GnRH主动免疫在公畜繁殖中的研究进展

本文对GnRH的结构和生物学功能、GnRH主动免疫抗原的构建、佐剂的选取、GnRH主动免疫的作用机理、在家畜生殖调控中的应用以及对GnRH主动免疫在公畜繁殖中的前景进行了综述,以期为进一步研究GnRH主动免疫在公畜繁殖中的作用提供科学的理论依据。     

促性腺激素释放激素及其类似物在动物繁殖上的应用

本文就GnRH的化学特性、生理功能、作用特点、作用机理、国内外应用GnRH及其类似物提高动物繁殖率的情况及应用时需注意的事项等进行综述。     

羊促性腺激素释放激素主动免疫去势的研究进展

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是由下丘脑神经内分泌小细胞产生的十肽激素,主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG)参与调控动物的生殖活动,也可直接作用于性腺或其他器官发挥重要功能。GnRH免疫去势作为当前一种动物友好的去势方法在生产中应用和推广。本文综述了GnRH的分子结构和生物学功能、GnRH主动免疫的应用、GnRH免疫在改善公羊生产性能和繁殖性能上的研究进展,为进一步研究GnRH主动免疫在公羊繁殖中的作用提供一定理论支撑,以提高羊养殖业的经济效益和社会效益。     

GnRH免疫对家畜生殖调控的研究进展

GnRH免疫去势技术是近十多年来兴起的一项简单易行、效果良好的动物繁殖调控技术,现已在多种动物去势及避孕方面取得了较大发展。论文较为全面的介绍了GnRH的结构及生物学功能、GnRH免疫的作用机制及其在动物生殖调控中的应用,并对GnRH免疫的前景进行了展望,以期为进一步研究GnRH免疫提供了一定的理论指导。     

GnRH免疫及其在畜牧业上的应用

激素免疫技术是近年兴起的一项新技术。本文较全面的综述了GnRH免疫的作用机理及其对动物生殖系统的影响，以及GnRH免疫在畜牧生产中的应用，为进一步研究GnRH免疫提供一定的参考价值。     

GnRH的生物学作用及其类似物在马属动物中的应用研究进展

繁殖率低是制约马属动物产业发展的瓶颈,繁殖调控技术不完善也是导致该产业发展缓慢的主要因素。促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH）是下丘脑分泌产生的神经激素,在下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴通路中起关键作用。GnRH可以有效促进马属动物卵泡发育及排卵。GnRH是具有十肽结构的化合物,通过改变十肽结构中不同位置的氨基酸合成不同的GnRH类似物。GnRH及其类似物可通过刺激卵泡刺激素（follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH）和黄体生成素（luteinizing hormone,LH）的分泌、抑制雌激素受体的合成影响动物繁殖性能。GnRH及其类似物已被证明可提高马属动物的繁殖性能。对GnRH和促性腺激素释放激素受体（gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor,GnRHR）的结构特点、生物学功能以及GnRH类似物在马属动物繁殖方面的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为探究GnRH生物学作用的分子机制以及GnRH类似物在马属动物繁殖调控中的科学应用提供参考。     

GnRH及其类似物在动物繁殖中的应用概述

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)是由下丘脑神经内分泌小细胞分泌的能促进腺垂体分泌促黄体素(LH)和促卵泡素(FSH)的生殖激素,其类似物较多,在动物繁殖生产实际中也有着广泛的应用。本文阐述了促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的化学特性、生理功能及作用特点,同时着重对近年来国内外关于GnRH及其类似物在猪、牛及羊繁殖上的应用研究进行了综述,为更好地应用这一激素提供参考。     

GnRH主动免疫对动物生殖的研究进展

GnRH主动免疫是近年来新兴起的一项生育调控技术,且得到了很大的发展。本文全面综述了GnRH的结构与生殖功能,GnRH免疫动物的机理、对动物生殖系统的影响、在动物生殖上的应用以及前景,为进一步研究GnRH主动免疫提供科学的理论依据。     

促性腺激素释放激素及其类似物在母猪繁殖中应用的研究进展

促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH))是下丘脑分泌的生殖激素,主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴参与调控动物的生殖活动,也可直接作用于性腺或其他器官发挥重要功能。哺乳动物的GnRH具有相同的十肽结构,通过改变十肽结构中第六、九、十位氨基酸可合成不同的GnRH类似物。GnRH及其类似物可通过刺激促黄体素(LH)分泌、抑制雌激素受体二聚化及调节胚胎附植期相关蛋白质的合成来影响动物的繁殖性能。GnRH及其类似物已被证明可提高猪的繁殖力。在母猪生产中,GnRH类似物的应用仍存在受胎次影响、促进排卵但不能增加产仔数等问题。文章主要从GnRH的来源与功能、GnRH及其类似物的结构、GnRH受体(GnRHR)的结构与功能、GnRH及其类似物对母猪繁殖性能的影响,以及存在的问题与展望五方面介绍了GnRH及其类似物在母猪繁殖中的应用研究进展。     

