纳米光催化环境改良剂降低猪舍氨气浓度的研究

试验针对夏季北方地区正常生产的哺乳母猪舍、保育猪舍、育肥猪舍的氨气浓度,检验纳米光催化环境改良剂干粉的处理效果。结果表明,处理20 min后猪舍平均氨气浓度快速降至1.11 mg/L～1.61 mg/L之间。哺乳母猪舍处理后72 h内保持较好的使用效果,96 h恢复至处理前氨气的浓度水平。保育猪舍与育肥猪舍再处理后96 h仍然保持较好的处理效果。     

发酵构树叶在养猪生产中的应用调查

本文调查了四川某企业用发酵构树叶养猪的现状,分析了构树叶发酵前后的养分含量、在肥育猪饲料中的营养组成、构树叶养猪存在的主要问题,提出了用发酵构树叶养猪的发展建议。     

Space requirements of weaned pigs during a sixty-minute transport in summer

Currently, there are no trucking quality assurance recommendations for space allowance of weaned pigs during transport in the United States. The objective of this research was to establish a first estimate of the space requirements of weaned pigs during transport in summer based on measures of animal well-being. A commercial semi-trailer was fitted with compartments that provided 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 m(2)/pig, which were replicated on the upper and lower deck, with a constant 100 pigs per compartment. Cameras were placed in each experimental compartment to record behaviors and postures of pigs during transport. The frequencies of standing, lying, sitting, standing/rearing on another pig, and lying/huddling on top of another pig were recorded using 1-min scan samples during the entire duration of transport. Blood samples were collected and BW and lesion scores recorded from 32 pigs per space allowance for physiological and immune measures before and after transport (n = 32 pigs/treatment). Pigs were transported for 60 +/- 5 min to the wean-to-finishing site using the same route for each replicate during summer (temperature: 28.4 +/- 1.2 degrees C and relative humidity: 59.8 +/- 4.4% within the trailer). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cortisol, hematocrit, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase increased (P < 0.05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Plasma glucose and BW decreased (P < 0.05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Lesion scores increased (P < 0.001) after transport and were greater (P < 0.05) for barrows compared with gilts. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was greater (P < 0.005) for pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig compared with pigs transported at 0.06 and 0.07 m(2)/pig. Pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig lay down less (P < 0.05) than pigs transported at 0.06 and 0.07 m(2)/pig between 30 and 60 min of transport. Greater neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and less lying behavior performed by pigs transported at 0.05 m(2)/pig suggest that a minimum space allowance of 0.06 m(2)/pig was preferable when transporting weaned pigs for 60 min during summer in this study.     

Serological Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever: A Comparison of a Modified Direct Complement Fixation Test with an Immunofluorescence Plaque Neutralization Test in the Diagnosis of Experimental Subclinical Infection

Antibody levels in post-infection sera from a pig inoculated with a low virulent strain of classical swine fever virus (Hannover 62) and in sera from two pigs inoculated with another low virulent strain (Spielbach 66) and from an in-contact pig were assayed by complement fixation and immunofluorescence using classical swine fever virus (ALD strain) and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (UG 59 strain) as antigens. The complement fixation test used was modified by addition of a preparation of porcine Glq to the complement and by mercaptoethanol treatment of the immune serum before use. The mercaptoethanol treatment of the immune serum resulted in complete elimination of a haemolytic prozone often seen with porcine immune sera.In the sera from the inoculated animals complement-fixing antibodies appeared earlier than neutralizing antibodies. A few weeks after inoculation there was a correlation between the presence of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies.During the entire observation period of 13 weeks it was not possible to demonstrate complement-fixing or neutralizing antibodies in serum from a pig exposed to infection by contact with the two pigs inoculated with the Spièlbach 66 strain of classical swine fever virus.     

Sulphadimidine in the urine of experimentally fed pigs

An enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of sulphadimidine in unextracted pig urine is described. Twenty-four hour urine samples from six individually caged pigs, four treated and two controls, were examined during a 10-day treatment and a 12-day withdrawal period. The concentration of sulphadimidine in the urine of the treated pigs increased rapidly after feeding started and decreased on withdrawal. The maximum concentration in a control pig was 308 ng/ml, and this concentration was probably due to contamination of the environment. By the seventh day after withdrawal of the drug its concentration in the urine of the treated pigs was less than 500 ng/ml.     

