体外产气法评价油菜秆与玉米、豆粕的组合效应

本研究旨在探讨不同比例的油菜秆与玉米、豆粕组合对体外瘤胃发酵及其组合效应的影响。采用体外发酵法研究油菜秆与玉米(0%, 15%, 30%)、豆粕(0%, 15%, 30%)组合的体外发酵参数及其组合效应值的变化,探索优化组合效果。结果表明,随着玉米比例的增加,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和挥发性脂肪酸生成量相应增加,乙丙比下降。当油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为40∶30∶30时,培养液pH,氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度和乙丙比均极显著下降(P<0.01);48 h产气量、潜在产气量、产气速率、乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度和有机物消化率(OMD)均极显著提高(P<0.01)。以48 h产气量、NH₃-N、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和OMD的组合效应值以及综合组合效应值(AEs)为衡量指标,油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为55∶30∶15组合的正组合效应最大(P<0.01)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,油菜秆∶玉米∶豆粕为55∶30∶15组合的能氮比例较为合理,瘤胃发酵效率最高,为最优组合,可提高油菜杆的利用效率。     

In situ rumen degradation and in vitro gas production of some selected grains from Turkey

An investigation of the dry matter degradability (DMD) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM) was performed for barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oat samples, using the Nylon-bag technique. Gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were also studied by using Hohenheim gas test. The DM from barley, wheat, rye and triticale was digested rapidly in the rumen, and, at the 48 h of incubation, degradability was found to be approximately about 80%. The higher degradability observed for these grains than for oats and corn was attributable to the structure of these grains. In contrast, DM of corn and oats was degraded very slowly and reached 66.7 and 66.5 at 48 h, respectively. Effective degradability values of barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were determined to be 61.4, 69.0, 64.0, 41.7, 66.7 and 58.6% in 5% rumen outflow rate, respectively. At the end of the 48 h incubation, total gas productions in barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were estimated to be 83.6, 87.2, 87.5, 83.5, 85.8 and 63.9 ml/200 mg DM, respectively. The mean ME values of these grains calculated from cumulative gas amount at 24 h incubation were 11.8, 12.1, 12.3, 10.9, 12.4 and 10.2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. In vitro digestible organic matter of barley, wheat, rye, corn, triticale and oats were estimated to be 85.0, 87.3, 88.2, 79.5, 89.0 and 72.6%. Percentage overall EDDM (k=5%) of barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oats was positively correlated with in vitro GP at 6 h, cumulative GP at 24 h and total GP at 48 h (p<0.05). As a result, in situ dry matter degradation of grains showed great differences depending on the chemical compositions. In situ EDDM of grains may be predicted from in vitro gas production parameters.     

小麦秸秆与米糠粕瘤胃体外发酵组合效应研究

为了探讨小麦秸秆与米糠粕间的组合效应,采用体外产气法评价了小麦秸秆与米糠粕按100:0(RBM0)、75:25(RBM25)、50:50(RBM50)、25:75(RBM75)、0:100(RBM100)的比例组合后的发酵特性。结果表明,1)在产气特性方面,随着米糠粕比例的增加,12,24,48 h累计产气量(GP)、理论最大产气量(HM)和产气速率(B)逐渐增大,而体外延滞时间(Lag)逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05)。2)在体外发酵12,24,48 h时,当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的产气量产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。3)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)最大,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05);当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的DMD产生最大的组合效应(P<0.05);当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的NDFD、ADFD产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。4)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕组合体外发酵48 h的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,乙酸/丙酸最低。5)48 h累计产气量、产气速率与干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)以及中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)极显著正相关(P<0.01),与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、有机物(OM)、半纤维(HC)以及中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白(NDS/CP)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);理论最大产气量与DM、CP、Ash、NDS显著正相关(P<0.05),与NDF、ADF、OM和HC显著负相关(P<0.05);Lag与NDS/CP极显著正相关(P<0.01)。本试验结果提示,在本试验条件下,从产气量及干物质降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是75:25;从纤维降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是25:75。     

