高效液相色谱法测定家兔肌肉及组织中土霉素、四环素的残留量

用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法测定家兔腿肌、心、肝、肾等组织中土霉素、四环素残留量。用Hyper-sil BDS为色谱柱,以乙睛-3%冰乙酸水溶液(30∶70)为流动相,检测波长为350nm,柱温:30℃。土霉素、四环素标准品浓度在8.2~262.5μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,土霉素线性方程为Y=19392.82X-22.90,r=0.99948;四环素线性方程为Y=14089.84X-33.34,r=0.99888。家兔肝脏的土霉素加样回收率平均为89.1%,RSD=2.03%;四环素加样回收率平均为91.1%,RSD=2.22%。HPLC法准确可靠,为监控无土霉素、四环素残留兔产品提供安全、方便的检测手段。     

一种鸡肉中四环素类兽药残留高效液相色谱检测方法的建立

建立高效液相色谱检测方法测定鸡肉中土霉素、四环素和金霉素的残留。应用建立的高效液相色谱方法对来自2个鸡场的12羽乌骨鸡的胸肌、腿肌进行测定。结果表明样品中的土霉素、四环素和金霉素的标准曲线有良好的线性关系,相关系数R20.99;土霉素、四环素和金霉素的最低检出限分别为20μg·kg~(-1)、20μg·kg~(-1)、100μg·kg~(-1),加标回收率为84.33%～107%。结论建立一种鸡肉中四环素类兽药残留高效液相色谱检测方法,待检样品中未检测出四环素类兽药残留,表明2个鸡场严格执行抗生素使用。     

高效液相色谱法对猪肝脏中四环素类药物残留量的检测

根据国际标准方法,用高效液相色谱仪在色谱ODS-C18(5μm)4.6mm×15cm,检测波长355nm,柱温为室温,流速为0.8mL/min,进样量为10μL,流动相为乙晴/0.01mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液[用30%(V/V)硝酸溶液调节pH至2.7],35∶65(V/V),使用前用超声波脱气10min的条件下,对阿拉尔市市场销售的猪肝脏中土霉素、四环素、金霉素等药物的残留量进行监测。结果显示,3个销售点猪肝中的土霉素残留量检测均为阳性;某场销售点猪肝中的四环素、金霉素残留量检测为阳性。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定畜禽肉与牛奶中5种四环素类药物残留及其稳定性研究

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定畜禽肉与牛奶中土霉素、四环素、去甲基金霉素、金霉素和强力霉素的残留量。样品用乙腈和0.1mol/L Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液提取,HLIB固相萃取小柱净化,采用高效液相色谱分离,二极管阵列检测器(PDA)检测,外标法定量。结果表明:标准校准曲线在30~1 000 ng/mL的范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数r>0.99。样品中土霉素、四环素、去甲基金霉素、金霉素和强力霉素的添加水平分别为0.05、0.1、和0.2 mg/L时,样品加标回收率为71.5%~88.3%,变异系数在2.6~8.3之间。本法简便、快速、定量准确、精密度高,适用于畜禽肉中四环素族抗生素残留量的检测。同时稳定性试验表明,畜禽肉与牛奶中土霉素、四环素、去甲基金霉素、金霉素和强力霉素随着放置时间的延长,药物明显地消解。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中的四环素类药物

本文以液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中的四环素类药物残留,试料中残留的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和多西环素经Mcllvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液提取,HLB柱净化。用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,外标法定量。经实验,制得10、20、50、100、200、500 ng/m L的系列标液。以系列标液浓度为横坐标,对应峰面积为纵坐标进行线性回归,四环素、土霉素、金霉素和多西环素在10~500 ng/m L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R2均大于0.990。四环素、土霉素、金霉素和多西环素在牛奶中的检测限为5 ng/g,定量限为10 ng/g。在10~200 ng/g添加浓度的回收率为70%~120%。批内变异系数≤20%,批间变异系数≤20%。     

牛奶中土霉素、金霉素的残留分析方法研究

运用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器建立了牛奶中土霉素、金霉素的残留分析方法。柱子采用Waters Nova-park C18柱(4μm,3·9mm i·d·×150mm),以体积比为68∶12∶20的0·01mol/L草酸溶液-乙腈-甲醇作为流动相,流速为1·0mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为360nm,在上述色谱条件下,土霉素、金霉素在10min内得到了有效的分离和检测。建立的方法简便、快捷、线性范围宽,可用于牛奶中土霉素、金霉素的残留量分析。     

猪肉中四环素类药物残留的监测

正对2015年平顶山地区猪肉中四环素类药物残留检测表明,285份样品中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素的检出率分别为1.05%、0、0和3.86%,土霉素和强力霉素的最大残留量分别为71.50μg/kg和85.80μg/kg,平顶山地区猪肉中存在四环素类药物的残留,但残留量小于国家规定的限量标准。兽药在降低畜禽发病率与死亡率,提高畜禽养殖经济效益     

液质联用法检测饲料中四环素类药物的方法研究

四环素类药物属于抗生素类药物,长期使用会使细菌产生耐药性,而且也会残留到动物的肌肉组织中。人在食用这种含有四环素类药物残留的食品后,会出现过敏反应。文章以高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测饲料中的四环素、土霉素、金霉素、多西环素,饲料中的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和多西环素经EDTA缓冲液提取,HLB柱净化,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,外标法定量。经试验:标准曲线浓度在10~500ng/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,标准曲线相关系数r值均大于0.990;方法的检测限为20μg/kg,方法的定量限为50μg/kg;回收率均≥80%,批内RSD≤13.8%,批间RSD≤10.8%。     

高效液相色谱法检测鸡蛋中四环素类药物残留方法研究

试验旨在建立同时检测鸡蛋中土霉素、四环素、金霉素和多西环素4种四环素类药物残留的高效液相色谱法。将鸡蛋样品用0.1 mol/L Na₂EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取,通过Oasis MAX固相萃取柱净化,以乙腈—三氟乙酸(0.01 mol/mL)为流动相,梯度洗脱,反相液相色谱分离测定。结果显示,4种四环素类药物在30~1 000 ng/g范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为10 ng/g,定量限为50 ng/g,平均回收率为67.3%~81.4%,日内相对标准偏差为2.7%~14.3%,日间相对标准偏差为0.9%~5.0%。本研究建立的高效液相色谱法可同时检测鸡蛋中的土霉素、四环素、金霉素和多西环素的药物残留,该方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度较高,操作快速、简单。     

湖南省永州市猪肉中四环素类药物残留的现状分析

为了解湖南省永州市猪肉中四环素类药物的残留情况,分批随机采集永州市八个县区超市、农贸市场和生猪屠宰场的猪肉样品200份,采用高效液相色谱法进行土霉素、四环素和金霉素等四环素类药物残留的分析监测。抽检八个县区中冷水滩、零陵、祁阳和东安四个县区被检出四环素类药物的残留,其检测出的残留量均超过国家规定的四环素类药物最大残留限量0.1μg/g(或100μg/kg),在200个样品中有9个样品含有被测的四环素类药物成分,占被调查样品的4.5%。这表明当地生猪养殖过程存在滥用四环素类药物的现象,从而造成猪肉的四环素类药物残留。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。