Sampling and Investigating Zearalenone Contamination of Feeds and Feedstuffs of Pig Farms in Beijing Area

本研究采用免疫亲和柱高效液相色谱法测定了北京地区猪场饲料原料及全价饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的含量,以了解北京地区饲料中ZEN的污染情况.试验抽样采集北京市昌平区、大兴区、延庆区、平谷区、顺义区5个区县15个猪场131份饲料样[55份玉米、豆粕、麸皮、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)原料,76份猪全价饲料]进行ZEN含量的测定.结果表明:玉米、豆粕、麸皮、DDGS和全价饲料中ZEN的检出率分别为100.00％、54.45％、100.00％、100.00％和58.88％,超标率分别为0.00％、0.00％、0.00％、41.18％和0.00％,平均含量分别为109.08、9.19、14.92、882.68和58.88 μg/kg.结果提示,不同饲料原料中ZEN含量存在差异,DDGS中ZEN平均含量超标,猪全价饲料及玉米、豆粕等饲料原料中ZEN平均含量均未超标.     

北京地区饲料及饲料原料呕吐毒素污染情况调查

本研究旨在了解目前北京市养猪场所用饲料原料和全价饲料受呕吐毒素的污染情况、检出频率和特点,为广大饲料生产和动物养殖企业提供基础数据参考。采集北京市15个猪场131个饲料原料及全价配合饲料,采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法测定其中呕吐毒素的含量。结果表明:玉米、麸皮、豆粕、DDGS和配合饲料中呕吐毒素的检出率分别为92.9%、92.3%、54.5%、100%和97.4%,平均含量分别为1.01、0.44、0.05、1.36 mg/kg和0.65mg/kg,超标率分别为57.1%、0.0%、0.0%、88.2%和15.8%。结果提示,饲料原料中玉米和DDGS呕吐毒素平均含量较高,超标率也较高;麸皮、豆粕及配合饲料也受呕吐毒素不同程度的污染。     

抽样调查北京地区猪场饲料及饲料原料玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况

本研究采用免疫亲和柱高效液相色谱法测定了北京地区猪场饲料原料及全价饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮（ＺＥＮ）的含量,以了解北京地区饲料中 ＺＥＮ的污染情况。试验抽样采集北京市昌平区、大兴区、延庆区、平谷区、顺义区 ５个区县 １５个猪场 １３１份饲料样［５５份玉米、豆粕、麸皮、干酒糟及其可溶物（ＤＤＧＳ）原料,７６份猪全价饲料］进行 ＺＥＮ含量的测定。结果表明：玉米、豆粕、麸皮、ＤＤＧＳ和全价饲料中 ＺＥＮ的检出率分别为 １００．００％、５４．４５％、１００．００％、１００．００％和 ５８．８８％,超标率分别为 ０．００％、０．００％、０．００％、４１．１８％和 ０．００％,平均含量分别为 １０９．０８、９．１９、１４．９２、８８２．６８和 ５８．８８μｇ／ｋｇ。结果提示,不同饲料原料中 ＺＥＮ含量存在差异,ＤＤＧＳ中 ＺＥＮ平均含量超标,猪全价饲料及玉米、豆粕等饲料原料中 ＺＥＮ平均含量均未超标。     

2018年广东省饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素污染状况调查

为了解2018年广东省饲料原料及配合饲料中霉菌毒素污染现状,本文通过问卷调查并结合部分企业的实地调研,对我省饲料企业的主要饲料原料(玉米、麦麸、面粉、DDGS及粕类)中霉菌毒素污染状况进行了调查,借鉴省级饲料检测机构部分抽检结果进行比对分析。结果表明:玉米、麦麸、面粉、DDGS、粕类(豆粕与花生粕)等5种饲料原料中,黄曲霉毒素(AFB1)的检出率分别为72.2%、64%、62.9%、91.6%、73.1%,超标率分别为11.1%、2.5%、3.7%、33.3%、9.7%;玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的检出率分别为88.1%、71.7%、59.3%、91.6%、68.3%,超标率分别为41.8%、7.7%、0%、6.7%、0%;呕吐毒素(DON)的检出率分别为88.8%、100%、88.8%、75%、65.8%,超标率分别为31.4%、64.1%、29.6%、0%、0%。猪、禽及水产配合饲料中AFB1、ZEN和DON的检出率为83.3%~100%,赭曲霉毒素(OTA)的检出率为15.3%~29.%;但配合饲料中上述毒素含量均未超标。以上结果表明:2018年广东省饲料原料及配合饲料受霉菌毒素污染比较普遍,广泛存在AFB1、ZEN和DON等3种霉菌毒素的污染。     