补充青贮玉米对复合稻草块体外发酵特性的影响

应用体外发酵产气技术,研究了青贮玉米以不同比例(0%～100%)替代复合稻草块中稻草对其体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明:随着青贮玉米比例的升高,复合稻草块的24h产气量、产气速度常数、有机物消化率、代谢能呈逐渐上升的趋势(P<0.05)。替代比例低于40%时24h产气量组合效应不显著(P>0.05),替代比例高于40%后出现逐渐增大的正组合效应,当替代比例为50%时,正组合效应值(9.68)显著增加(P<0.05),以后变动幅度不大。综上可见,用青贮玉米替代复合稻草块中40%以上的稻草较为适宜,当替代比例为50%时,就可获得较好的消化率。     

玉米芯与苜蓿、精料配比对饲粮组合效应的影响

为了探讨玉米芯与苜蓿、精料间不同配比对饲粮组合效应(associative effects, AE)的影响。采用体外产气法测定在精粗比40∶60和30∶70时,精料∶玉米芯∶苜蓿分别为40∶60∶0、40∶45∶15、40∶30∶30、40∶15∶45、40∶0∶60和30∶70∶0、30∶55∶15、30∶40∶30、30∶25∶45、30∶10∶60、30∶0∶70时各饲料组合及各种单独原料分别培养2,4,6,9,12,24,36,48 h的产气量(gas production, GP),培养结束后的上清液及残渣用以测定pH、挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)、氨态氮(NH_3-N)、干物质降解率(dry matter digestibility, DMD)和有机物降解率(organic matter digestibility, OMD),并通过各组合的加权估算值计算出各指标的单项组合效应指数(single factor AE indexes, SFAEI)和综合组合效应指数(multiple-factors AE index, MFAEI)。结果表明:当精粗比为40∶60和30∶70时,玉米芯比例为30、15和10、25、40、55的组在GP、DMD、OMD、NH_3-N、TVFA上显著高于其他组,且有较高的SFAEI (P<0.05,P<0.01),30和10组的MFAEI极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。结论:当精料∶玉米芯∶苜蓿为40∶30∶30、30∶10∶60时,饲粮的综合组合效应值最大。     

Evaluation of Associative Effects of Alfalfa Meal and Ammoniated Corn Straw by Gas Production Technique in vitro

This experiment was conducted to determine the best roughage combination of alfalfa meal (AM) and ammoniated corn straw (ACS),so as to improve the efficiency of roughage utilization and reduce the cost of feeding. The AM was mixed with ACS in the proportion of 100:0,80:20,60:40,50:50,40:60,20:80 and 0:100 with 3 replicates per group. The accumulated gas production (GP) at fermentation for 3,6,12,24,48 h,and the changes of pH,dry matter disappearance rate (DMD),ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration, microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fat acids (VFA) concentration,and their single factor associative effects index (SFAEI) and multiply factors associative effects index (MFAEI) were determined by gas production technique in vitro after fermentation for 48 h. The results showed as follows:The accumulated gas production of AM20:ACS80 group was higher than that of the other groups,and the DMD of AM0:ACS100 group was significantly lower than other groups (P<0.05).The NH₃-N concentration of AM20:ACS80 and AM0:ACS100 groups was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05).The MCP concentration was highest in AM20:ACS80 group,and the concentration of acetic acid and TVFA in AM20:ACS80 group was the highest (P<0.05),and the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio in all groups was more than 3,which indicating that it belonged to the acetic acid fermentation type.The pH during the fermentation ranged from 6.69 to 6.85.The results of MFAEI and SFAEI of each combination indicated that only the AM20:ACS80 group showed the positive associative effects. In conclusion,the 20:80 combination ratio for AM and ACS showed the best associative effects.     