Activation of Pig Oocytes using Calcium Ionophore: Effect of the Protein Kinase Inhibitor 6-dimethyl aminopurine

The aim of our study was to investigate the parthenogenetic activation of in vitro matured pig oocytes after their combined treatment with calcium ionophore A 23187 and the inhibitor of protein kinases, 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) and to study the further embryonic development of oocytes activated using this treatment. The oocytes were exposed to ionophore (10, 25 or 50  μ M ) for 0.5, 1, 3, 5 or 7 min and then cultured with 6-DMAP (0 or 2  μ M ) The highest activation rate (up to 88% of the activated eggs reached the pronuclear stage) was observed after combined treatment of the oocytes with 50  μ M ionophore and 6-DMAP. The highest rate of embryonic development was observed after treatment with 25  μ M ionophore without 6-DMAP, when up to 51% of the eggs developed beyond two-cell stage, 2% of the eggs developed up to the stage of morula and up to 3% of the eggs reached the stage of blastocyst. When 50  μ M ionophore was used, the embryonic development of the activated eggs was arrested before the morula and blastocyst stage. After treatment of the activated eggs with 6-DMAP, we did not observe any development beyond the stage of 16 blastomeres. We can conclude that combined treatment with calcium ionophore A 23187 and 6-DMAP increases the activation rate in pig oocytes matured in vitro , but this combined treatment exerts a detrimental effect on further embryonic development of the activated eggs.     

养猪场与水泥厂"混搭联办模式"的实践与应用

文章介绍了水泥窑协同猪场处置沼渣等废弃物,水泥厂余热发电系统产生的蒸汽转变为热能为养猪场生产综合利用;猪场沼气站发酵池产生的沼气作为水泥窑燃料煤炭的替代品;猪场污水处理达标后的中水由水泥厂循环冷却、混凝土搅拌站综合利用。     

Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets

The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin (extract of turmeric) can modify piglet immune status and performance immediately after weaning. Piglets (n = 192) were weaned at 29 +/- 0.1 d and allocated to treatment (six replicates of eight pig per treatment) accounting for weight, litter, and gender, using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were diets with or without (as-fed basis) quillaja saponin (750 mg/kg during wk 1, 300 mg/kg during wk 2 to 3) and with or without dietary curcumin (200 mg/kg). Diets were fed ad libitum for 20 d after weaning. Feed intake was measured daily. Piglets were weighed at weaning, d 7, 14, and 20 after weaning. On each of d 6 and 20 after weaning, eight pigs per treatment were sacrificed for blood and tissue collection. Treatment had no effect on piglet growth. The ADFI and G:F were similar for all treatments between d 0 and 14 of the trial. Between d 15 and 20, ADFI and G:F were lower in quillaja-supplemented piglets (ADFI = 621 vs. 572 g/d; G:F = 0.75 vs. 0.85; P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, interferon-gamma, and C-reactive protein (CRP) did not differ among treatments on d 6 after weaning. On d 20, IgG and CRP were greater (P < 0.05) in saponin-supplemented pigs (IgG = 17.5 vs. 11.4 mg/mL; CRP = 26.98 vs. 12.5 mg/mL). Small intestine villus and crypt measurements did not differ among treatments on either d 6 or 20. Saponin supplementation during the postweaning period seemed to potentiate an immune response in the weaned piglet but had a detrimental effect on the utilization of feed. Dietary curcumin had no influence on any measured aspect of pig performance or immune status.     

上海某猪场配怀母猪脱肛治疗方案比较及其预防

文章对上海某猪场配怀母猪脱肛的三种治疗方案进行对比,结果发现：手术缝合治疗母猪脱肛实际疗效最为理想,可作为猪场治疗母猪脱肛的主要手段;热灼法虽然操作简单,但可能对脱肛严重的猪不起作用,所以脱肛严重时不建议使用,或用在猪脱肛后的手术护理上;固涩液治疗法疗效有限,不如手术缝合法那样可使直肠长久复回原位,因而也不推荐猪场使用。最后,文章综合3种方案的实际效果对猪场提出了预防母猪脱肛的建议。     

Optimization of Ca2+ concentrations in fusion and activation media for production of cloned embryos from miniature pig somatic cells