2018年山东省饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况调查

为了了解山东省饲料玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)污染状况,保证饲料质量安全,采集于山东省各地规模化动物养殖场、各大饲料厂及养殖户8 510份样品,利用上转发光竞争抑制免疫层析法(UPT)测定玉米赤霉烯酮的含量。结果表明,山东省饲料原料ZEN超标率如下:玉米20.22%、玉米蛋白粉47.96%、玉米胚芽饼粕26.69%、DDGS 3.17%,其他原料均不超标。配合饲料除了产蛋鹌鹑和精料补充料不超标外,猪、鸡、鸭配合饲料均有不同程度的超标,需重点关注。     

我国部分地区饲料原料及配合饲料玉米赤霉烯酮污染情况调研

试验随机采集北京、山东、河南、四川等地的饲料原料共179份、配合饲料共61份,通过免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱法对所采集样品中玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)含量进行检测。结果表明:在被检饲料原料中,棉粕/棉籽、麸皮、青贮饲料ZEA检出率为100%,但均没有超过我国限量标准。其中,玉米和DDGS中ZEA含量最高,阳性平均值分别为477.14μg/kg和417.67μg/kg,超标率分别为23.21%和13.33%;在被检配合饲料中,大猪料污染较为严重,阳性平均值为510.42μg/kg,为中度污染。乳猪料和其他配合饲料ZEA含量较低,但检出率高达100%。由于试验过程中存在不可避免的误差,此次试验结果仅代表我国部分地区ZEA污染情况,不具有全国代表性。     

新疆部分地区规模化鸡场饲料中霉菌毒素污染状况检测与分析

为了解新疆部分地区规模化鸡场饲料中霉菌毒素污染情况,从新疆部分地区规模化鸡场采集豆粕(78份)、玉米(72份)、麦麸(60份)及全价配合饲料样品(80份)共计290份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测290份饲料样品中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)和T-2毒素(T-2)含量。结果表明,豆粕、玉米、麦麸及全价配合饲料样品中4种霉菌毒素检出率在52.7%～100.0%之间,豆粕中AFB1和ZEN超标率分别为9.2%和6.2%,玉米中AFB1和ZEN超标率分别为16.2%和8.4%,全价配合饲料中AFB1和T-2超标率分别为19.8%和12.6%。说明该地区规模化鸡场中豆粕、玉米、麦麸及全价配合饲料存在AFB1、ZEN及T-2等3种霉菌毒素污染,应引起重视。     

2016年山东省饲料中黄曲霉毒素B_1污染状况调查

为了解山东省饲料黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)污染状况,保证饲料质量安全,采集于山东省各地规模化动物养殖场、各大饲料厂及养殖户1 037份样品,利用直接竞争酶联免疫吸附法测定黄曲霉毒素B_1的含量。结果表明,山东省饲料原料AFB_1超标率如下:玉米27.71%、花生饼粕23.27%、DDGS6.90%、玉米胚芽粕4.92%,其他原料均不超标。配合饲料除了奶牛精料补充料不超标外,家禽配合饲料超标率在13.04%~28.57%,需重点关注。     

浅析母猪产活仔数少的原因及注意事项

在养猪生产中,母猪产仔数少尤其是产活仔数少已经成为困扰养猪户的一个主要难题,由此造成了猪场的繁殖水平下降,猪群补充壮大困难,直接影响了养殖户的经济效益.现就这一问题分析其中原因,并提出解决办法.1饲料原因母猪的饲料配方不全价,导致母猪料营养不全.喂给发霉变质的饲料,原料中玉米的黄曲霉超标,豆粕的尿素酶偏高,麸皮的质量不好,钙、磷无法吸收,氟含量超标,均影响母猪的产仔数及产活仔数.     