利用体外产气法评定不同比例氨化秸秆替代苜蓿的组合效应

试验旨在研究苜蓿（alfalfa meal,AM）和氨化秸秆（ammoniated corn straw,ACS）的最佳组合比例,以提高粗饲料的利用率并降低饲养成本。将AM与ACS分别以100：0、80：20、60：40、50：50、40：60、20：80和0：100比例进行混合,每种组合3个重复,利用体外产气法评定不同组合发酵3、6、12、24、48 h的累积产气量（GP）,及发酵48 h时发酵液pH、干物质降解率（DMD）、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、微生物蛋白（MCP）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度,进而计算不同组合的单项组合效应指数（SFAEI）和多项组合效应指数（MFAEI）。结果显示,发酵48 h时,AM20：ACS80组的累积产气量最高;而AM0：ACS100组的DMD显著低于其余各组（P<0.05）;AM20：ACS80组和AM0：ACS100组的NH₃-N浓度显著高于其他组（P<0.05）;AM20：ACS80组MCP浓度最高;AM20：ACS80组的乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度显著高于其他组（P<0.05）,各组乙酸/丙酸的比值均大于3,属于乙酸发酵型;发酵期间各组pH的变化范围为6.69~6.85。以MFAEI和SFAEI对各项指标进行评定时,仅有AM20：ACS80组出现正组合效应。由此可见,AM和ACS的比例为20：80时组合效应最佳。     

酒糟和醋糟营养成分差异及其瘤胃降解特性分析

本试验旨在评价酒糟、醋糟等非常规饲料资源的饲用价值，为酒糟醋糟资源应用于肉牛养殖提供数据参考。试验选用山西不同地区酒糟、醋糟试样5个，试样编号分别为白酒糟、啤酒糟、醋糟1、醋糟2、醋糟3，发酵原料分别为白酒糟（高粱）、啤酒糟（大麦+大米）、醋糟1（高粱+大麦）、醋糟2（大麦+玉米）、醋糟3（高粱+玉米）。通过实验室常规方法测定样品常规营养成分以及利用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价其饲用价值，同时建立体外法与尼龙袋法测定干物质降解率的回归方程。结果表明：5个样品的干物质（DM）含量为23.25% ~ 42.96%，粗蛋白质（CP）含量分别为啤酒糟（31.84%）>白酒糟（14.58%）>醋糟3（14.40%）>醋糟1（12.21%）>醋糟2（8.46%）。醋糟1的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均为最高，其次为醋糟2、醋糟3，白酒糟NDF含量最低。啤酒糟的72 h产气量（GP72）显著高于白酒糟（P < 0.05）。体外产气法和尼龙袋法测定的酒糟72 h干物质降解率（IVDMD72、DMD72）显著高于醋糟（P < 0.05）。5个试样的IVDMD72与DMD成正相关，随着降解时间增加其相关性逐渐增加。综上，酒糟的CP含量较高（14.58% ~ 31.84%），醋糟NDF、ADF含量相对较高（59.59% ~ 64.91%，38.78% ~ 54.78%）。结合GP、IVDMD及DMD结果，酒糟消化性能优于醋糟。以IVDMD建立估算DMD的回归公式为DMD72=-19.215+1.645IVDMD72（R2=0.912，P < 0.05）|以IVDMD建立估算DM有效降解率（ED）的回归公式为ED=-12.448+1.045IVDMD72（R2=0.929，P < 0.01）。 [关键词] 醋糟|酒糟|体外产气法|尼龙袋法     

体外产气法评价辣木叶与玉米的组合效应

本试验旨在以苜蓿为对照研究辣木叶与玉米的组合效应。辣木叶/苜蓿与玉米分别按100:0、80:20、60:40、40:60、20:80、0:100的比例进行组合,采用体外发酵法研究不同组合间的体外发酵参数及其组合效应值的变化。结果表明:随着玉米比例的升高,两组培养液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度和乙丙比均呈下降趋势,而乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、48h产气量(48 h GP)和潜在产气量逐渐升高;辣木叶组和苜蓿组的pH、48h GP和丁酸无差异(P0.05),TVFA、乙酸、丙酸、产气速率和有机物消化率(OMD)极显著高于苜蓿组(P0.01);辣木叶组的48 h GP和微生物蛋白(MCP)组合效应值以及综合组合效应值(AEs)与苜蓿组无差异(P0.05),TVFA、乙酸和NH_3-N的组合效应值显著高于苜蓿组(P0.05);以48 h GP、NH_3-N、MCP、TVFA浓度和OMD的组合效应值以及综合组合效应值AEs为主要衡量指标,辣木叶与玉米的组合比例为60:40时,正组合效应达到最大。从本试验结果可以得知,辣木叶是一种与苜蓿营养价值相当的粗饲料资源,辣木叶与玉米比例为60:40时的饲料利用效率最高。     

