杜仲叶提取物的生物学功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用研究进展

饲用抗生素替代品是当前畜牧业领域的重要研究内容。中草药提取物作为一种潜在的饲用抗生素替代品具有良好的开发应用价值。杜仲叶提取物含有绿原酸、杜仲多糖和黄酮化合物等多种活性功能成分，具有抗菌、抗氧化、调节免疫、调节糖脂和骨代谢等多种生物学功能。本文就杜仲叶提取物的活性成分和生物学功能及其在畜禽养殖中的应用进展进行综述，以期为杜仲叶提取物在畜禽养殖中的应用提供科学参考。     

替抗最应该关注的是什么?——呙于明教授来告诉你

<正>在2017饲料原料暨粮改饲论坛上,中国农业大学呙于明教授作了题为《主要饲用抗生素替代品及其作用机制》的报告。会上,呙教授从纯学术的角度系统介绍了饲用抗生素替代品的作用机制。1所谓禁抗就是怎么对付微生物抗生素的应用效果主要有两点:抗菌、保健,提高存活率;促生长、增产量、提高饲料转换效率。这些都是与我们经济效益密切相关的指标,作为饲料添加剂有非常重要的意义。试验研究表明,在无菌的饲养条件下,抗生素是无效的。因     

饲用抗菌药物的使用现状及面临的问题

报道了饲料用抗菌药物的使用现状,并对使用饲料用抗菌药物引起的微生态失衡、耐药性、抗生素残留、机体免疫力低下等负效应进行了调查,还提出了开发替代品解决饲用抗菌药物负效应问题的观点。     

饲用抗生素及其替代品研究进展

本文综述了饲用抗生素的起源、功效特点、作用机理,饲用抗生素的使用和目前存在的问题及饲用抗生素替代品的种类和发展方向。     

后抗生素时代,路漫漫其修远兮——洪平等大咖如是说

阳春三月,以"中国畜牧饲料科技未来20年"为主题的2016·北京论坛在北京顺利召开;和煦四月,首届中国饲用抗生素替代品应用技术创新论坛暨中国饲用抗生素替代品产业创新战略联盟成立仪式在宝来利来生物中心举行。减抗是畜牧业发展的必由之路,如何正确认识饲用抗生素替代品、正确引导养殖户健康养殖?绿色、环保的饲用抗生素替代品的未来发展之路将何去何从?特此,本刊记者采访了安佑集团董事长洪平先生、宝来利来生物产业集团董事长单宝龙先生、宝来利来董事·副总裁盛永杰先生、宝来利来研究院院长谷巍博士和白云牧港集团董事长王旭光先生,他们就行业角度、饲用抗生素替代品代表产品、中兽药与微生态结合等角度为大家详细解答……     

植物精油的生理作用及其有机酸复合使用效果的研究进展

寻找绿色安全的饲用抗生素替代品是近些年来动物营养领域研究的热点。目前,由于植物精油具有抗菌、抗炎、促进生长、无耐药性、无毒副作用、安全度高等优点,已成为极具潜力的饲用抗生素替代品,并已应用于生产。本文主要综述了植物精油的生理作用以及目前在养殖业使用广泛的几类植物精油的生理作用及应用效果,并且论述了植物精油和有机酸复合使用的效果,以期为开发高效安全、绿色的抗生素替代品提供理论依据,为植物精油在畜禽养殖中应用提供参考,从而推动我国畜禽无抗养殖的健康发展。     

抗菌肽在生猪养殖中的应用

抗生素的滥用造成细菌耐药性,引发全球关注。在禁止使用饲用抗生素的大背景下,探索抗生素有效替代品成为研究热点。基于此,本文论述了抗菌肽的抗菌活性和抗菌机制,以及对改善猪群生长性能、调节免疫功能、改善肠道健康方面的作用,为生猪养殖中替抗产品的开发、应用提供参考。     

植物提取物饲料添加剂(植生素或植物药物)

许多国家对饲用抗生素的使用限制促进了抗生素替代品的研究.一组被称为植物提取物的天然产品已成为近年来研究的研究重点.植物提取物也被称为植生素或植物药物,它们是植物源产品,用在饲料中以提高猪的生产性能.这些产品除了具有抗菌作用外,还具有抗氧化作用,可提高日粮的适口性、改善肠道功能,或促进生长.然而,验证其对猪潜在益处的研究还很有限.     