2016年中国饲料和原料中霉菌毒素污染调查报告

本研究采用免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法测定了国内各省(市区)域的玉米、 玉米副产物、 小麦及麸皮、 粕类和全价饲料等1304个饲料及饲料原料样品中黄曲霉毒素(AFB1)、 玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)和呕吐毒素(DON)的含量,以了解中国饲料和原料中霉菌毒素污染情况.结果表明:玉米、 玉米副产物、 小麦及麸皮、 粕类和全价料中AFB1检出率分别为92.14%、91.48%、66.23%、97.53%和83.06%,超标率分别为31.94%、25.00%、7.79%、81.48%和11.29%;ZEN的检出率分别为79.93%、95.45%、76.62%、72.84%和88.98%,超标率分别达到4.35%、58.52%、10.39%、18.52%和7.26%;DON的检出率分别为96.49%、96.59%、100.00%、74.07%和90.32%,超标率分别达到51.17%、82.39%、83.12%、3.70%和42.20%.其中玉米副产物和小麦及麸皮是霉菌毒素污染最为严重的饲料原料,是霉菌毒素风险控制的主要关注对象.     

Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China

Background

The current study was carried out to provide a reference for the control of mycotoxin contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds for swine.

Methods

A total of 55 feed ingredients, including 14 corn, 13 wheat bran, 11 soybean meal and 17 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as 76 complete swine feeds including 7 creep feeds, 14 starter feeds, 14 grower feeds, 18 grower-finisher feeds, 10 gestating sow feeds, and 13 lactating sow feeds were randomly collected from 15 swine farms located in the Beijing region of China from July to August 2011. Immunoaffinity clean-up, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in combination with UV or Fluorescence Detection, was used for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the ingredients and complete feeds.

Results

DON and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins found. DON was detected at percentages of 93, 92, 54, 100 and 97% with a mean level of 1.01, 0.44, 0.05, 1.36 and 0.65 ppm in the samples of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, DDGS and complete feeds, respectively. The detected percentages of ZEA were 100, 100, 54, 100 and 100 with mean levels of 109.1, 14.9, 9.2, 882.7 and 58.9 ppb in the same samples. In the wheat bran and soybean meal samples, the content of all four mycotoxins were below the maximum limits set by Chinese regulations while the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 7, 57 and 7% for corn, and 7, 14 and 3% for the complete feeds for AFB₁, DON and OTA respectively. DDGS showed the most serious mycotoxin contamination and the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 6, 88 and 41%, for AFB₁, DON and ZEA, respectively.

Conclusions

This paper is the first to present data on the natural occurrence of AFB₁, DON, ZEA and OTA in ingredients and complete feeds obtained from swine farms in China’s Beijing region. The data shows that feed ingredients and complete swine feeds obtained from these farms are most often contaminated with DON followed by contamination with AFB₁ and ZEA.     

Aflatoxin B_1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China

Background: The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1),zearalenone(ZEN) and deoxynivalenol(DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods: A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble(DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed(powder), 90 pig complete feed(pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results: The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion: The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.     

2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中重金属污染情况调查及风险评估

本试验旨在调查2015年山东省肉鸡饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的污染情况,评估饲料原料的污染风险。试验收集烟台市莱阳、威海市文登、青岛市莱西、潍坊市诸城、日照市莒县、临沂市沂水、德州市夏津等地不同饲料生产厂家使用的8种饲料原料,包括玉米、豆粕、麸皮、花生粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)和微量元素预混料,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法( ICP-AES)检测镉、铅和铬元素的含量,应用原子荧光光谱法( AFS)检测砷和汞元素的含量,计算检出率、平均含量、超标率、最高含量与平均含量比值( HC/AC)和离散系数。结果表明：饲料原料中砷、铅、镉、铬和汞元素的检出率分别为32.29%、7.29%、12.50%、100.00%和100.00%;阳性样品中平均含量分别为0.21、1.27、2.12、3.48和0.02 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.00、1.04%、1.19%、54.76%和9.52%;微量元素预混料中砷、铅和镉元素,棉籽粕中铬元素及花生粕中汞元素的HC/AC最大,微量元素预混料中镉元素、花生粕中汞元素、豆粕中砷元素及棉籽粕中铅和铬元素离散系数最大。综上所述,肉鸡饲料原料中铬和汞元素污染严重;微量元素预混料中砷、镉、铬和铅元素、棉籽粕中铬和铅元素、花生粕和豆粕中汞元素易出现严重污染,因此建议制定预混料和饼粕类饲料中多种重金属元素的限量标准。     

