姜黄素与肠道微生物间相互作用研究进展

姜黄素是近年来研究较为深入的植物源活性成分之一，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和降血糖血脂等多种药理学功能。目前，一系列研究数据表明，姜黄素可通过调节肠道菌群改善肠道屏障功能。此外，姜黄素还可经肠道菌群直接代谢或由宿主-肠道菌群相互作用产生生物活性代谢产物，从而进一步增强姜黄素对动物肠道健康的保护作用。姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的双向调节作用表明姜黄素在维持宿主肠道健康以及预防或治疗多种疾病方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的相互作用及其在畜禽生产中的应用等最新研究进展，从而为将姜黄素作为一种新型饲料添加剂、以及潜在的“替抗”物质应用于畜禽生产中提供参考，有益于推动畜牧养殖业的健康发展。     

仔猪肠道菌群的建立与影响因素

肠道菌群生态平衡是猪营养、生理和免疫功能的基础。然而,在猪的生长发育过程中,菌群在肠道内定植和分布受到各种因素的影响,包括分娩环境、日粮成分、抗生素或其他替抗物的使用等。本文主要从仔猪肠道菌群的形成规律、影响因素和营养调控措施等方面论述了仔猪肠道菌群与仔猪肠道健康或疾病的关系,旨在为绿色健康养殖方面研究提供帮助。     

几种可提高仔猪肠道健康水平的饲料添加剂

微生物在猪只肠道这一重要消化器官内,实际上形成了一个极为复杂的动态生态系统。这些肠道微生物（也称为肠道菌群,肠道微生物群）与宿主形成了共生关系,它们在维持猪只正常营养、生理机能以及免疫功能方面起着非常重要的作用。肠道菌群对机体健康有着深远的影响,一旦紊乱会极大增加猪只的患病风险。     

发酵饲料的应用研究进展

随着饲料端"禁抗"时代到来,寻找有效的替抗产品成为热点研究问题.采用益生菌发酵可提高饲料蛋白质和维生素的含量以及畜禽肠道菌群丰度,保证畜禽的健康;发酵中的代谢产物具有抗菌、抗病毒以及提高畜禽免疫力等功能.发酵饲料优点众多,可在提高饲料利用率等方面发挥重要作用.文章就发酵饲料的优势、发酵工艺以及在畜禽中的应用展开综述,以...     

有机酸对猪肠道菌群的调节作用及其抑菌机制研究进展

肠道菌群平衡与动物机体健康及生长发育密切相关,有机酸(organic acid, OA)作为一种绿色安全的功能性饲料添加剂,对动物具有抑菌、促消化、调节菌群平衡等作用。随着饲料产业的不断发展,OA已从饲料酸化、防腐、防霉逐渐向制剂化、动物生长促进剂和替抗产品转变,已成为畜牧行业广泛使用的一种功能性添加剂。笔者综述了猪肠道菌群的形成和分布,OA调节猪肠道菌群的组成结构和多样性及其对肠道菌群代谢产物产生和肠道免疫反应等方面的影响,并对其调控猪肠道菌群的作用机制进行探讨,旨在进一步揭示OA与肠道菌群的相互影响机制,为促进猪肠道健康与OA的合理利用提供借鉴。     

小檗碱调控动物肠道菌群稳态的研究进展

动物肠道健康和正常生长发育与维持肠道菌群的平衡息息相关。小檗碱具有较强的抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化等生理功能,可以通过调控肠道菌群的变化来改善肠道微生态环境。本文综述了小檗碱在动物肠道菌群调控方面的研究进展,主要总结了小檗碱对动物肠道微生物的组成结构、多样性及其代谢产物的产生等方面的影响,从而为其在动物生产上的合理应用提供理论依据。     

环境温度对动物肠道微生物菌群影响的研究进展

温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。     

不同纤维源日粮对猪肠道菌群影响的研究进展

猪只日粮中添加纤维会在一定程度上降低营养物质的吸收效率,但是饲粮纤维可在猪只肠道后端进行一定程度的发酵,并产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸,具备了一定的营养作用。同时,也因此而降低猪只肠道pH,影响肠道菌群丰度及菌群结构。通过改变纤维日粮的组成来影响肠道中的菌群,发挥肠道上皮屏障功能,并且通过调节肠道微生物的组成来维持肠道微生物生态的稳定,是猪只肠道健康的关键控制点。肠道菌群与宿主相互协同,构成了肠道微生态系统,能够促进猪只对营养物质吸收利用。文章综述了不同纤维源日粮对猪只肠道菌群的影响,为养猪生产实践中应用不同纤维源提供一定理论依据。     

