牛奶中免疫活性蛋白提高技术研究进展

牛奶中的功能因子和免疫活性物质很多．其化学本质也各有不同，蛋白质类有免疫球蛋白、乳铁蛋白等．脂肪酸类有CLA等。牛奶蛋白质在营养上具有极重要的意义．乳蛋白质直接参与机体蛋白质代谢．包含了机体蛋白质结构所需要的全部氨基酸成分．是牛奶活性物质的主体。目前．关于牛奶中免疫活性蛋白及其提高技术成为研究的热点和难点．市场前景广阔．具有重要的社会效益和经济效益。目前．牛奶中活性蛋白提高的关键技术主要有利用免疫乳生产提高免疫球蛋白含量、利用乳品深加工技术增加牛奶中生物活性肽、利用乳腺反应器等基因工程技术生产乳铁蛋白．这三项技术属于完全不同的研究领域．各有特色。     

牛奶蛋白的免疫潜能

１导言随着蛋白分馏技术的进步,大规模生产多种高纯度牛奶蛋白和多肽已成为现实。其结果是许多国家,特别是奶牛业具有经济重要性的国家,利用牛奶蛋白作为用于食品和生物制药工业的天然化合物的兴趣正在高涨。本文扼要介绍牛奶蛋白免疫特性的一些重要发现。２食物牛奶蛋...     

免疫学技术在牛奶检测中应用的研究进展

随着科学技术的突飞猛进和人们生活水平的日益提高,人们的食品安全意识也越来越高,对牛奶的质量安全也逐渐重视起来.本文综合阐述了免疫学技术在牛奶质量安全检测中的研究进展,介绍了酶联免疫技术、免疫荧光技术、免疫胶体金技术、免疫－PCR技术、免疫芯片技术在牛奶质量检测应用中的优缺点,旨在为进一步开展免疫学技术在牛奶质量检测中的应用提供参考.     

细数牛奶中的免疫活性蛋白

当前新型冠状病毒疫情期,国家卫生健康委员会发布《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防治营养膳食指导》,针对各类人群,奶类都是必不可少。这是因为,除了富含营养之外,牛奶中还含有很多功能因子和免疫活性物质。本文综述了牛奶中与抗病毒、抗菌相关的免疫因子,包括乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白、乳过氧化物酶(LP)、溶菌酶、活性肽等的免疫机理,以期让消费者了解相关乳品知识。     

牛奶中活性蛋白和活性脂肪酸生物活性研究进展

当前牛奶已成为人们膳食结构中重要的组成部分，其不仅能提供丰富的营养，还具有一定的保健功能。牛奶营养功能的挖掘与评价是当前食品营养领域的研究热点，而牛奶营养功能的发挥主要依赖其含有的活性因子，包括活性蛋白/多肽、活性脂肪酸等。作者查阅和归纳了近年来关于牛奶中活性因子功能评价的文献，从中筛选出几种重要的活性蛋白，主要包括乳铁蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白，对这3种活性蛋白的抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤及免疫调节功能等相关活性和作用机制进行系统的阐述。同时也总结了牛奶中几种重要的活性脂肪酸，主要包括油酸、亚麻酸和二十二碳六烯酸，并对其抗炎、降血压、预防心脑血管病等相关活性和机制进行阐述。对于牛奶中活性蛋白和活性脂肪酸的具体阐述，均以相关的试验调研为切入点，其机制为活性因子直接或间接作用于靶细胞并发挥相关的作用。     