植物提取物在畜禽无抗饲料中的应用

饲粮中长期添加和滥用亚治疗剂量的抗生素,引起细菌耐药、菌群失调、药品残留、环境污染等安全问题。随着无抗饲料养殖时代的到来,寻找饲用抗生素替代品成为研究热点。植物提取物是用物理、化学、生物学等方法从天然植物原料中分离提取具有生物活性的一类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗菌消炎,改善消化生理、促生长,增强免疫,调节肠道微生物,改善肉品质等优点,是一种安全、绿色、无耐药、低残留"替抗"产品。本文综述了植物提取物在畜禽无抗养殖中的应用研究进展,为绿色、安全饲用的抗生素替代品的研发及应用提供科学参考和理论依据。     

益生素在家兔生产中的应用

开发研制和应用优质高效无污染的绿色环保型饲料添加剂，以逐步替代饲用抗生素，达到减少甚至消除药物残留及抗药性等目的是当务之急。益生素是在多种有益菌中添加多种营养物质及促生长因子精制而成的一种高科技生物制品，是一种理想的无毒、无污染、无残留、高效广谱、抗菌促生长、具有很高生物活性的绿色添加剂。是饲用抗生素的理想替代品。     

Effects of adding a commercial capsaicin fertilizer on the feeding behavior of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

We investigated the inhibitory effect of capsaicin fertilizer on feeding in deer. We tested four captive adult female deer. In Experiment 1, in addition to the treatment (intact) containing only a solid feed (HC), we mixed the fertilizer not containing capsaicin (F) or the capsaicin fertilizer (CF) in the solid feed. In addition, the solid feed was put on a wire net that capsaicin fertilizer was placed 5 cm below (SCF). We investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 2, we changed the amount of substance (fertilizer and capsaicin fertilizer) mixed in the HC. We mixed different amounts (0, 50, 100, and 200 g) of the treatments other than the intact with HC and presented them to the deer, and investigated their feeding behavior response. In Experiment 1, intake in the F and CF decreased (p < .05). In Experiment 2, HC intake was significantly lower in the 100 and 200 g CF (p < .05). However, HC intake relatively increased by the last day in the CF 200 g too. The capsaicin fertilizer decreased the feeding behavior of deer by directly touching the mucous membranes of the deer nose and lips. However, the effects were decreased over time.     

The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds

Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance. In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, would favorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations.     

The human health implication of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal feeds

Summary

Antimicrobials given in subtherapeutic levels in feed are credited with having contributed to lower cost of meat, milk and eggs. The practice often is associated with the acquisition of resistant enteric flora by the involved animals, and this may in turn contribute to the human reservoir of antimicrobial resistant coliforms and salmonellae. Associated farm workers may transiently acquire resistant flora and on rare occasions develop salmonellosis. Although irrefutable evidence of growth promotant properties of antibiotics in animal feed was provided 30 to 40 years ago, additional studies on mechanisms of the effect are presently needed. It may be possible to identify factors effective in promoting growth without deleterious effects on flora. A national surveillance programme of antimicrobial utilisation (both subtherapeutic and therapeutic) among food producing animals should be established. Molecular epidemiologic research efforts will need to be undertaken to establish whether genetic information of animal origin importantly contributes to the human environmental pool of antimicrobial resistance. In the meantime, it does not appear that the use of drugs as feed additives, while allowing their unrestricted use for therapy in both animals and persons, wouldfavorably influence the problems of antimicrobial resistance of salmonellosis in human populations.     

Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review

Due to ban on using antibiotics in feed industry, awareness of using natural feed additives have led to a great demand. The interest of plants phenolic compounds as a potential natural antioxidant source has been considered in research community due to their predictable potential role as feed additives in poultry and swine production.However, the mode of action for their functional role and dosage recommendation in animal diets are still remain indistinct. Taking into account, the present review study highlights an outline about the mode of action of phenolic compound and their experimental uses in poultry and swine focusing on the growth performance, antioxidant function, immune function, antimicrobial role and overall health status, justified with the past findings till to date.Finally, the present review study concluded that supplementation of phenolic compounds as natural feed additives may have a role on the antioxidant, immunity, antimicrobial and overall production performance in poultry and swine.     

Use of spray-cooling technology for development of microencapsulated capsicum oleoresin for the growing pig as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics: a study of release using in vitro models