肠道菌群调控研究进展

肠道稳态与宿主的健康息息相关,而宿主-菌群之间的动态平衡依赖于宿主与菌群间、菌群与菌群间的交流和互作。本文对肠道菌群的建立和发育,影响肠道菌群结构的因素,宿主-菌群、菌群-菌群之间是如何进行交流互作来维持肠道稳态以及其中可能存在的信号交流方式和作用机制等方面最新研究进展进行综述,以期深入了解宿主与肠道微生物之间的调控关系,这将有助于新技术和新手段的研发,并用于某些代谢疾病的治疗和改善人类健康。     

鸡肠道微生物的影响因素及其对宿主代谢的作用

肠道菌群的组成对宿主健康具有重要的作用。肠道菌群与宿主肠道内营养物质相互作用,参与动物体生长、发育及营养物质消化吸收等全过程。文章通过综述鸡肠道微生物的影响因素(年龄、饲养环境、日粮及病原微生物感染等方面)及肠道菌群与物质能量代谢,肠道菌群与脂类、矿物质、纤维素相关关系综合解析肠道菌群对宿主代谢的作用,为人们了解、认识肠道菌群与宿主的代谢相互作用提供依据。     

Reduced incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated lesions and improved performance in broiler chickens treated with normal intestinal bacteria from adult fowl

The dosing of young chicks with cultures of normal gut flora has been termed "competitive exclusion" (CE). This study was undertaken to examine, under field conditions, the effect of CE treatment on counts of intestinal Clostridium perfringens (CP) and on the occurrence of CP-associated disease in broiler chickens. A farm having recurrent CP-associated health problems was selected as study site. The study comprised four broiler houses, with one treated and one untreated flock per house. Treated birds were sprayed with the CE product Broilact upon arrival at the farm. All flocks were offered feed containing the ionophorous anticoccidial agent narasin. The feed did not contain growth promoters. Treatment was associated with positive but statistically nonsignificant effects on gut health. Delayed intestinal proliferation of CP and delayed appearance of CP-associated gut lesions were found in CE-treated flocks. This delay was associated with improved production performance at slaughter.     

甘露寡糖对保育猪的营养与保健作用

大量研究表明,甘露寡糖(MOS)通过积极影响断奶仔猪的肠道微生物菌群和肠道形态结构,加速由于断奶饥饿应激或采食固体饲料中抗原受损伤的肠黏膜上皮的修复,有助于保持仔猪断奶后肠道的完整性和消化吸收功能。在免疫反应方面,MOS通过促进抗原提呈增强断奶仔猪的抗病性,从而增强从先天性免疫应答向适应性免疫应答的转变。     

饲用酶制剂调节单胃动物肠道微生态及作用机理

近年来,通过运用新的分子微生物学技术以及数据分析方法,许多研究证实饲用酶制剂不仅会促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,而且会影响肠道中特定微生物的发育。其机理可能是通过调节食糜的物理化学性状以及肠道微生物所需营养物质的量,同时提高具有潜在益生效应物质的含量,从而影响肠道微生态的发育,本文拟总结饲粮添加饲用酶制剂对单胃动物肠道微生态的影响并探讨相关机理。     

Effects of tylosin feeding on the antibiotic resistance of selected gram-positive bacteria in pigs

The effect of tylosin on macrolide resistance of gram-positive bacteria of pigs was determined. After an initial base-line period during which the pigs were given antibiotic-free feed, 1 group of 8 pigs was given tylosin feed (100 g/US ton of feed), and a 2nd group of 7 was given antibiotic-free feed. Samples were taken at 2- to 3-week intervals. For each pig, rectal, skin, and nasal swab samples were collected for enumeration of fecal streptococci and skin and nasal staphylococci. Percentages of macrolide resistant organisms of each group were tabulated on the basis of colony counts from antibiotic free and erythromycin-containing plates. After the introduction of tylosin into the feed of 1 group, a clear difference between the 2 groups with respect to the macrolide resistance of their gram-positive microflora was observed. The data indicate that tylosin feeding results in an increase in macrolide resistance of the bacterial flora of pigs.     

