不同浓度格利特消毒剂对鸡粪中H9N2亚型禽流感病毒杀灭效果观察

为验证在有机物存在下格利特(20％戊二醛溶液)消毒剂杀灭禽流感病毒的能力,试验模拟空栏鸡舍和周围环境消毒实际情况,在鸡粪中混入H9亚型禽流感病毒,以接种鸡胚尿囊液中H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝价＜2 log2判为感染阴性,以样品经消毒剂作用后检测不到病毒含量(即0EID50)为病毒完全杀灭(100％杀灭病毒),研究格利特消毒剂杀灭禽流感病毒的效果,结果显示:1∶400以下稀释的格利特消毒剂4℃或25℃作用20 min,均能100％杀灭混入鸡粪中的H9N2禽流感病毒;1∶200稀释的格利特消毒剂25℃作用20 min,能100％杀灭存在于鸡粪和清洁剂中的H9N2禽流感病毒.1∶1600以下稀释的格利特消毒剂25℃作用20 min,均能100％杀灭无鸡粪保护的H9N2禽流感病毒.     

格利特对模拟鸡舍环境中禽流感病毒的杀灭效果

为验证在有机物存在下格利特消毒剂杀灭禽流感病毒的能力,试验模拟鸡舍和周围环境的消毒实际情况,在鸡粪中混入H9亚型禽流感病毒,研究格利特消毒剂(20%戊二醛溶液)杀灭禽流感病毒的效果,结果:1∶100、1∶200和1∶400稀释的格利特消毒剂在4℃或25℃下作用20 min,均能100%杀灭混入鸡粪中的H9N2禽流感病毒;1∶200稀释的格利特消毒剂25℃下作用20 min,能杀灭存在于鸡粪和清洁剂中的100%H9N2禽流感病毒。1∶100、1∶200、1∶400、1∶800、1∶1 600稀释的格利特消毒剂25℃下作用20 min,均能100%杀灭无鸡粪保护的H9N2禽流感病毒。结论:格利特消毒剂能杀灭有鸡粪保护的禽流感病毒。     

戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的灭活效果分析

采用悬浮杀灭试验,考察戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的灭活效果。将戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液通过不同稀释倍数(1 250、2 500、5 000、10 000、20 000)、在不同作用时间(5、10 min)观察其对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的灭活效果。结果显示,戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液在10000倍稀释,与H9N2亚型禽流感病毒作用5 min或10 min,灭活率达99.90%以上;在20 000倍稀释,作用5 min或10 min,灭活率均小于99.90%。表明戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液在10 000倍稀释与H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(20±1)℃水浴作用5 min,即可对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒达到很好的灭活效果。     

两种消毒剂对流感病毒灭活效果的对比研究

采用Klein-Defors悬浮杀灭与感染试验方法，研究“卫可”、“卫康”两种消毒剂在不同浓度下，分别与流感H51N1和H9N2亚型病毒作用5min和10min，对流感病毒的灭活作用。结果表明：这两种消毒剂在相同或不同的浓度范围内。对病毒的杀灭率是有区别的。尽管每种消毒剂在本身稀释浓度范围内都有较好的杀毒效果，但在应用中也应考虑其他因素的影响。因此，我们推荐使用该消毒剂的工作浓度为100％杀灭病毒的稀释度。这将为其临床应用提供依据，对环境消毒和防止流感爆发具有参考价值。     

评估Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)对抗新城疫vNDVs及低致病性禽流感LPAIVs之功效、敏感性及稳定性

本研究主要针对Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)对抗新城疫病毒(NDV)及低致病性禽流感LPAIVs之效力评估。Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)被稀释成0.25%及0.5%。稀释后的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)放在室温下保存0~7天。0.5m L的vNDV或LPAIV混以0.5m L稀释后的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)。经过10分钟的作用后,把混合物接种到鸡胚中,并且1天观察2次。收集接种后3天或以上死亡胚胎尿囊液。用凝集试验(HA)检测病毒的含量。另外,新鲜稀释的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)混合每种病毒作用5秒、30秒、1分钟后,加入胎牛血清终止Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)的活性。这些样品依照时间条件滴定到鸡胚胎纤维母细胞或是Madin-Darby犬肾细胞中。依照接种3天后凝集试验(HA test)的作用来检查和计算病毒的滴度及中和指数(NI)。NI3.0被认为是有效的。试验显示新鲜稀释后的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)能有效消灭病毒。Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)在0.5%的情况下,能有效杀灭试验中所有的病毒,并且至少能持续7天。另一方面,0.25%只能杀灭H1N1 AIV及NDV-G7。稀释成0.5%的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)在接触时间只有5秒的情况下能有效杀灭NDV及LPAIV。然而稀释成0.25%的Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)能在5秒内杀灭NDV-G7、30秒内杀灭H1N1及H5N2 AIV、3分钟内杀灭NDV-sato与H7N1 AIV。因此,Bestaquam-S(百毒杀)为优良消毒剂,不但能杀灭病毒(特别是有囊膜病毒),还能增加禽畜养殖场的生物安全性。     

