贵州黑山羊遗传结构的RAPD分析

用27条多态性引物对15份贵州黑山羊个体基因组进行RAPD分析结果共扩增出258条带,其中多态带为119条,多态频率在0-77．78％之间,平均多态频率为46．12％．单个引物获得的扩增带数在4-14条之间,平均每条引物扩增出9．56条带、扩增带分子量范围为230bp-2800bp、用Nei氏公式计算品种内个体间的遗传相似性指数平均为0．9023结果表明：贵州黑山羊个体间的遗传变异较大,具有较丰富的遗传结构。     

麦洼牦牛的RAPD分析

用60个10碱基的随机引物对麦洼牦牛的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增。有7个引物扩增出了清晰且具多态性的条带，条带总数为34，其中有25条为可变条带，表现出多态性，多态频率为74％。根据Shannon公式计算出的7个引物扩增带频率的群体遗传多样性指数分别为：1．7955（OPA10）、0．6726（OPA13）、0．5433（OPB07）、0．0739（OPB10）、0．9919（OPA04）、1．4015（OPC06）、1．4514（OPK12），平均为：0．99，其平均百分比差异均值（MAPD）为40．41％。     

应用RAMP标记分析长白山地区中国林蛙的遗传多样性

应用随机扩增徽卫星多态性DNA（RAMP）标记技术对长白山地区中国林蛙60个个体间遗传多样性进行了分析。以便为中国林蛙种质资源的保护和利用以及物种分化研究提供基础资料。结果表明：120个RAMP引物中。有14个引物组合可扩增出清晰且具多态性的条带。这14个引物组合共扩增出107条带,其中105条具有多态性,多态条带比率为98．13％。每个引物可扩增出3～10条多态性条带,平均7．5条。多态条带比率、Shannon多样性指数（I）以及Nei氏基因多样度（h）均显示长白山地区中国林蛙具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。RAMP标记遗传相似性系数（岱）变异范围为0．4860～0．8505,平均值为0．6634,以GS平均值0．6634为闻值,可将所有供试材料划分为10类,其中大部分个体归为同一类,群体内并没有形成较明显的遗传分化。     

四川几个山羊品种(群体)与岩羊RAPD分析

以两组40个随机引物，筛选出16个重复性好的多态引物。对四川5个山羊品种、藏山羊两个生态类型、3个杂交群体和岩羊共计113只个体，进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析。结果表明：16个引物扩增出67条带，其中54条带呈现多态。多态率为80．60％。山羊各群体共有条带为23条，山羊和岩羊共有条带为13条。岩羊有4条特异带。不同引物所扩增出的片段在各群体中分布频率不同。山羊群体间相似系数为0．8216—0．9362，其中，安哥拉山羊与建昌黑山羊杂交后代F2和F3之间相似系数最大。为0．9362。山羊各群体与岩羊相似系数为0．4996—0．5064。山羊群体间的遗传距离为0．0638—0．1784。山羊各群体与岩羊的遗传距离为0．4936—0．5403。高原型藏山羊与山谷型藏山羊间的遗传距离小(0．1005)、相似系数大(0．8995)。序列为TTCCGAACCC引物扩增出的片段为750bp，仅在高原型藏山羊中出现，可作为区分这两个生态类型的遗传标记。     

AFLP标记检测大足黑山羊地方类群遗传多样性的研究

利用AFLP标记技术,从15对引物中选取11对扩增效果较好的引物,对17只大足黑山羊个体DNA进行扩增。结果共扩增出766个条带,其中59条为多态条带,平均每对引物扩增出69．6个条带,平均多态率为5．36％.     

西藏日土藏山羊ISSR标记遗传多态性研究

应用ISSR标记分析西藏日土藏山羊的遗传多样性,为其保护和开发利用提供基础资料。从93条ISSR引物中筛选出10条对107只藏山羊进行分析,数据分析利用Excel和SPSS软件完成。结果表明,所筛选出的10条引物特异性较好且多态性较高,共扩增出112条清晰的条带,平均每条引物扩增出11.2条带,其中多态性条带75个,群体多态位点百分率(P)为66.96%,扩增片段大小为219～2534bp,群内个体间遗传相似性指数(s)为0.4600～0.7405,平均0.5647,个体间平均遗传差异(D)为0.4353。根据多态性位点在样本中出现的几率计算出多态性条带的基因频率(f),频率值的范围为0.0455～1.0000。西藏日土藏山羊的遗传多态性较丰富,个体间存在差异,但又具有较好的同质性。     

利用ISSR标记分析几个家蚕品系的遗传多样性

利用ISSR技术对6个家蚕品种和2个不同地域的野桑蚕群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过6条ISSR引物扩增，共检测到66个位点。平均每条引物扩增的条带数为11条，其中65条具有多态性，多态位点百分率为98.48％。基于Ne＆Li遗传算法计算出各品种间的遗传距离，家蚕品种问的遗传距离为0．4286—0．6491。根据遗传距离，用UPGMA方法进行了聚类分析。     

四川9个山羊品种(群体)与岩羊RAPD分析

以两组40个随机引物,筛选出16个重复性好的多态引物,对四川9个山羊品种(群体)和岩羊共计113只个体,进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析.结果表明16个引物扩增出67条带,其中54条带呈现多态,多态率为80.60%.山羊各群体共有条带为23条,山羊和岩羊共有条带为13条,岩羊有4条特异带.不同引物所扩增出的片段在各群体中分布频率不同.山羊群体间相似系数为0.821 6～0.936 2,其中安哥拉山羊与建昌黑山羊杂交后代F2和F3之间相似系数最大,为0.936 2.山羊各群体与岩羊相似系数为0.499 6～0.506 4.山羊群体间的遗传距离为0.063 8～0.178 4.山羊各群体与岩羊的遗传距离为0.493 6～0.540 3.高原型藏山羊与山谷型藏山羊间的遗传距离小(0.1005)、相似系数大(0.899 5),序列为TTCCGAACCC引物扩增出的片段为750bp,仅在高原型藏山羊中出现,可作为区分这两个生态类型的遗传标记.     

玳瑁遗传多样性的RAPD分析

应用RAPD技术分析了玳瑁的遗传多样性。用20个随机引物对中国南海海域玳瑁7个个体的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,共扩增出1 351条DNA片段,平均每个个体扩增出193条条带。在检测到的193条条带中,多态性条带为69条,多态性条带百分比为35.8%,条带大小在200 bp～3 000 bp之间,7个个体间遗传距离为0.082 9～0.1813,平均遗传距离为0.132 7±0.029 9,表明中国南海海域玳瑁的遗传多样性水平较低,应加强该区域玳瑁种质资源的保护。采用类平均聚类法（NJTREE）构建了7个个体相互关系的分子聚类图,表明该7个玳瑁个体没有形成种群的分化。     

应用RAMP标记分析水貂与彩貂种属间的遗传多样性

对标准黑褐色水貂、蓝宝石貂、咖啡色貂3个品种的89个个体进行了RAMP分析。结果表明,品种间遗传差异明显,多态性高。14个引物组合扩增出的81条DNA片段中,75条具有多态性,多态比例为92.59%,每个引物组合可扩增4～8条多态性条带,平均5.78条。多态条带比率、Shannon多样性指数以及Nei氏基因多样度（h）均显示水貂与彩貂品种较〖JP2〗为丰富的遗传多样性。Nei遗传距离、Gst基因分化系数显示水貂与彩貂品种间遗传分化程度不高,遗传变异主要来自种群内。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.