微生态制剂对仔猪肠道微生态调控的研究与应用进展

微生态制剂是一种安全、无毒、无污染、无残留的生物类饲料添加剂,具有提高仔猪生产性能、减少腹泻、增强机体免疫力、调节肠道菌群数量和维持肠道微生态平衡等功能,对仔猪肠道微生态的调节起着重要的作用。本文从微生态制剂的分类、作用机理、对肠道的作用等阐述国内外有关微生态制剂在仔猪中的应用及前景。     

Effect of rifaximin on gut-lung axis in mice infected with influenza A virus

Gut-lung axis injury is a common finding in patients with respiratory diseases as well as in animal model of influenza virus infection. Influenza virus damages the intestinal microecology while affecting the lungs. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether rifaximin-perturbation of the intestinal microbiome leads to protective effects against influenza infection, via the gut-lung axis. Our results showed that influenza virus infection caused inflammation of and damage to the lungs. The expression of tight junction proteins in the lung and colon of H1N1 infected mice decreased significantly, attesting that the barrier structure of the lung and colon was damaged. Due to this perturbation in the gut-lung axis, the intestinal microbiota became imbalanced as Escherichia coli bacteria replicated opportunistically, causing intestinal injury. When influenza infection was treated with rifamixin, qPCR results from the gut showed significant increases in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations, while Escherichia coli populations markedly decreased. Furthermore, pathology sections and western blotting results illustrated that rifaximin treatment strengthened the physical barriers of the lung-gut axis through increased expression of tight junction protein in the colon and lungs. These results indicated that rifaximin ameliorated lung and intestine injury induced by influenza virus infection. The mechanisms identified were the regulation of gut flora balance and intestinal and lung permeability, which might be related to the regulation of the gut-lung axis. Rifaximin might be useful as a co-treatment drug for the prevention of influenza virus infection.     

Antibiotic-free poultry production: Is it sustainable?

There is growing acknowledgement that use of antibiotics in people is the primary driver of antibiotic-resistant infections in humans [1, 7., 8., 9.], however, antibiotic-free production of poultry has become increasingly popular. Consumer perception is that antibiotic-free produced poultry is superior to conventionally raised poultry in spite of a lack of supporting scientific data [2]. A widely accepted definition of antibiotic-free poultry in the United States is that there is “no use of antibiotics (including ionophore anticoccidials) at the farm.” That means that coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis prevention must rely on synthetic or “chemical” anticoccidials, or on live coccidiosis vaccines, or on rotations between drugs and vaccines. The problem with this approach is that chemical anticoccidials (with the exception of nicarbazin) build coccidial resistance much quicker than ionophores and must be rested for a prolonged period of time. Further, there are limited numbers of anticoccidials of this class on the market. Moreover, unlike the ionophores, the chemicals do not have an antibiotic effect that aids in the prevention of necrotic enteritis and typically nicarbazin is only used during the cool months. Additionally, live coccidiosis vaccines induce immunity by invading, replicating, and cycling through the intestines. The coccidial infection, therefore, damages the intestinal epithelium and predisposes the birds to necrotic enteritis [3]. These intestinal health problems lead to bird welfare issues that must be addressed in the antibiotic-free production system. Likewise, it is generally acknowledged that production efficiency (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality and yield) is adversely impacted in the antibiotic-free production system [4]. Thus, antibiotic-free production results in a greater carbon footprint and is less efficient [5., 6.]. Companies considering raising antibiotic-free poultry must be aware of the expected adverse effects on bird health, production efficiency, and cost.     

短链脂肪酸介导的肠上皮和抗炎调节研究进展

哺乳动物体中的肠道菌群是细菌生态系统的组成部分,从动物出生时起,这些微生物就对免疫系统的发育、功能和调节起着非常重要的作用。当前,越来越多的研究集中在微生物对宿主细胞代谢的影响上。短链脂肪酸(SCFA)作为肠道菌群的一种代谢产物,对肠道稳态的维持具有重要作用。SCFA是肠道上皮细胞的重要燃料,能增强肠屏障功能。作为信号分子,SCFA可以通过细胞表面G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)发出信号,从而激活控制免疫功能的信号级联反应;还可以通过底物转运蛋白进入细胞,抑制组蛋白脱乙酰化酶(HDAC),最终达到降低肠道炎症反应。本文综述了微生物SCFA的产生及其对肠道黏膜的影响,并通过激活细胞表面GPCR以及抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)来调节免疫反应的作用。     

饲粮纤维影响猪肠道健康的研究进展

肠道健康包括有效的营养物质吸收、稳定的肠道微生物群落及健全的免疫功能等多个方面。肠道的健康状况决定了动物的健康状况。肠道健康取决于饲粮、肠道黏膜和肠道微生物群落3个主要方面。饲粮纤维是由纤维素、半纤维素、果胶和木质素等组成的成分和结构复杂的混合物,具有改善肠道营养物质吸收、降低肠道环境p H、改变有益菌与潜在致病菌比例、优化肠道微生物群落组成及加强黏膜屏障作用等功能。来源不同和理化性质相异的饲粮纤维对肠道健康的影响及作用机理并不一致。本文就饲粮纤维的分类、理化性质及其对肠道健康影响的研究进展进行综述,以促进饲粮纤维在猪饲粮生产上的进一步广泛合理利用。