饲草组合效应综合指数研究

依据组合效应综合指数(MFAEI)理论,以饲草的营养评价为基础,结合肉羊育肥营养需求特点,采用体外法,测定苜蓿、番茄皮渣、玉米秸与小麦秸不同组合的pH值、24 h累积产气量(GP)、有机物质降解率(IVDOM)、微生物蛋白产生量(MCP)、挥发性脂肪酸产量(VFA),并结合MFAEI筛选出4组最优饲草配方,即苜蓿/番茄渣/玉米秸=30/10/60,此配方多项组合效应值0.80;苜蓿/玉米秸=50/50,此配方多项组合效应值0.85;苜蓿/番茄渣/小麦秸=30/20/50,此配方多项组合效应值0.82;苜蓿/小麦秸=60/40,多项组合效应值0.78,以最大限度地发挥饲草间的正组合效应,控制和消除饲料间的负组合效应,从而最大限度地发挥草食家畜的生产性能,降低饲养成本。     

Fecal Gas Production of Ten Common Horse Feeds Supplemented With Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The study aimed to assess the nutritive value of 10 feeds (grains and forages) commonly used in horse nutrition in Mexico, on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro gas production measurements with or without the supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) at 4 mg/g DM. Fecal inoculum was obtained from 4 adult English Thoroughbred horses fed on restricted amount of concentrate and oat hay ad libitum. Substrates tested were: 6 concentrates (corn gluten meal, soybean meal, steam-rolled corn, steam-rolled barley, oat grain, and wheat bran) and 4 roughages (soybean hulls, corn stover, alfalfa hay, and oat hay). Gas production (GP) was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 24, 48, and 70 hours using the pressure transducer technique. Some ingredient × yeast interactions were observed (P ≤ .020) for the asymptotic GP and GP at 48 and 70 hours of incubation. Yeast addition increased (P < .001) the asymptotic GP of concentrates compared to roughages. Concentrate feeds had higher (P < .05) GP and lower (P < .001) rate of GP compared to roughages without yeast. From 24 to 70 hours of incubation, forages with or without yeast had lower (P < .05) GP compared to concentrates supplemented with SC. Forages had higher fermentation pH compared to concentrates but lower (P < .05) metabolizable energy, IVOMD, and microbial protein production compared to concentrates. Supplementation with SC increased (P < .05) the asymptotic GP of oat grain, soybean meal, soybean meal, steam-rolled barley, steam-rolled corn, wheat bran, corn stover, and oat hay, without affecting the rate of GP or lag time of oat grain, soybean meal, wheat bran, corn stover, and oat hay. Moreover, supplementation with SC increased (P < .05) metabolizable energy, IVOMD, and microbial protein production of steam-rolled barley, wheat bran, and corn stover, without affecting (P > .05) the fermentation of other feeds. Supplementation with SC improved fermentation of feeds with higher effects on concentrates compared to roughages. It was concluded that although SC mainly improves concentrate utilization by horses, it also improves fiber digestion when used on high-roughage diets fed to horses.     

用压力传感器产气技术评定玉米秸秆添补苜蓿的组合效应

采用压力传感器体外产气技术,研究了玉米秸秆添补不同比例0(AH0)、20%(AH20)、40%(AH40)、60%(AH60)、80%(AH80)与100%(AH100)苜蓿(AH)在产气量上的组合效应。各组的组合效应均在24h达到最大值,24h后则随培养时间的延长而下降,但只有AH40组,亦即当苜蓿添加比例占"玉米秸秆-苜蓿"组合的40%时达到显著水准(P<0.05),且以AH40组下降较慢,在48h仍达到显著水准(P<0.05)。就单一的产气指标而言,玉米秸秆添补苜蓿的比例以占整个日粮总量的40%为宜。     

Effect of timing and type of supplementary grain on herbage intake,nitrogen utilization and milk production in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture from evening to morning