2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅳ.蛋白质与氨基酸营养

蛋白质是生命活动的最基本物质。随着反刍动物蛋白质营养研究的深入,如何最大化提高瘤胃微生物蛋白量,增加瘤胃后非降解蛋白（rumen undegraded protein, RUP）的消化率,合理搭配日粮,减少氮的排放量,通过日粮途径改善乳蛋白含量和产量,提高氮的利用率已成为当今研究的热点。同时,蛋白质、氨基酸和肽营养在瘤胃、小肠、大肠和乳腺中的代谢机理、影响其利用的因素还不是很清楚,但随着分子生物学技术、血插管技术和动静脉差异技术在蛋白质、氨基酸和肽的转运、吸收及乳蛋白合成机理上的应用,为深入研究其转运、利用机制提供了可能。牛奶中的活性功能成分近年来随着消费需求也日益成为研究的热点。作者主要从蛋白质如何在瘤胃内代谢及影响因素、小肠内代谢及影响因素、大肠内代谢及影响因素、乳腺内代谢和乳蛋白合成、乳中的免疫活性蛋白等方面对蛋白质营养研究作一综述。     

上海将上市免疫牛奶

一种具有抗病强身能力的新一代食品──免疫牛奶已在上海问世。这种免疫牛奶,是国内首创的口服免疫奶制品。这是科研人员用甲肝、乙肝病毒以及幽门螺旋杆菌病3种以上的疫苗注入奶牛体内,再经生物工程技术处理后,奶牛天然产生的有免疫能力的牛奶。它不仅含有优质牛奶的全部营养成分与天然浓郁口味,并含有人体必需的多种天然活性因子和天然免疫球蛋白,特别是含有抗乙肝、抗甲肝与幽门螺旋杆菌的抗体。它对加强人体免疫系统因子,提高抗病能力,护胃养胃,减少胃肠系统疾病有着明显效果。这种免疫牛奶已通过上海市卫生防疫站,上海市食品…     

不同锌源对新生荷斯坦犊牛生长性能、血清免疫和抗氧化指标以及血浆微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同锌源(蛋白锌和氧化锌)对新生荷斯坦犊牛生长性能、血清免疫和抗氧化指标以及血浆微量元素含量的影响。选取60头体重[(41.35±0.63) kg]一致的健康新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分成5个组,每组12头牛(公犊牛3头,母犊牛9头)。对照组(CON组)饲喂牛奶,低剂量蛋白锌组(L-ZnP组)、中剂量蛋白锌组(M-ZnP组)和高剂量蛋白锌组(H-ZnP组)在牛奶中分别添加261.44、522.88、784.31 mg/d蛋白锌(锌含量相当于40、80、120 mg/d),氧化锌组(ZnO组)在牛奶中添加232.11 mg/d氧化锌(锌含量相当于180 mg/d)。根据犊牛生长状况于4～7日龄开始饲喂开食料。试验期14 d。结果表明:1)与CON组相比,M-ZnP组、H-ZnP组和ZnO组的平均日增重,血清免疫球蛋白G (IgG)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及血浆锌含量显著升高(P0.05)。2)随着蛋白锌添加量的增加,粪便指数呈显著线性、二次下降(P0.05),血清IgG含量、GSH-Px活性及血浆锌含量呈显著线性升高(P0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量呈显著线性下降(P0.05)。综上所述,蛋白锌可提高犊牛生长性能、抗氧化功能及免疫功能,较少犊牛腹泻情况,提高血浆锌含量。在本试验条件下,犊牛牛奶中添加522.88 mg/d蛋白锌(锌含量相当于80 mg/d)为宜。     

热应激对牛奶中乳蛋白含量和组分的影响及作用机制

热应激不仅影响奶牛健康,而且易导致奶牛"热应激乳蛋白降低征"的发生,从而影响牛奶品质。本文综述了近些年来热应激影响牛奶中乳蛋白含量及酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组分的研究进展,探讨了热应激诱导的"热应激乳蛋白降低征"发生机理,以期为缓解奶牛热应激和提高牛奶品质提供参考。     

牛奶与植物多酚相互作用的研究进展——牛奶+果汁—1+1=2?