Mycobiota and mycotoxins contamination in raw materials and finished feed intended for fattening pigs production in eastern Argentina

The aim of the present study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as zearalenone, fumonisin B₁, aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A present in raw materials and finished fattening pig feed. Samples were examined for total fungi and genera distribution. Zearalenone, FB₁, AFB₁ and OTA contamination were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Milled maize and finished feed samples showed fungal contamination over than 1 × 10⁴ CFU/g. All samples contained at least one of the main mycotoxigenic genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. A. flavus and F. verticillioides were the most prevalent species. Only some Aspergillus section Nigri strains from suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce OTA. A. flavus strains from milled maize, wheat bran, suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce AFB₁. All samples were positive for FB₁. Sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples showed ZEA natural contamination. AFB₁ and OTA contamination were not detected. There was a 100% correlation between FB₁ and ZEA contamination in sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples; 50% piglet samples and 67% suckling pig samples showed ZEA levels over the recommended limits. The present study has shown the occurrence of two mycotoxins, FB₁ and ZEA in feed intended for fattening pig consumption. In animal production, the simultaneous presence of toxicogenic fungi and low dietary levels of mycotoxins in field conditions can cause possible health impacts and lost performance in pigs from feeding spoiled feeds.     

四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属分布研究

本试验旨在了解四川省常用能量饲料和蛋白质饲料中重金属的分布,为饲料和畜产品安全生产提供科学依据。采集四川省内常用的68份能量饲料[包括玉米、小麦、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、喷浆玉米皮、麦麸、米糠]和61份蛋白质饲料(包括玉米蛋白粉、玉米胚芽粕、豆粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕),利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb)含量进行了测定。结果表明:1)玉米中的Cu、Cr和Pb超标率分别为5.00%、20.00%和5.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.00、1.41和1.06 mg/kg;小麦中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为50.00%、30.00%、50.00%、20.00%和30.00%,超标样品平均值分别为12.96、54.67、4.92、0.53和0.72 mg/kg。2)麦麸中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为100.00%、54.55%、81.82%、9.09%,45.45%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为16.01、62.00、13.96、0.82、0.42和1.99 mg/kg;米糠中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为83.33%、16.67%、83.33%、83.33%、16.67%、66.67%和100.00%,超标样品平均值分别为11.48、64.00、5.37、1.05、0.32、0.23和19.57 mg/kg。3)玉米胚芽粕中的Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Se和Pb超标率分别为25.00%、37.50%、75.00%、12.50%、25.00%和50.00%,超标样品平均值分别为13.50、64.00、6.10、1.82、0.46和1.66 mg/kg;玉米蛋白粉中的Cu、Cr和Se超标率分别为11.11%、55.56%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为11.40、1.56和0.94 mg/kg;喷浆玉米皮中的Zn、Cr和Pb超标率分别为44.44%、77.78%和55.56%,超标样品平均值分别为57.50、6.13和1.65 mg/kg;DDGS中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为33.33%、58.33%、66.67%、8.33%、8.33%和66.67%,超标样品平均值分别为11.75、62.57、5.57、0.30、0.62和4.47 mg/kg。4)豆粕中的Cr和Se超标率分别为15.00%和25.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.90和1.63 mg/kg;棉籽粕中的Cr、Se和Pb超标率分别为40.00%、30.00%和15.00%,超标样品平均值分别为3.43、1.18和3.14 mg/kg;菜籽粕中的Cr、As、Se、Cd和Pb超标率分别为81.82%、18.18%、45.45%、9.09%和72.73%,超标样品平均值分别为7.48、2.22、0.36、0.24和4.91 mg/kg。综合考虑,粮食加工副产物和菜籽粕中的重金属污染较严重,其中Cr和Pb的含量在部分饲料原料中严重超标,具有潜在的危险,应引起重视。     

