鸡马立克氏病二价疫苗保护效力初报

本文对二价疫苗SB_1 CA、HVT SB_1、Z_4 CA保护效力进行了评价。这三种二价苗在同一试验条件下与HVT或SB_1单价疫苗进行比较,结果表明:二价疫苗SB_1 CA、HVT SB_1可保护鸡抵抗BJMDV-1株强毒的攻击,其保护效力为90—100%。而单价疫苗HVT或SB_1仪保护46—73%或63.3%,二价苗的保护效力明显高于单价苗。     

表达马立克氏病病毒CV1988／Rispens株糖蛋白B基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的免疫保护研究

用鸡痘病毒载体表达马立克氏病病毒（MDV）糖蛋白B（gB)基因构建成重组鸡痘病毒（rF-PV)。以MDV GA或Md5和RBIB混合攻毒，在不同品种的鸡中评价rFPV-gB/R单价苗和与火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）组成的二价苗的免疫保护效力。试验结果表明，MDV疫苗和FPV母源抗体阴性的SPF鸡和母源抗体阳性的商品鸡中，rFDV-gB/R均能提供免疫保护作用，且其中一种商品蛋鸡中rFPV-gB/R与HVT液氮苗或HVT冻干苗结合使用，均有显著的免疫协同保护作用。免疫学研究指出，rFPV-gB/R与常规疫苗一样，可显著地降低疫苗免疫攻毒鸡的病毒血症和羽囊排毒。     

表达马立克氏病病毒CVI988／Rispens株糖蛋白B基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的免疫保护研究

用鸡痘病毒载体表达马立克氏病病毒（MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因构建成重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV）。以MDV　GA或Md5和RBIB混合攻毒，在不同品种的鸡中评价rFPV－gB／R单价苗和与火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）组成的二价苗的免疫保护效力。试验结果表明，MDV疫苗和FPV母源抗体阴性的SPF鸡和母源抗体阳性的商品鸡中，rFDV－gB／R均能提供免疫保护作用，且其中一种商品蛋鸡中rFPV－gB／R与HVT液氮苗或HVT冻干苗结合使用，均有显著的免疫协同保护作用。免疫学研究指出，rFPV－gB／R与常规疫苗一样，可显著地降低疫苗免疫攻毒鸡的病毒血症和羽囊排毒。     

表达鸡马立克氏病病毒gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒与火鸡疱疹病毒二价冻干疫苗的免疫效力

对高效表达鸡马立克氏病(MD)血清型疫苗毒株CVI998/Rispens gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-gB/R)和火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)组成MD二价冻干疫苗时2种病毒的最适剂量配比进行了研究。试验表明,以对MD易感、MD和鸡痘病毒(FPV)抗体阴性SPF鸡为试验动物进行的试验中,不同免疫剂量的rFPV-gB/R(1×106、1×105、1×104PFU)同HVT组成的二价苗产生的免疫效力相当;以对MD易感、MD和FPV抗体阳性的狼山鸡进行的试验中,不同免疫剂量的rFPV-gB/R同HVT组成的二价苗产生的免疫力随rFPV-gB/R免疫剂量的降低而降低;所有的rFPV-gB/R+HVT的二价苗组均有一定的免疫保护作用。     

鸡马立克氏病二价苗与火鸡疱疹病毒苗免疫效力比较试验

用马立克氏病病毒血清Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型组成的二价苗、荷兰HVT细胞结合苗、国产HVT冻干苗分别免疫一日龄小鸡。免疫后21天用马立克氏病强毒攻击,攻毒后八周扑杀。观察其肉眼和显微病理变化,比较其免疫效力。结果表明,实验室试验二价苗,荷兰HVT细胞结合苗、国产HVT冻干苗MD减少率分别为100％、92.5％、77.6％。田间试验MD减少率分别为100％、87.5％和87.5％。二价苗的免疫效力明显优于火鸡疱疹病毒冻干苗。     