本文针对目前市场上广受消费者亲睐的"牛奶+果汁"类型的系列产品,论述了植物多酚在人体内的吸收及其影响因素,重点介绍了牛奶与果汁混合食用时可能发生的相互作用及其对多酚抗氧化活性的影响,并探讨了植物多酚与牛奶相互作用研究中尚未解决的问题。     

牛乳乳清蛋白的主要组成及其营养特点

乳清蛋白是牛乳中的一类重要蛋白质,主要由α-乳白蛋白、乳铁蛋白、血清白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、免疫球蛋白及乳过氧化物酶等构成,对人体健康有重要作用。介绍了牛乳乳清蛋白的主要组成及其营养特点,分析了影响牛乳乳清蛋白产品开发的关键因素,以期为进一步研究牛乳乳清蛋白在不同处理条件下的营养变化特征以及牛乳乳清蛋白相关产品的开发利用提供理论依据。     

A comparative study on S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells in lymph nodes

S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells of the lymph node were examined in the duck and 9 mammalian species, such as guinea pigs, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, goats, cows, Japanese serows and crab-eating monkeys. S-100 protein was detected in follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and tangible-body macrophages (TBM), sinus and parenchymal macrophage (MP), sinus endothelial cells (SEC) and interdigitating reticulum-like cells (IRC) in the node of mammalian species, but not in the duck except nervous elements. S-100-positive FDC and TBM were detected in germinal centers of the nodes in all mammalian species, but immunoreactivity of the other 3 cell types varied according to animal species and individuals of the same species. S-100 alpha subunit was detected in FDC, with the exception of those of the duck and guinea pig. The subunit was also detected in SEC of the dog, cow and Japanese serow. In the guinea pig, a unique S-100 alpha-positive giant dendritic cell (GDC) was found in the subsinusal cortical area. In addition, S-100 immunoreactive lymphocytes were observed in the paracortex-equivalent area of pig nodes. Arterial endothelial cells of the pig and cow were immunoreactive to S-100 beta subunit.     

Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf

The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (greater than 1 year old) and calves (less than 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-HT-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, BPP-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-HT-, SP-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, GIP-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and BPP-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-HT-, glicentin-, BPP-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and SP-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.     

Neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the bovine (Bos taurus) lymphoid organs, with special reference to thymus and spleen

Increasing evidence suggests that neurotrophins could regulate immune functions acting directly or indirectly on immunocompetent cells. The indirect pathway involves stromal cells of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. In the present study the occurrence of Trk proteins (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC), regarded as the high-affinity signal-transducing receptors for neurotrophins, was investigated in cow lymphoid organs using immunohistochemistry. The thymus and spleen of both fetal and adult animals, and the palatine tonsils, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of adult animals, were analysed. Unidentified cells displaying TrkA-like immunoreactivity were found in the fetal thymus, whereas those expressing this protein in the adult gland were identified as epithelial cells. In the spleen, immunoreactive TrkA was observed in cells of the white pulp. TrkB immunoreactivity in both fetal and adult thymus and spleen was localized in monocyte/macrophage cells. As a rule, TrkC was absent from the thymus and the spleen independent of the animal's age. Different types of stromal cells, but never the lymphocytes themselves, displayed TrkA, TrkB, or TrkC immunoreactivity in the other lymphoid organs analysed. As in other vertebrate species, Trk proteins in the lymphoid organs of the cow were localized in the stromal, non-lymphoid cells, thus suggesting that neurotrophins might regulate the immune function acting indirectly on lymphocytes.     

奶牛乳房炎的防治技术

对奶牛乳房炎的发病原因、发病特点、临床症状、防治措施进行了总结,以期为临床有效预防及治疗该病提供参考。     

终身效益指数(LPI)及近五年加拿大荷斯坦牛群性状遗传增量

终身效益指数是加拿大选择公母牛的主要依据,对提高产奶量和奶品质及牛的强壮度具有重要意义。通过指数选择2010年加拿大的荷斯坦泌乳牛单产已超过9 700kg,乳脂率3.8%,乳蛋白率3.2%,体细胞数低于20万个/mL、细菌数3万以下,真正做到了优质高产。     

