergotamine on electromyographic (EMG) activity of reticuloruminal smooth muscle in conscious sheep. ANIMALS: 3 sheep with indwelling electrodes in the musculature of the reticulum and rumen. PROCEDURE: In a crossover design study, reticuloruminal motility before and after IV administration of ergotamine (5, 10, 20, and 40 nmol/kg) or ergovaline (2.5, 5, and 10 nmol/kg) was evaluated; EMG effects were compared with those of corresponding control treatments (IV administration of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution or acetone, respectively) in sheep. Ergotamine (800 nmol/kg) or water was also administered intraruminally and their effects compared. RESULTS: After IV administration of ergopeptides, vagally dependent cyclical A and B sequences of contraction of the reticulorumen were immediately inhibited, preceding increases in baseline EMG activity (tonus). The return of cyclical contractions was associated with an increase in contraction amplitude. The effects were dose dependent; administration of 40 nmol of ergotamine/kg resulted in responses that continued for 3 to 4 hours. The effects of intraruminal administration of ergotamine were variable; after 8 hours, EMG activity was increased from baseline for < 2 hours in 1 sheep, 10 hours in another, and > 15 hours in the third. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In sheep, the effects of ergotamine and ergovaline on reticuloruminal motility after IV administration and the duration of responses following intraruminal administration suggest that disruption of digestion may occur in animals grazing endophyte-infected pasture that has a high ergopeptide content.     

Safety of intrathecal administration of cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate in dogs and cats

The objective of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the short‐term safety of intrathecal administration of cytosine arabinoside alone or in combination with methotrexate in dogs and cats. One hundred and twelve dogs and eight cats admitted between September 2008 and December 2013, diagnosed with suspected inflammatory (meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology) or neoplastic disease affecting brain or spinal cord and treated with an intrathecal administration of cytosine arabinoside alone or in combination with methotrexate were included in the study. Recorded information regarding possible adverse events during administration while recovering from anaesthesia and during hospitalization period were evaluated. The results showed that one patient developed generalized tonic‐clonic seizure activity after administration of cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate during recovery from anaesthesia, however responded to intravenous administration of diazepam. On the base of our results we can conclude that intrathecal administration of cytosine arabinoside alone or in combination with methotrexate is a safe procedure in dogs and cats.