The present study aimed to clarify the effect of timing and type of supplementary grain in grazing dairy cows on herbage dry matter intake (HDMI), nitrogen utilization and milk production. Eight lactating cows were allowed to graze from evening to morning during three seasonal periods (spring, summer, autumn). They were randomly allocated to four treatments (timing: pre‐ (Pre) or post‐grazing (Post), for large grain allotments consisting of 75% of daily grain offered; grain type: barley or corn) in 4 × 4 Latin square designs in each period. In the spring period, HDMI was greater for cows fed corn than those fed barley (P = 0.005), whereas cows in the Pre treatment had a similar HDMI, higher (P = 0.049) urinary purine derivative concentration and greater (P = 0.004) milk yield compared with cows in the Post treatment. In the summer and autumn periods, timing treatments did not affect HDMI, nitrogen utilization or milk production, but cows supplemented with barley had higher urinary purine derivatives concentration (P < 0.05) and milk yield (P < 0.05) compared with those supplemented with corn. The results indicate that large grain allotments immediately before evening grazing during early grazing seasons increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis and milk production without reducing HDMI regardless of grain type.     

Nutrient Value Evaluation of Different Type Feeds by in vitro Gas Production Method

The experiment was conducted to evaluate nutrient value of ruminant feeds by in vitro gas production method.The volume of gas production(GP) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h, in vitro fermentation parameters and nutrient degradation rate of three energy feeds(corn, corn bran and wheat bran) and three roughages(alfalfa meal, alfalfa hay and corn silage) were measured, and gas production kinetic parameters among different feeds and the relationship between fermentation kinetics and nutritent composition were analyzed.The results showed that the GP₂₄, theoretical gas production(A) and B of corn was the highest among energy feeds, but there was no significant differences of B among different energy feeds(P>0.05).The DMD of corn, the NDFD of corn bran and the CPD of wheat bran were the highest;There were no significant differences in GP₂₄ among roughages.The GP₂₄, A, DMD, CPD of alfalfa meal were the highest, while there was no significant differences of B among roughages(P>0.05).Correlation analyses indicated that the theoretical maximum gas production and the accumulative gas production were extremely significant negatively related to CP, NDF, ADF and Ash(P<0.01).Therefore, the experiment revealed that significant differences were observed in in vitro gas producetion kinetic parameters among different feeds, which could supply scientific basis for diet formulation in dairy practice.     

体外产气法评价反刍动物饲料营养价值的研究

试验旨在通过体外产气法评定反刍动物常用饲料原料的营养价值。饲料原料包括3种能量饲料(玉米、玉米皮、麸皮)和3种粗饲料(苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、玉米秸秆),通过体外发酵试验,测定各种饲料原料2、6、12、24h累积产气量、体外发酵参数及营养物质降解率,并分析不同类型饲料发酵动力学参数及发酵动力学与营养成分之间的相关关系。结果表明,能量饲料中,玉米体外发酵24h的产气量(GP₂₄)、理论最大产气量(A)最高,产气曲线的平滑度(B)与其他能量饲料相比没有显著差异(P>0.05);玉米的干物质降解率(DMD)最高,玉米皮的中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)最高,麸皮的粗蛋白质降解率(CPD)最高;粗饲料间GP₂₄差异不显著(P>0.05),苜蓿草粉的GP₂₄、A、DMD、CPD均最高,而粗饲料间B部分差异不显著(P>0.05);GP₂₄和A与粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、灰分(Ash)均呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。综上所述,不同类型饲料间产气量及动力学参数存在显著差异,能够为奶牛日粮配制提供参考。     