GnRH免疫对公、母猪生产的影响

综述了GnRH免疫对猪生产的影响及其作用机理，以及影响GnRH免疫的因素，对进一步研究GnRH免疫具有重要参考价值。     

免疫活性因子增强鸡红细胞免疫应答的研究

将试验用鸡随机分成A、B、C、D四个组,A、B为试验组,C、D对照组。A组每只鸡注射0.05ml免疫活性因子溶液,B组每只鸡口服0.05ml免疫活性因子溶液,C组口服0.05ml生理盐水,D空白对照,于处理后7d、14d时采用红细胞免疫指标检测方法,并求其平均值。试验结果表明,14日龄和21日龄时A组的红细胞-C3b受体花环率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而红细胞-IC受体花环率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。B组与对照组的红细胞-C3b受体花环率与红细胞-IC受体花环率差异显著(P<0.05)。2个试验组之间红细胞-C3b受体花环率、红细胞-IC受体花环率差异不显著。结果表明,口服与注射免疫活性因子均具有红细胞免疫增强作用,两种使用方法效果差异不显著。     

获得最大酵母多糖提取率的破壁方法研究

试验旨在选择获得最大酵母多糖提取率的酵母菌破壁方法。以酵母多糖提取率与细胞破壁率为综合评定指标,首先对超声波破碎、超声波清洗、反复冻融、蛋白酶处理4种方法进行条件优化,选择最适破壁条件;然后将此4种单一的破壁方法与超声波破碎和蛋白酶处理协同方法相比较,确定获得最大多糖提取率的破壁方法。结果表明,当超声波清洗时间达到40 min、超声波破碎时间达到50 min时,酵母多糖提取率达到最大值;当菌泥加水量和冻融次数分别为15%与3次时,多糖提取率最大;当蛋白酶用量300 IU/g、酶解时间15 h、pH 5.0、处理温度40℃时,蛋白酶处理的多糖提取率最高。4种破壁方法中蛋白酶处理的效果最佳,对应的多糖提取率为149.81 mg/g,破壁率为53.49%。协同破壁处理的提取效果要优于单一的破壁方法,但考虑到协同作用对多糖结构的完整性构成威胁,将蛋白酶处理确定为最佳的酵母菌破壁方法。     

The Study of Cell Wall Breaking Methods to Obtain Maximum Extraction Rate of Yeast Polysaccharides

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal method of the yeast cell wall breaking which could obtain the maximum extraction rate of yeast polysaccharide. The extraction rate of yeast polysaccharide and the cell wall broken rate were used as the evaluating indexes. The conditions of ultrasonic disruption, repeated freezing and thawing, ultrasonic cleaning and protease treatment were optimized to select the appropriate parameters in cell wall breaking. The effects of these 4 methods and the synergistic action of ultrasonic disruption and protease treatment were compared. The results showed that when the ultrasonic cleaning time was 40 min and ultrasonic disruption time was 50 min, the water content of slurry was 15% and the times of freezing and thawing was 3, and the protease treatment was carried out at 40℃ for 15 h with enzyme concentration 300 IU/g and pH 5.0, respectively, the extraction rates of yeast polysaccharides were the highest. The effect of protease treatment was the best among these 4 cell wall breaking methods, its extraction rate of polysaccharide was 149.81 mg/g and the cell wall broken rate was 53.49%. The effect of combined way was better than that of single treatment, but the synergistic action would destroy the integrity of polysaccharide's structure. So the protease treatment was thought an ideal cell wall breaking method of yeast.     