槟榔江水牛、摩拉水牛和荷斯坦牛乳成分比较分析

本试验采用乳品分析仪对槟榔江水牛、摩拉水牛和荷斯坦牛乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖等含量进行测定。同时采用SDS-PAGE技术对乳蛋白各组分进行分离,并利用凝胶成像系统进行扫描定量。结果表明,槟榔江水牛和摩拉水牛乳蛋白、乳脂含量差异不显著(P>0.05),槟榔江水牛乳糖含量显著低于摩拉水牛(P<0.05);而水牛乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖含量均极显著高于荷斯坦牛乳(P<0.01)。酪蛋白百分含量在三种牛乳蛋白中占优势,并且水牛乳CN和β-LG百分含量与荷斯坦牛乳差异不显著(P>0.05);而水牛乳中其他蛋白组分含量则显著高于荷斯坦牛乳(P<0.05)。     

奶牛酮病的防治

随着生活水平的提高,人民对牛奶的需求量也大幅增加,但频发的各类疾病却成为制约奶牛产业发展的重要因素。奶牛酮病是高产奶牛较常发生的营养代谢性疾病,可导致产乳量及受胎率明显降低,主要对该病的发病原因、发病规律及临床症状进行了介绍,并提出了具体的防治措施,以期为广大养殖户提供参考。     

Comparison of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins in Milk Samples of Dairy Cow and Goat

In order to compare the difference of milk fat globule membrane（MFGM）proteins between dairy cow and goat milk,30 milk samples were collected in a dairy farm and a goat farm from Anhui area,respectively.Extracted proteins from the MFGM-enriched fractions were identified and quantified by LC/MS approach.The results showed that 284 and 334 proteins of MFGM from dairy cow and goat were identified,the biological processes of MFGM proteins were similar between dairy cow and goat which were mainly related to biological regulation,localization,transport,signal transduction and response to stimulus.Meanwhile,there were some differences in molecular functions,and protein binding and nucleotide binding were the most prevalent molecular functions in dairy cow MFGM proteins,while protein binding and structural molecule activity were the most prevalent molecular functions in goat MFGM proteins.And structural molecule activity was the main molecular functions among the difference proteins.Pathway analysis revealed that tight junction,axon guidance,antigen processing and presentation,complement and coagulation cascades were enrichment in dairy cow MFGM proteins,and regulation of actin cytoskeleton was enrichment in goat MFGM proteins.Those results revealed the protein expression pattern difference between MFGM protein of dairy cow and goat milk,and provide reference data for further exploring the molecular mechanism of synthetic milk fat globule.     

牛奶和山羊奶中乳脂球膜蛋白的比较研究

试验旨在分析牛奶与山羊奶中乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）蛋白组成及潜在的生物学功能。采集牛奶和山羊奶各30份,离心分离牛奶和山羊奶中脂肪,提取MFGM蛋白,液相色谱串联质谱分析结合数据库搜索鉴定,比较了奶牛和山羊MFGM蛋白的差异,分析了MFGM蛋白参与的生物过程、分子功能及相关代谢通路。结果显示,奶牛和山羊MFGM中分别鉴定了284和334个蛋白,奶牛和山羊中蛋白参与的生物学过程的模式非常相似,主要涉及生物调控、定位、转运、信号转导和应激反应等。分子功能方面二者存在一定的差异,奶牛MFGM蛋白主要涉及蛋白结合和核苷酸结合,而山羊MFGM蛋白主要涉及蛋白结合和结构分子活性。奶牛和山羊中差异表达的MFGM蛋白主要涉及结构分子活性。通路分析发现,奶牛和山羊MFGM蛋白涉及的生物学通路稍有差异,其中紧密接头、轴突导向、抗原加工与递呈、补体和凝血级联反应通路在奶牛MFGM蛋白中得到富集,而调节肌动蛋白细胞骨架通路在山羊奶中得到富集。研究结果展示了奶牛和山羊MFGM蛋白的表达模式及差异,为进一步探索两种奶畜乳腺合成脂肪球的分子机制的异同提供科学依据。