The effects of Ca(2+) concentration in activation medium and cytochalasin B treatment after activation on the parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes were examined. In addition, cloned embryos derived from miniature pig somatic cells were activated under optimal conditions and the effects of Ca(2+) in fusion medium on the development of embryos after activation was examined. When oocytes were activated in 0.1 mM Ca(2+) and then treated with cytochalasin B, the blastocyst formation rate (28.6%) was significantly higher than those activated in 0-0.05 or 1.0 mM (11.0-18.3%). Treatment with cytochalasin B decreased the second polar body extrusion rate of activated oocytes. The presence or absence of Ca(2+) in fusion medium did not affect the fusion rate of miniature pig somatic cells with recipient oocytes. A few cloned embryos developed to the blastocyst stage (2.7-9.0%) without an additional activation treatment. On the other hand, significantly more embryos developed to the blastocyst stage after activation treatment when they were fused in the absence (28.9%) of Ca(2+) rather than the presence (16.5%) of it. These results show that the highest blastocyst formation rate for miniature pig cloned embryos is obtained when donor cells and recipient oocytes are fused in the absence of Ca(2+) and then activated in 0.1 mM Ca(2+) and treated with cytochalasin B.     

副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊治

副猪嗜血杆菌病是近年来流行的一种猪的细菌性传染病,给养猪业发展带来很大危害,尤其是规模养猪场损失更大。笔者经过临床剖检、病料送检、化验室镜检、结合各地学者提供的药敏试验结果,采取综合用药治疗方法,使本病疫情在当地得到及时有效的控制。     

猪脂肪组织中UCP-2 mRNA表达产物的半定量分析

解偶联蛋白基因是新近发现的能够增加能量消耗，与脂肪代谢和能量调控密切相关的一组基因。本实验室建立了以18s rRNA为内标的RT—PCR法，半定量分析了猪脂肪组织中UCP-2 mRNA的表达水平。提取猪脂肪组织总RNA，经反转录和PCR扩增，PCR产物的电泳条带于VDS摄像系统下扫描灰度找出PCR线性扩增范围，确定RT—PCR的最佳循环数和Mg^2＋浓度。通过UCP-2 mRNA与18s rRNA PCR产物的灰度之比，即可计算出UCP-2 mRNA的相对含量。     

Über die Schleimhautoberfläche des Blinddarmes einiger Haussäuger Eine raster-elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung

On the mucosal surface of the cecum in some domestic mammals. A scanning electronmicroscopical study The cecal mucosa of the pig, domestic ruminants and horse was examined with the scanning electron microscope. Despite uniform technic marked species differences in the surface architecture were encountered in places. These were irregularly shaped openings of the glands of Lieberkühn and irregularly shaped territories between the crypts in horse and goat; and in the pig and ox, and especially in the sheep, a mosaic of mostly uniform crypt areas. Most of the differences encountered were thought to be related to different functional states. There is a possibility however that some of the differences were species-bound.     

大型养猪场污染物资源化利用及产业循环技术

采用自主创新技术,建立多体连通式USR设施系统,解决养猪场粪尿污水无害化处理和资源化综合利用等问题,生产的“三沼”应用在猪场保温、农场生活能源、鳗鱼苗池保温、果园有机质肥施用等农业产业上,形成了“生猪养殖一粪便一沼气一沼气综合应用一无公害农产品生产”循环链。不仅可以改善养殖场的生态环境,提高生产力,还为发展生态农业、生产有机农产品提供了优质高效、无公害有机肥,构建了大型养猪场污染物资源化利用及产业循环经济建设模式。介绍了养猪场大型沼气池配套建设项目的建设内容、工艺流程及技术应用。     

Sirt1 protects pig oocyte against in vitro aging

Sirtuins have been widely reported to be involved in multiple biological processes. However, their function during pig oocyte aging has not been reported yet. Here, we first identify that sirt1 expression is dramatically reduced in pig in vitro‐aged oocytes. Furthermore, by confocal scanning and quantitative analysis, we find the increased frequency of spindle defects and chromosome misalignment, disturbed redistribution of cortical granules and mitochondria during oocyte in vitro‐aging. Importantly, these aging‐associated defective phenotypes can be ameliorated through resveratrol (sirt1 activator) treatment during pig oocyte maturation, providing the evidence for the hypothesis that decreased sirt1 is one of a number of factors contributing to oocyte in vitro‐aging. In summary, our data indicate a role for sirt1 in pig oocytes and uncover a striking beneficial effect of sirt1 expression on aged oocytes.     