场区绿化情况对种鹅产蛋性能的影响

 通过对鹅舍前后和运动场内不同绿化情况的4个种鹅场鹅群产蛋性能的对比,发现绿化效果好的鹅场由于在春末和夏初能够为鹅群提供凉爽的生活环境,而使其产蛋期明显延长,而且产蛋数量也显著增加（P＜0.05）;但是,在春末和夏初种蛋的受精率和孵化率相对较低。在低温季节鹅场绿化情况对鹅群的产蛋量、种蛋受精率和孵化率没有显著影响（P＞0.05）。说明降低环境温度是延长鹅群产蛋期和提高产蛋量的有效措施。     

SD—Ⅲ三眠素诱导家蚕三眠化的效果及对茧丝质量的影响

SD—Ⅲ三眠素具有极强的抗保幼激素和抗蜕皮激素生理活性。应用SD—Ⅲ300ppm浓度的药液喷体,适宜时期在三龄饷食后1天,三眠诱导率可在95％以上,蚕儿发育齐整,虫蛹生命力,50公斤桑产茧、茧层较四眠蚕均有不同程度的提高,茧丝纤度细、综合均方差小,原料茧性状好,宜缫制高品位细纤度生丝。     

中药促孕液对小白鼠生殖器官发育和结构的影响

以苯甲酸雌二醇为阳性对照,生理盐水为阴性对照,观察了中药促孕液对21日龄雌性小白鼠卵巢发育、对成年去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮结构以及阴道上皮脱落细胞角化率的影响.结果表明,促孕液能显著促进幼鼠卵巢发育,使其提早出现性成熟后的形态学特征;也能促进去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮增生、分泌,提高阴道上皮脱落细胞的角化率,但其作用强度明显弱于雌二醇,提示促孕液具有微弱的雌激素样作用.这种作用是促孕液治疗母畜卵巢静止和持久黄体性不孕症的机理之一.     

Associations of Male Fertility Traits with Blood Groups and Blood Protein Polymorphisms in Dairy Cattle

Abstract

The relationships between 12 polymorphic systems and bull fertility were studied in the Swedish Red and White dairy cattle population. The material consisted of 1447 young bulls with non-return rates based on at least 500 inseminations each. A reduced animal model including a full additive relationship matrix was used. Multiple regressions were fitted for the estimation of the average gene substitution effects as well as the gene-frequency-independent effects of additive gene action and dominance. To evaluate the results a multivariate analysis of variance, classical segregation analyses and marker frequency studies were performed. Significant associations were found between the F, B, Tf, S and C systems, and nonreturn rates, but the contribution of the markers to the total variation of non-return rates was small.     

中国北方草地畜牧业的理论基础问题

草地畜牧业的理论基础是畜牧学知识,草地畜牧业的核心是生产畜产品,包括牲畜的肉或毛皮或奶或羔犊,生产过程是牲畜食草转化为畜产品。牲畜生长生产是一个自然过程,也是一个草地饲草数量与饲草质量的时间函数过程。草地饲草数量与质量是一个年际间的动态过程、也是一个年度内的动态过程,因此,草地牲畜生长生产是一个取决于饲草数量与饲草质量的时间动态过程。草地饲草生长过程和繁殖过程对放牧的反应及草地净产量动态过程是理解草地放牧的基础。放牧是草地管理工具,同时,放牧也是生产牲畜的途径,在草地放牧的基础上,优化草地牲畜生产是积极的草地管理策略与措施。科学合理放牧包括3项要素、4种行为,优化草地牲畜生产包括一年内饲草供应策略及其与饲草生长的匹配、放牧与饲喂的协调。草地养作是基于草地健康维持、饲草数量和营养动态、牲畜生长过程和生长需要,优化草地牲畜生产的过程及其工艺,为保护草地资源利用的基础和保证。     

How Do Horses Appraise Humans' Actions? A Brief Note over a Practical Way to Assess Stimulus Perception

Heart rate (HR) is considered to be an effective tool for assessing animals' emotional response to a stimulus. We investigated changes in HR during a series of handling procedures (grooming test) in horses that had different experiences of human interaction. We used four groups of horses: grazing horses (group A), school horses (group B), six ponies, traditionally trained (group C), and six ponies, trained with modulated stimulus intensity (group D). An HR monitor was applied to each horse. The operator began the grooming test, standardized at the following points: (1) trainer's entry into the enclosure/paddock, (2) halter fastened, (3) start of grooming, (4) end of grooming, (5) saddling, and (6) inserting the bit. Group A repeated the grooming test twice: group A1 with a known operator and group A2 with an unknown operator. The data were compared by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. The results showed a significant increase in HR (P ≤ .05) at point 2 compared with baseline in all groups except group D. Other significant differences were found at all points between groups A1 and A2, groups A2 and B, groups A1 and C, groups B and C, and at points 5 and 6 between groups A2 and C, as well as between groups C and D. Even when a scientific assessment of the increase in the HR is of primary importance, the use of this physiologic parameter may be helpful in assessing the horse's perceptions of stimuli presented by people during handling. Our results show that it is not the action “per se” that is important, but the manner in which horses perceive and appraise such actions in relation to the environment and their subject's experiences.