The aim of this study was to develop sustained release microspheres of capsicum oleoresin as an alternative to in-feed additives. Two spray-cooling technologies, a fluidized air bed using a spray nozzle system and a vibrating nozzle system placed on top of a cooling tower, were used to microencapsulate 20% of capsicum oleoresin in a hydrogenated, rapeseed oil matrix. Microencapsulation was intended to reduce the irritating effect of capsicum oleoresin and to control its release kinetics during consumption by the animal. Particles produced by the fluidized air bed process (batch F1) ranged from 180 to 1,000 microm in size. The impact of particle size on release of capsaicin, the main active compound of capsicum oleoresin, was studied after sieving batch F1 to obtain 4 formulations: F1a (180 to 250 microm), F1b (250 to 500 microm), F1c (500 to 710 microm), and F1d (710 to 1,000 microm). The vibrating nozzle system can produce a monodispersive particle size distribution. In this study, particles of 500 to 710 microm were made (batch F2). The release kinetics of the formulations was estimated in a flow-through cell dissolution apparatus (CFC). The time to achieve a 90% dissolution value (T90%) of capsaicin for subbatches of F1 increased with the increase in particle size (P < 0.05), with the greatest value of 165.5 +/- 13.2 min for F1d. The kinetics of dissolution of F2 was slower than all F1 subbatches, with a T90% of 422.7 +/- 30.0 min. Nevertheless, because CFC systems are ill suited for experiments with solid feed and thus limit their predictive values, follow-up studies were performed on F1c and F2 using an in vitro dynamic model that simulated more closely the digestive environment. For both formulations a lower quantity of capsaicin dialyzed was recorded under fed condition vs. fasting condition with 46.9% +/- 1.0 vs. 74.7% +/- 2.7 for F1c and 32.4% +/- 1.4 vs. 44.2% +/- 2.6 for F2, respectively. This suggests a possible interaction between capsaicin and the feed matrix. Moreover, 40.4 +/- 3.9% of the total capsaicin intake in F2 form was dialyzed after 8 h of digestion when feed had been granulated vs. 32.4 +/- 1.4% when feed had not been granulated, which suggests that the feed granulation process could lead to a partial degradation of the microspheres and to a limitation of the sustained release effect. This study demonstrates the potential and the limitations of spray-cooling technology to encapsulate feed additives.     

几种多肽类抗生素添加剂在饲料中的应用研究

杆菌肽、维吉尼亚霉素等四种多肽类抗生素因具有促进畜禽生长、在畜禽体内残留量较小、不易产生耐药性等特点,被批准为可以在饲料中长时间添加使用的饲料药物添加剂。本文就多肽类抗生素在畜禽生产中的应用研究在《饲料药物添加剂使用规范》中的用法用量作一综述,为正确合理使用该类药物,保障畜产品质量提供参考。     

非抗生素饲料添加剂对家禽生产性能的影响

家禽业正在努力寻求减少对抗生素促生长剂和抗菌剂依赖的方法,以避免耐药菌的产生和药物残留等问题。这就促使一些天然物质,如益生菌、益生元、共生菌、有机酸、饲料酶和植物源性提取物等的开发为家禽饲料添加剂的相关研究逐渐成为热点。就上述抗生素替代物作为饲料添加剂应用于家禽养殖时的有益作用、作用机制及注意事项等进行详细阐述,以期为家禽生产实践奠定理论基础。     

辣椒秸秆辣椒素和营养成分含量测定

测定分析了超越馨香和福椒六号辣椒品种秸秆不同采收时间(初期、中期和末期)、部位(叶片、侧枝和主秆)辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和营养成分含量。结果显示:辣椒品种对秸秆辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),超越馨香秸秆辣椒素和中期采收的秸秆二氢辣椒素含量显著高于福椒六号,但末期采收的秸秆二氢辣椒素含量显著低于福椒六号(P<0.05);秸秆辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量明显低于果实,超越馨香秸秆辣椒素和二氢辣椒素平均含量约为果实的11.2%和10.7%,福椒六号约为8.0%和12.0%;全株辣椒秸秆粗蛋白14.79%~16.72%,粗灰分11.20%~11.48%,粗纤维28.55%~33.82%,与苜蓿对应成分含量接近。由此可见,辣椒秸秆含有一定量的辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和营养成分,其含量与品种、采收时间和部位有关,可以作为草食动物的粗饲料来源或提取辣椒素的原料。     

饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对南美白对虾免疫功能、抗病力的影响

本研究以南美白对虾为研究对象,探究饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的合适添加量。在饲料中依次添加不同浓度水平（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%）的天蚕素抗菌肽,配制为6种配合饲料,用以投喂南美白对虾,饲养周期8周。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲料中添加天蚕抗菌肽对南美白对虾增重率、蛋白质沉积率和特定生长率有显著影响（P＜0.05）,高水平天蚕素抗菌肽会抑制南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,南美白对虾的饵料系数显著下降,但对南美白对虾存活率和摄食率无显著影响（P＞0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平不断增加,3%组南美白对虾的ACP、POD和SOD含量达到最大水平,与对照组有明显差异（P＜0.05）|随着饲料中天蚕素抗菌肽的添加水平的不断上升,3%组南美白对虾的淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶含量最高,与对照组存在明显差异（P＜0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽显著提高南美白对虾的增重率和特定生长率,提高南美白对虾的生长发育速度,从而增强机体免疫力,提高南美白对虾的抗病能力。 [关键词]天蚕抗菌肽|南美白对虾|抗病力|免疫功能     

抗菌肽饲料添加剂对小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

对试验小鼠饲喂1‰和3‰抗菌肽饲料添加剂,鸡红细胞吞噬试验检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,研究抗菌肽饲料添加剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果表明,抗菌肽饲料添加剂可以显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数,增强小鼠非特异性免疫功能.