Comparative observation of freeze–thaw-induced damage in pig, rabbit, and human corneal stroma

Objective  Although variations exist between species with respect to outcomes after cryopreservation, little is known about the differences in the susceptibility of the corneal stroma to cryoinjury. We performed this study to investigate freeze–thaw-induced damage in keratocytes and collagen in rabbit, pig, and human corneas.
Animals studied  Rabbit, pig, and human.
Procedures  We prepared 250-μm-thick anterior stroma from rabbit, pig, and human corneas after scraping off the epithelium and endothelium. Each 250-μm-thick corneal stroma without epithelium was placed in a 50-mL tube, frozen with liquid N₂ for 15 min and taken out to thaw rapidly at 37 °C. This procedure of rapid freezing and thawing was repeated three times. Differences between the species with respect to cells and collagen structures were examined using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We orthotopically transplanted the pig and rabbit corneal transplants after the triple freeze–thaw cycle into rabbit eyes and evaluated graft survival.
Results  On gross examination, rabbit corneas became opaque after the triple freeze–thaw procedure, while pig and human corneas remained transparent. Histologically, keratocytes were apoptotic on TUNEL assay and TEM in rabbit, pig, and human corneas. Collagen fibrils were fragmented and the arrangement of collagen fibrils was severely disturbed in rabbit corneas on H&E staining and TEM; collagen was well preserved in pig and human corneas. Rabbit corneal stroma underwent autolysis after transplantation, whereas the pig corneal stroma remained clear for 1 month.
Conclusions  Our study showed that rabbit corneal stroma was more susceptible to freeze–thaw injury than pig and human corneas.     

Effects of multiple concurrent stressors on rectal temperature, blood acid-base status, and longissimus muscle glycolytic potential in market-weight pigs

Sixty-four market-weight (130.0 +/- 0.65 kg) barrows (n = 16) and gilts (n = 48) were used in a split-plot design with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) handling intensity (gentle vs. aggressive), 2) transport floor space (0.39 vs. 0.49 m(2)/pig), and 3) distance moved during handling (25 vs. 125 m) to determine the effects of multiple concurrent stressors on metabolic responses. For the handling intensity treatment, pigs were moved individually approximately 50 m through a handling course with either 0 (gentle) or 8 (aggressive) shocks from an electric goad. Pigs were loaded onto a trailer and transported for approximately 1 h at floor spaces of either 0.39 or 0.49 m(2)/pig. After transport, pigs were unloaded, and the distance moved treatment was applied; pigs were moved 25 or 125 m through a handling course using livestock paddles. Rectal temperature was measured, and blood samples (to measure blood acid-base status) were collected 2 h before the handling intensity treatment was applied and immediately after the distance moved treatment was applied. A LM sample to measure glycolytic potential was collected after the distance moved treatments on a subset of 32 pigs. There were handling intensity x distance moved interactions (P < 0.05) for several blood acid-base measurements. In general, there was no effect of distance moved on these traits when pigs were previously handled gently. However, when pigs were previously handled aggressively, pigs moved 125 compared with 25 m had greater (P < 0.05) blood lactate and less (P < 0.05) blood pH, bicarbonate, and base-excess. Pigs transported at 0.39 compared with 0.49 m(2)/pig had a greater (P < 0.01) increase in creatine kinase values; however, transport floor space did not affect any other measurements. Data were analyzed by the number of stressors (the aggressive handling, restricted transport floor space, and 125-m distance moved treatments) experienced by each pig (0, 1, 2, or 3). As the number of stressors experienced by the pig increased, rectal temperature, blood lactate, and LM lactate increased linearly (P 相似文献   