用体外产气法评价玉米秸秆、稻草、玉米秸秆青贮与精料的组合效应

本试验旨在应用体外产气法研究玉米秸秆、稻草、玉米秸秆青贮与精料间的组合效应。采用单因素试验设计,进行3次组合筛选试验:首先进行玉米秸秆与稻草组合试验,筛选出最优玉米秸秆和稻草组合(玉米秸秆-稻草)比例;再进行玉米秸秆-稻草与玉米秸秆青贮组合试验,筛选出最优玉米秸秆-稻草和玉米秸秆青贮组合(玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮)比例;最后进行玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮与精料组合试验,筛选出最优玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮与精料组合比例。各组合均分别以100.0∶0、80.0∶20.0、60.0∶40.0、50.0∶50.0、40.0∶60.0、20.0∶80.0、0∶100.0进行体外发酵试验,每个组合设3个重复。利用体外产气法分析不同饲料组合对48 h产气量、干物质消失率(DMD)、p H及微生物蛋白(MCP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的影响。计算各组合的单项组合效应指数(SFAEI)和多项组合效应指数(MFAEI)。结果表明:1)各饲料以不同比例组合对产气量均有显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),玉米秸秆∶稻草、玉米秸秆-稻草∶玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮∶精料产气量的SFAEI分别在60.0∶40.0、40.0∶60.0、20.0∶80.0时达最大值;2)各饲料以不同比例组合对DMD也存在显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),玉米秸秆∶稻草、玉米秸秆-稻草∶玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮∶精料DMD的SFAEI分别在50.0∶50.0、40.0∶60.0、20.0∶80.0时达最大值;3)不同玉米秸秆-稻草-稻草∶精料对p H有极显著影响(P0.01);4)各饲料以不同比例组合对MCP浓度也存在显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),玉米秸秆∶稻草、玉米秸秆-玉米秸秆青贮∶玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮∶精料产气量的SFAEI分别在80.0∶20.0、40.0∶60.0、20.0∶80.0时达最大值;5)各饲料以不同比例组合对NH3-N浓度也存在显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),范围在20.20~31.59 mg/d L;6)玉米秸秆与稻草组合的乙酸/丙酸和玉米秸秆-稻草-玉米秸秆青贮与精料组合丁酸浓度在各比例间差异不显著(P0.05),各饲料以不同比例组合对其余VFA和TVFA浓度也存在显著或极显著影响(P0.05或P0.01)。以MFAEI进行评定各饲料组合的最优比例如下:玉米秸秆与稻草为60.0∶40.0;玉米秸秆、稻草与玉米秸秆青贮为24.0∶16.0∶60.0;玉米秸秆、稻草、玉米秸秆青贮与精料为9.6∶6.4∶24.0∶60.0。     

In vitro gas production measurements to evaluate interactions between untreated and chemically treated rice straws, grass hay, and mulberry leaves

In vitro gas production was measured to investigate associative effects of untreated and chemically treated rice straw (RS) and of RS and grass hay or mulberry leaves (ML). The RS was treated with NaOH, urea, or (NH4)HCO3. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 h of incubation, and the Gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of gas production. Treatment with NaOH, urea, and NH4HCO3 increased (P < 0.05) gas production at 48 h by 55, 52, and 37% and the maximum rate of gas production of RS from 0.64 to 1.51, 1.27, and 1.13 mL/h, respectively. The inclusion of treated straws, hay, and ML in a mixture with RS at increasing proportions (25, 50, 75, 100%) elevated cumulative gas production and its rate. Maximum gas production was not different between the RS and its mixtures with the treated straws, but inclusion of hay into RS or NH4HCO3-treated RS increased the maximum gas production. Associative effects were defined as the difference between the observed gas production for the mixtures and the sum of the individual component feeds. The NaOH-treated RS, included at higher proportions, had positive associative effects at all times of incubation < 96 h; effects were negative or absent at 96 h. No effects were observed with mixtures of RS with urea-treated RS. The NH4HCO3-treated RS mixture tended to have negative associative effects at all three levels. Positive associative effects (P < 0.05) were observed for both RS and NH4HCO3-treated RS at almost all inclusion levels of hay or ML after 12 to 96 h of incubation. The response was more pronounced with ML than with hay. Associative effects generally declined with duration of incubation. We conclude that positive associative effects on in vitro gas production occurred more consistently when RS was incubated in mixtures with hay or ML than when incubated in mixtures with chemically treated RS.     

