超高效液相色谱法测定紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量

为了快速测定紫锥菊根末中主成分单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量建立了超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）。采用ACQUITY UPLCTM C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,柱温：35℃;以乙腈-0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速：0.35 mL/min;进样量：1 μL;检测波长为330 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸进行定性定量检测。单咖啡酰酒石酸在0.5~25 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为0.5 μg/mL,方法定量限为1 μg/mL; 菊苣酸在1~50 μg/mL的范围内线性良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为1 μg/mL,方法定量限为2 μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中头孢噻呋含量

建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法(UPLC-PDA)测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对头孢噻呋进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)C8色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为292 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对头孢噻呋进行定性、定量检测。头孢噻呋在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.9998);方法检测限为2μg/mL、定量限为4μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋含量的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定加米霉素原药含量的研究

为建立测定加米霉素含量的高效液相色谱法,试验应用资生堂CAPCELL PAK C18 MGⅡ(250×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,色谱乙腈溶解样品,色谱条件以磷酸盐缓冲液(取0.01mol/L磷酸氢二钾溶液,用20%磷酸溶液调节pH值至8.0)-乙腈(20:80)为流动相,检测波长为210nm;流速为1.0mL/min;柱温为40℃。结果:加米霉素的线性范围为1.714μg/mL～450μg/mL,四批样品中加米霉素的含量分别是99.14%、99.20%、99.33%、99.41%。结论:该检测方法准确、简单、灵敏度高、分离效果好,适用于加米霉素原料的检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定甘草浸膏中主成分甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对甘草苷和甘草酸进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC^TM T 3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%冰乙酸+5 mmol/L醋酸铵)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为232 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对甘草苷和甘草酸进行定性定量检测。甘草苷在1~20μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为0.5μg/mL,定量限为1μg/mL;甘草酸在10~200μg/mL范围内线性良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为5μg/mL,定量限为10μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的定性定量检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定原料乳中苯并咪唑类药物

建立了超高效液相色谱—串联四级杆质谱法测定原料奶中苯并咪唑类药物残留量的检测方法。原料奶经乙酸乙酯提取,MCX固相萃取柱净化,用UPLC-MS/MS进行检测。色谱条件为：色谱柱为ACQUITYUPLCTMBEHC18柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm）;流动相为：乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min。采用ESI正离子模式,多反应监测（MRM）模式检测,外标法定量。本方法检测测苯并咪唑类药物残留的检测限为0.5μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛肌肉组织中加米霉素残留

建立一种测定牛肌肉组织中加米霉素残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法。均质后的样品经0.1 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液提取,正己烷脱脂,HLB固相萃取柱净化,反相C 18色谱柱分离,采用多反应监测正离子模式测定。结果显示,该方法检测限为0.5μg/kg,定量限为2μg/kg;在2-400μg/kg范围内线性良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;平均回收率范围为91.6%-118.7%,批内变异系数在2.06%-11.06%之间（n=6）,批间变异系数在3.86%-7.98%之间（n=18）。该方法灵敏、准确、重复性好,适用于牛肌肉组织中加米霉素残留量的测定。     

超高效液相色谱法测定原料药中泰地罗新的含量

本实验建立超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）测定泰地罗新原料药中泰地罗新及其异构体的含量。采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm，1.7 μm)，流动相为0.05 mol/L磷酸氢二钾缓冲液（磷酸调pH值至8.2）-乙腈（45：55），检测波长289 nm，流速 0.5 mL/min，柱温:40 ℃，进样量:1 μL。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对泰地罗新进行定性、定量检测。泰地罗新在0.2-2.4mg/mL 的范围内呈良好的线性关系（R2=0.9992）；方法检测限为0.2 mg/mL，定量限为0.6 mg/mL；精密度、重复性、稳定性完全满足检测需求。说明该方法快速、准确、分离度好，可快速检测泰地罗新原料药中泰地罗新及其异构体的含量。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测动物源食品中氯霉素类药物及其代谢物残留

建立了动物源食品中氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.样品在碱性条件下用乙酸乙酯提取后,再用正己烷去除脂肪,浓缩后用BEH C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱分离,以乙腈和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测.结果表明:四种药物在2～500 μg/L的系列浓度范围内均呈良好线性关系,相关系数r均大于0.990.样品中氯霉素的检测限为0.1 μg/kg,定量限为0.2 μg/kg;甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的检测限为0.5 μg/kg,定量限为1 μg/kg.本方法氯霉素在0.2～1 μg/kg的添加浓度范围内,甲砜霉素、氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺在1～50 μg/kg的添加浓度范围内平均回收率均为70%～120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于20%.该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确等特点.     

离子对HPLC法测定猪饲料中3-吡啶甲醇含量

建立了猪饲料中3-吡啶甲醇含量测定方法.取氨基柱作为色谱柱,以磷酸二氢钾（0.025 mol/L）：乙腈：庚烷磺酸钠（0.25 mol/L）=25： 75： 0.4（V/V,pH4.50）为流动相,检测波长260 nm,流速为0.5 mL/min.饲料中3-吡啶甲醇的检测限为0.032 μg/g,定量限为0.12 μg/g.回归曲线方程为A=24.75C＋0.43,r＝0.999 3.平均回收率为80%～85%.     

HPLC法测定二氧化氯乳头消毒剂中乳酸的含量

建立HPLC法测定二氧化氯乳头消毒剂中乳酸的含量并研究此方法的耐用性。采用HPLC法,色谱柱为资生堂Capcell Pak C18 MG（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%磷酸水溶液-乙腈（97.5:2.5,V/V）,检测波长为215 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为35℃,进样量为20 μL。结果表明：乳酸在200～1 000 μg/mL内线性关系良好（R2=0.9999）,检测限为5 μg/mL,定量限为13 μg/mL,精密度试验峰面积RSD均符合标准,平均回收率为98.50%,供试品工作液在24 h内稳定。耐用性试验结果显示,在测试范围内,检测波长、流速、柱温、流动相比例和色谱柱对样品中乳酸的含量测定均无影响,且分离度符合要求。结论：此方法操作简易,可靠性高,可以用作该乳头消毒剂中乳酸的质量控制。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.