Occurrence of mycotoxins in Polish animal feed in years 2006-2009

We performed a 4‐year survey (2006–2009, 1255 samples) of fungal secondary metabolites in feed material (cereal and corn grains) and feedstuffs (silages, mixed feeds). Five major mycotoxin groups were studied, including aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes [deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T‐2 toxin, HT‐2 toxin], zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins (FUM). The metabolites were identified using HPLC methods with fluorescent, UV and MS/MS detection. Both immunoaffinity and SPE columns were used for sample preparation. In eleven samples, the concentration of several mycotoxins exceeded the recommended guidelines for feedstuffs. DON was detected at the highest concentration in the majority of analysed samples (cereal grains, silages and mixed feeds, maximum values ranged from 409 to 14 470 ng/g). Corn grains also contained other Fusarium toxins (FUM) at maximum levels ranging from 435 to 9409 ng/g. The highest average_positive concentration of the other trichothecenes (NIV, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins) was <5.0–139 ng/g. ZEA was found at the highest concentration in corn grains and silages (maximum values ranging from 292 to 603 ng/g and 116 to 1150 ng/g, respectively). The highest average_positive concentration and the maximum level of OTA were detected in cereal grains (33.0 ng/g in 2009 and 760 ng/g in 2007, respectively). Less than 7% of the 557 samples were contaminated with AF at low levels (maximum of 0.61 ng/g). Our results support the need for further monitoring of mycotoxins in Polish feedstuffs and their components.     

Screening of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in feedstuffs and complete feeds for pigs in Southern Vietnam

A survey ofaflatoxins and zearalenone (ZEA) in 120 samples, including cassava chip (12), maize (12), rice bran (24), broken rice (24), and complete feeds for growing pigs (24) and sows (24) was carried out in southern Vietnam. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) were determined by an HPLC method using an immunoaffinity column for clean-up. Zearalenone was analysed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) AgraQuant. High incidences of aflatoxins and ZEA in feedstuffs and pig feeds (83.3%-100%) were detected. Aflatoxins and ZEA were detected in all commodities analyzed. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 100, 92, 92, 83, 100 and 96%, respectively, of samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with mean concentrations of 0.86, 77.5, 1.3, 1.6, 4.7 and 7.5 microg/kg, respectively. AFB2 and AFG1 were found in low concentrations and co-occurred with AFB1 in all samples where they were found. ZEA was detected in 8%, 33%, 36%, 21%, 67% and 67%, respectively, of the samples of cassava chip, maize, rice bran, broken rice, and complete feeds for growing pigs and sows, with average concentrations of 10.0, 163.5, 83.1, 31.4, 86.0 and 101.4 microg/kg, respectively. The high incidence of mycotoxins found in feedstuffs highlights the need for periodic monitoring and prevention ofmycotoxins, not only in feeds, but also in food for human consumption.     

康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系预测小肠可消化粗蛋白质含量

本试验旨在建立奶牛饲料的康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system,CNCPS)预测小肠可消化粗蛋白质(uCP)含量的数学模型.采用CNCPS体系对13种饲料蛋白质组分进行划分,采用移动尼龙袋法测定13种饲料小肠uCP含量,试验动物为3头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因素试验设计.结果表明:1)豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、葵花籽粕、芝麻粕、玉米胚芽粕、米糠、米糠饼、米糠粕、大麦、麦麸、玉米和玉米麸质饲料的uCP含量分别为390.32、321.90、297.21、230.50、388.62、177.49、85.53、116.78、134.74、80.47、128.26、70.28和66.65g/kg.2)所有试验饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=-4.11+6.48PA+7.73PB1+5.72PB2+8.26PB3+5.11PC(R2=0.9972,P＜0.01);蛋白质饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=12.79+5.47PA+7.04PB1+9.74PB2+8.14PB3(R2=0.9987,P＜0.01);能量饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=14.80+8.55PA+6.27PB2+17.64PB3(R2=0.9874,P＜0.01).3)蛋白质饲料、能量饲料及所有试验饲料的实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的相关系数均高于0.95,蛋白质饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的相关系数高于能量饲料.结果提示,利用CNCPS体系划分的各蛋白质组分含量预测饲料uCP含量是可行的,且预测蛋白质饲料的uCP含量比预测能量饲料的uCP含量更准确.     

集约化养猪场哺乳仔猪腹泻的原因及其控制

通过对集约化养猪场仔猪腹泻原因，症状表现的分析，提出规模化养殖场在仔猪培育方面应注意避免仔猪的环境应激，病源菌的感染和母猪料的不合理更换，从而提出防止哺乳母猪患病，仔猪饮水不足和仔猪料配制使用不合理等问题，强调加强母猪饲养，提高仔猪抗病力，合理使用乳猪料是防止仔猪腹泻的关键，并提出了治疗仔猪腹泻的措施。