葡萄皮对高蛋白日粮体外产气量的影响

以多浪羊为瘤胃液供体,研究葡萄皮添加量分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%对高蛋白日粮体外产气量的影响。通过检测累积产气量（GP）、发酵参数（a、b、c）、p H值和有机物消化率（OMD）,评定葡萄皮作为饲料资源的营养价值及适宜添加量。结果表明,不同添加量葡萄皮的产气量均随时间延长而增加,且显著高于高蛋白日粮组（P〈0.05）。至发酵72 h结束,高蛋白日粮中以葡萄皮添加量为20%（90.50 m L,72 h）的产气量最高;葡萄皮添加量为15%（85.67 m L,72 h）次之;葡萄皮添加量为5%（76.00 m L,72 h）最低。发酵结束时,高蛋白日粮中以葡萄皮添加量为10%的有机物消化率最高,葡萄皮添加量为25%和30%时次之,添加量为15%时最低。综上提示,葡萄皮添加量为20%时,高蛋白日粮的产气量较高,有机物消化率也相对较高。     

花生蔓与4种粗饲料间组合效应的研究

为了探讨花生蔓与其他粗饲料间的组合效应,本研究将花生蔓分别与羊草、青贮玉米秸、全株玉米青贮和干玉米秸以0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0比例进行组合,每个组合3个重复,利用体外瘤胃发酵技术,分析产气量、产气参数、产气量组合效应、微生物蛋白质产量、微生物蛋白质组合效应和综合组合效应.结果表明:1)在产气特性方面,各组合在产气参数上差异显著(P＜0.05),花生蔓产气速率显著高于其他4种粗饲料,潜在产气量全株玉米青贮最高,青贮玉米秸次之.2)在产气量组合效应方面,12、24、48h花生蔓与青贮玉米秸、干玉米秸及羊草组合,均是当花生蔓占20％时,产生最大正组合效应(P＜0.01)；当花生蔓占40％时,与全株玉米青贮组合产生最大正组合效应(P＜0.01)；当花生蔓占80％时,各组合均产生最大负组合效应(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).3)在48h微生物蛋白质组合效应方面,除花生蔓与羊草组合中花生蔓占20％和40％时产生正组合效应外(P＜0.01),其余均为负组合效应(P＜0.01),其中花生蔓占80％时各组合均产生最大的负组合效应(P＜0.01).4)在48h综合组合效应方面,当花生蔓占20％时,花生蔓与青贮玉米秸、干玉米秸和羊草均产生最大正组合效应；当花生蔓占40％时,花生蔓与全株玉米青贮组合产生最大正组合效应；当花生蔓占80％时,4个组合均产生最大负组合效应.综上所述,在本试验条件下,花生蔓与青贮玉米秸、干玉米秸和羊草均以20:80组合效果最好,花生蔓与全株玉米青贮40:60组合效果最好.     

酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对瘤胃体外发酵的影响。在精粗比为50：50的日粮中添加酿酒酵母6×10¹¹ CFU/kg和5种水平的地衣芽孢杆菌[0（C1组）、1×10¹¹（C2组）、2×10¹¹（C3组）、3×10¹¹（C4组）和4×10¹¹CFU/kg（C5组）],并且设置空白对照组（两种菌均不加）（C组）,制成6种发酵底物。测定体外发酵48 h产气参数、CH₄浓度、培养液发酵指标和饲料养分消失率。结果显示：①酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌共同作用对24、48 h累积产气量、快速发酵部分产气量、慢速发酵部分产气量、潜在产气量和产气速率均有显著影响（P<0.05）,且在地衣芽孢杆菌添加量为2×10¹¹ CFU/kg时产气量和各项产气参数均达到最大值。②酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌共同作用对pH影响不显著（P>0.05）,但可显著影响氨态氮（NH₃-N）和微生物蛋白（MCP）产量（P<0.05）。当地衣芽孢杆菌添加量为2×10¹¹ CFU/kg时,NH₃-N浓度最小,MCP含量最大。③酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌共同作用对干物质消失率（DMD）、有机物消失率（OMD）和代谢能（ME）影响显著（P<0.05）,对中性洗涤纤维消失率（NDFD）和酸性洗涤纤维消失率（ADFD）无显著影响（P>0.05）,且DMD、OMD、NDFD和ME在地衣芽孢杆菌添加量为2×10¹¹ CFU/kg时最大,ADFD最小。综上所述,酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌联用能促进绵羊瘤胃体外发酵,整体来看,当酿酒酵母的添加量为6×10¹¹ CFU/kg和地衣芽孢杆菌添加量为2×10¹¹ CFU/kg时,作用效果最好。