科技动态

抗体选择压可导致H9N2 AIV NA基因发生变异山东农业大学崔治中等研究了抗体选择压作用下H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(H9N2 AIV)NA基因的变异情况。试验将LG1株H9N2 AIV在带有抗LG1株母源抗体的鸡胚中分4个独立系列连续传40代后,有3个系     

H9N2禽流感病毒核蛋白NP单克隆抗体的制备

为了了解抗H9N2禽流感病毒(AIV)单克隆抗体的确切用途,试验用纯化后的H9N2禽流感病毒免疫Balb/c小鼠,经细胞融合后再进行筛选。结果表明:获得2株能够稳定分泌抗H9N2 AIV的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1E7和3D6,2株单克隆抗体的腹水效价分别为1∶25 600和1∶12 800;应用间接ELISA和间接免疫荧光检测显示,2株单克隆抗体均能与H9N2亚型AIV发生反应;进一步研究发现,3D6可以与H9N2 AIV中的NP蛋白结合,使得表达NP蛋白的MDCK细胞显现出绿色荧光。说明3D6是一株针对H9N2 AIV NP蛋白的单克隆抗体。     

家禽粪便环境对常用消毒剂灭活H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的影响

为了研究家禽粪便环境对常用化学消毒剂杀灭H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的影响,依照《消毒技术规范》,评估5种消毒剂在粪便环境下对目前我国流行的H5N6亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的杀灭效果。结果:与无粪便环境组相比,家禽粪便对5种消毒剂的消毒效果均造成一定程度的影响,需要提高消毒剂工作浓度。其中:过硫酸氢钾复合物溶液、二氯异氰脲酸钠溶液、戊二醛苯扎溴铵溶液作用浓度需分别提高2.5倍、2倍和4倍(均在说明书最大推荐浓度范围内),方可完全灭活H5N6亚型禽流感病毒。尽管癸甲溴铵溶液与戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液作用浓度分别需提高8倍和4倍可完全杀灭病毒,但均超出了说明书最大推荐浓度,具有一定的使用风险。本研究对指导养禽场和活禽交易市场在粪便环境下科学合理地使用消毒剂杀灭禽流感病毒提供了参考。     

2011年中国北方H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株HA基因进化分析及受体结合性检测

为了解近期中国北方禽源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)流行规律及分子遗传进化特征,本实验对2011年在中国北方家禽中分离到的11株H9N2亚型AIV通过RT-PCR扩增病毒的HA基因片段,进行测序及遗传进化分析,并对这些病毒的受体结合性进行了检测.结果表明:11株H9N2亚型AIV分离株的HA基因在HA1和HA2的氨基酸裂解位点均为PSRSSR/GLF基序,符合低致病性病毒株氨基酸序列特征.多数病毒HA潜在糖基化位点为8个,所有分离株病毒的受体结合位点226位均为L,经红细胞受体结合性试验验证表明这些病毒均同时具有α-2,3和α-2,6受体结合特性,表明目前北方地区流行的H9N2亚型AIV具有感染哺乳动物的潜在威胁.本研究结果对加强H9N2病毒的分子流行病学监测具有重要意义.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的序列分析及对哺乳动物致病力研究

为研究H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)对哺乳动物的致病力,本研究选取了2009年～2010年从我国南方地区分离到的6株H9N2 AIV,测定分析了其基因组序列及在小鼠体内的复制能力。HA基因分析显示:6株病毒均属于A/CK/BJ/94谱系,HA均含有人样受体结合位点Leu226。PB2基因分析表明,6株H9N2 AIV分离株均具有AIV低致病力的分子特征(Glu627和Asp701)。对BALB/c小鼠感染试验显示:感染组无任何临床症状及增重;病毒仅局限于小鼠呼吸道复制。本研究结果有助于全面了解近年我国H9N2 AIV分子进化情况,并对评估H9N2AIV对哺乳动物的潜在威胁提供参考。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.