抗莫能菌素多克隆抗体检测鸡组织中莫能菌素残留的研究

本文用自制的抗莫能菌素多克隆抗体检测肉鸡肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪组织中莫能菌素的残留。将莫能菌素以30．0、60．0、120．0μg／kg分别添加到经处理的各空白组织中，用竞争ELISA法测得莫能菌素在肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪组织中的回收率为78．7％～104．3％，变异系数为4．2％～18．0％，检测极限为5．0～8．51μg／kg。     

盐霉素和莫能菌素残留分析方法的研究进展

对于盐霉素（salinomycin）和莫能菌素（monensin）的残留分析（residueanalysis）方法已有不少研究．作者主要综述了目前用于盐霉素和莫能菌素残留检测方法中的一些新技术如高效液相色谱柱后衍生化法、柱前衍生化法、液相色谱-质谱法、免疫分析法、分光光度法等及它们在兽药残留检测中的应用实例。     

饲料中聚醚类抗生素的柱后衍生同时测定方法研究

采用高效液相色谱柱后衍生化法同时检测饲料中莫能菌素和盐霉素的含量。试验采用两个柱后衍生反应器,使莫能菌素和盐霉素在柱后分离后与衍生试剂1(硫酸)和衍生试剂2(香草醛)在不同的反应器中先后分别发生反应,经检测莫能菌素和盐霉素的保留时间分别在13min和17min左右。在饲料中添加莫能菌素和盐霉素浓度分别为20、60、120μg/mL时,莫能菌素的平均回收率为93.0%～97.7%,变异系数为1.05%～1.54%;盐霉素的平均回收率为94.0%～96.5%,变异系数为0.78%～1.01%。     

氯羟吡啶在鸡组织中的残留研究

本文报道用高效液相色谱法检测肉鸡肌肉和肝脏组织中氯羟吡啶的残留。肉鸡肌肉和肝脏组织经乙腈提取，用氧化铝柱和葡聚糖凝胶阴离子交换柱净化分离，洗脱液浓缩后用含内标物的甲醇溶解。以磷酸盐缓冲液／乙腈（８５／１５，ｖ／ｖ）作为流动相，苯甲酰胺作为内标物，用ＲＰ－１８柱（２２０×４．６ｍｍ）在紫外波长２７０ｎｍ处检测。将氯羟吡啶以０．０５、０．１０和０．５０μｇ／ｇ分别添加到空白肌肉组织中，测得肌肉组织回收率为８８．０％、９０．４％和９１．６％；以０．１０和０．５０μｇ／ｇ水平添加到肝脏组织中，肝脏组织回收率为８５．４％和９０．２％，变异系数均低于１０％。用该方法测定肌肉和肝脏组织中氯羟吡啶残留的最低检测限分别为０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。经１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ氯羟吡啶混料饲喂ＡＡ肉鸡，停药当天（０ｄ）测得肉鸡肌肉和肝脏组织残留量为２．８５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和７．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。停药７ｄ时测得肌肉和停药１０ｄ时测得肝脏组织残留量分别低于０．０２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和０．０５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

蜂蜜中聚醚类抗生素的一次性快速检测方法研究

研究建立了高效液相色谱串联荧光检测器和二极管阵列紫外可见检测器,并配置柱后衍生系统,一次性快速测定蜂蜜样品中莫能菌素、盐霉素、甲基盐霉素和拉沙洛菌素药物残留。在各聚醚类抗生素浓度5~100(拉沙洛菌素:80)μg/mL范围内,检测峰面积和浓度呈良好线性关系。回收率试验:在空白蜂蜜中添加莫能菌素、盐霉素、甲基盐霉素和拉沙洛菌素浓度分别为5、20、60μg/mL时,总体平均回收率为73%~99%,变异系数为0.2%~1.52%。最低检测限为2.5μg/mL。方法简单、快速、准确。     

UPLC-MS／MS法同时测定鸡肉中的莫能菌素和盐霉素残留

建立了同时测定鸡肉中莫能菌素和盐霉素残留检测方法。在国内外已有研究的基础上,对样品前处理和仪器条件进行了改进,采用乙腈提取鸡肉中莫能菌素和盐霉素残留,石墨化碳黑SPE小柱对提取液进行净化,然后用Waters ACQUITY UPLCTMTQD超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定。结果表明,莫能菌素和盐霉素的检测限为0.2μg/kg,最低定量限为0.5μg/kg。选取0.5、1.0、2.0μg/kg三个浓度进行空白添加回收率实验,回收率为71.9%~95.1%,批内变异系数和批间变异系数均小于15%,适合大量鸡肉样品中莫能菌素和盐霉素的残留检测。     

抗IVM多克隆抗体检测牛组织中IVM残留的研究

用自制的抗伊维茵素（IVM）多克隆抗体检测牛肌肉和肝脏中IVM的残留,将IVM以5．0ng／g、10．0ng,g、20．0ng／g和40．0ng／g的量分别添加至经处理的各空白组织中,用竞争ELISA法测得IVM在肌肉和肝脏中的回收率为93．9％～98．3％,变异系数为2．1％～5．1％,最低检测限为0．94ng／g。     

肉鸡体内新霉素药物残留消除规律的研究

用每公斤饲料含140 m g 新霉素碱的添加水平饲喂3 周龄肉鸡14d,用以表皮葡萄球菌( Staphylococcus epiderm idisATCC12228) 为测试菌的微生物学杯碟法对肉鸡体内新霉素残留的消除规律进行了研究,新霉素主要残留在肾脏,休药期0、1 和3d 的平均残留量分别为1.10、0.78 和0.58μg/g 组织。肌肉、肝脏和脂肪组织中未检测出新霉素残留。     

猪组织中替米考星残留的高效液相色谱检测方法研究

用乙腈和磷酸二氢钾缓冲液提取猪组织中替米考星，固相萃取柱净化，甲醇-乙腈-乙酸铵洗脱，紫外检测器290nm处检测，建立了猪组织中替米考星残留的高效液相色谱检测方法。该方法检测肌肉、肝脏中替米考星的检测限分别为0．01和0．025μg／g；定量限分别为0．02和0．05μg／g。肌肉在0．02～2．0μg／g添加范围内，平均回收率在84．2％～96．6％之间，变异系数在5．0％～8．2％之间；肝脏在0．05～5．0μg／g添加范围内，平均回收率在82．0％～92．8％之间，变异系数在5．8％～11．3％之间。本方法检测限低，分析简便、准确，符合残留分析的要求。     

鸡组织中氯霉素残留的气相色谱-微电子捕获检测方法研究

建立了鸡肌肉和鸡肝脏组织中氯霉素残留的气相色谱-微电子捕获检测方法。用乙酸乙酯提取样品中的药物，正己烷脱脂，乙酸乙酯液-液分配，氮气吹干后，用Sylon BFT衍生化，进配有微电子捕获检测器（μECD）的气相色谱仪测定，外标法定量。鸡肌肉组织在0．1、0．5、1．0μg／kg三个添加水平，平均回收率为90．2％～94．3％，日内变异系数在4．5％-11．6％之间，日间变异系数在7．8％～14．3％之间，检测限0．05μg/kg，定量限0．10μg/kg。鸡肝脏组织在0．2、0．5、1．0μg/kg三个添加水平，平均回收率为82．9％～90．8％，日内变异系数在7．0％～11．2％之间。日间变异系数在7．9％～14．5％之间，检测限0．10μg/kg，定量限0．20μg/kg。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.