马立克氏病的免疫与类症鉴别

一疫苗接种 现在使用的疫苗毒株有三种：第一种是人工致弱的血清Ⅰ型马立克病毒,如CV1988、MD11、K株等。第二种是自然不致瘤的血清Ⅱ型马立克病毒如：SB1、Z4株等。第三种是血清Ⅲ型的马立克病毒,如HVT（FC126株）。生产中经常使用单价苗或多价苗,单价苗有为火鸡疱疹病毒冻干苗（HVT）和CV1988疫苗。     

对几种血清Ⅰ型鸡马立克氏病疫苗的比较性评估

本文比较了4种血清Ⅰ型马立克氏病(MD)单价弱毒疫苗及其与血清Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病毒混合多价疫苗在安全性及效力方面的差异。以0 2ml的剂量皮下接种1日龄母源抗体阳性的雏鸡。接种后5天 ,所有的疫苗接种鸡及对照鸡都用MD强毒株—Md 5或RB1/B株攻毒。血清Ⅰ型单价疫苗的保护指数由56至80以上不等。Ⅰ型毒 +HVT(Ⅲ型)疫苗的保护指数亦有很大的提高。用HVT +SB -1或HVT +301B/1与Ⅰ型毒组成的三价疫苗 ,其保护指数特别高。实验结果表明 ,三价疫苗用于因MD造成的高死亡率鸡群或被MD超强毒污染的鸡群会大有裨益。马立克氏病会引起感染鸡群的严重死亡和污染。MD可通过使用MD单价或含双价、三价的多价疫苗而得到控制。本研究的目的在于评估几种MDⅠ型不同毒株单价疫苗及多价疫苗对母源抗体阳性雏鸡的安全性和有效性     

MDV Z_4和HVT Fc_(126)在不同遗传抵抗力的CEF上的生长特性及研究

马立克氏病(MD)疫苗 Z_4和 HVT Fe-126病毒在对MD 病毒(MDV)有高度易感性的 P 系鸡、有高度抵抗力的 O 系鸡和普通非免疫鸡的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上形成的病毒蚀斑大小和数量均无显著差异.说明,CEF 对MDV 的易感性不受遗传因素的影响.MDV 血清2型 Z_4毒株和血清3型 HVT Fc_(126)株在 CEF 上的生长特性比较表明,Z_4毒株生长速度慢,蚀斑小,培养10天蚀斑大小为0.23mm~2,相当于 Fc_(126)毒株培养第4天时的水平.     

鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫机理及其发展概况

马立克病毒(MDV)属于疱疹病毒，有3个血清型。血清Ⅰ型(MDV-Ⅰ)，包括致病性的强毒株和非致病性的弱毒株。血清Ⅱ型和血清Ⅲ型(MDV-Ⅱ，MDV-Ⅲ)为非致瘤病毒，临床上以外周神经、性腺、虹膜、各种脏器、肌肉和皮肤的单性细胞浸润为特征。自20世纪70年代，多用抗MD的致弱血清Ⅰ株或HVT免疫鸡。1983年开始使用双价和多价疫苗，以保护鸡体抵抗毒力较强的MDV毒株。尽管疫苗免疫是相当有效的，但由于MDV毒力的不断增强，自20世纪90年代开始使用三价苗。     

鸡马立克氏病重组鸡痘病毒与火鸡疱疹病毒二价冻干疫苗免疫效力试验

本文对高效表达鸡马立克氏病(MD)血清Ⅰ型疫苗毒株CVI988／Kispem gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV—gB/R)和火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)组成MD二价冻干疫苗时MD超强毒株(vvMDV)Md5和RB1B攻击后的免疫保护效果，实验室免疫效力试验的结果表明，HVT rFPV—gB／R二价冻千苗时超强毒株Md5和RB1B攻击时的免疫保护效果明显优于HVT冻干苗，接近CVI988／Rfispens的水平，本研究证明HVT rFPV—gB／R二价冻干疫苗是一种安全、方便、高效的疫苗。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.