基于Struts框架的常见猪病防治专家系统的设计与实现

由于猪场疫病的复杂性,常见猪病的诊断对兽医经验的依赖很大。而猪病防治专家系统可以将这一复杂的工作变得更有成效。针对传统专家系统知识获取的"瓶颈"问题,在对常见猪病典型症状框架描述的基础上,利用知识工程方法和技术,结合不确定性推理、匹配冲突消解策略和多媒体技术,实现了基于框架表示的常见猪病防治专家系统,用于模仿该领域专家思维,补充或代替兽医专家指导常见猪病防治。作者主要阐述了该系统的总体结构、知识表示、推理机制和系统实现与应用等方面的问题。     

Comparison of scratching behaviour of growing pigs with sarcoptic mange before and after treatment, employing two distinct approaches

In a closed pig breeding and finishing herd suffering from sarcoptic mange, two selected groups of pigs were filmed during a period of 10 days before and after treatment. The observation always commenced each hour and lasted for 15 min. Before treatment, observations was done round the clock, after treatment from 8:00 to 22:15.

Before treatment the pens were stocked with 11 (pen A) and 10 (pen B) growing pigs (Large White × Landrace sows; 5 months old) with an average weight of 70 kg examined for sarcoptic mange by skin scrapings and ELISA. The animals had never been treated with an acaricide or endectocide before.

After 10 days, the pigs were treated twice (18 days interval) with Dectomax^® 1% solution for pigs (Pfizer, Austria) at a dose of 0.3 mg Doramectin i.m./kg body weight. After treatment, seven pigs were observed in both pens.

Most scratching actions both before (83.1%) and after (94.5%) treatment were of one to 10 s. After treatment, the 10 s-scratching episodes decreased by 67.3% (from 21.2 to 6.9 mean SRE/pig), and the scratching actions of longer than 10 s by 91.7% (from 4.3 to 0.4 mean SRE/pig), such that the latter could be observed only occasionally after treatment.

A distinct increase in scratching activity both before and after treatment could be observed primarily between 10:00 and 15:00. Significant differences of scratching and rubbing activity between before and after treatment could also be seen at midday.

The interpretation of the scratching index values before and after the treatment were carried out according to Cargill et al. [Cargill, C., Davies, P., Carmichael, I., Hooke, F., Moore, M., 1994. Treatment of pigs with doramectin to control sarcoptic mange. Proceedings of the 13th IPVS Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 238] with the maximum and minimal limiting values specified in the literature, and compared with calculations using the method described by Hollanders et al. [Hollanders, W., Harbers, A.H.M., Huige, J.C.M., Monster, P., Rambags, P.G.M., Hendrikx, W.M.L., 1995. Control of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis with ivermectin: influence on scratching behaviour of fattening pigs and occurence of dermatitis at slaughter. Vet. Parasitol. 58, 117–127].

Depending on the methods used and the limiting values set, 6.7–34.6% of the observations before and 2.0–17.3% of the observations after treatment revealed a “strong evidence of mange” or a “suspicion of mange”. All other observations indicated that the pigs were free from mange.     

Comparative observation of freeze–thaw‐induced damage in pig,rabbit, and human corneal stroma

Objective Although variations exist between species with respect to outcomes after cryopreservation, little is known about the differences in the susceptibility of the corneal stroma to cryoinjury. We performed this study to investigate freeze–thaw‐induced damage in keratocytes and collagen in rabbit, pig, and human corneas. Animals studied Rabbit, pig, and human. Procedures We prepared 250‐μm‐thick anterior stroma from rabbit, pig, and human corneas after scraping off the epithelium and endothelium. Each 250‐μm‐thick corneal stroma without epithelium was placed in a 50‐mL tube, frozen with liquid N₂ for 15 min and taken out to thaw rapidly at 37 °C. This procedure of rapid freezing and thawing was repeated three times. Differences between the species with respect to cells and collagen structures were examined using hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We orthotopically transplanted the pig and rabbit corneal transplants after the triple freeze–thaw cycle into rabbit eyes and evaluated graft survival. Results On gross examination, rabbit corneas became opaque after the triple freeze–thaw procedure, while pig and human corneas remained transparent. Histologically, keratocytes were apoptotic on TUNEL assay and TEM in rabbit, pig, and human corneas. Collagen fibrils were fragmented and the arrangement of collagen fibrils was severely disturbed in rabbit corneas on H&E staining and TEM; collagen was well preserved in pig and human corneas. Rabbit corneal stroma underwent autolysis after transplantation, whereas the pig corneal stroma remained clear for 1 month. Conclusions Our study showed that rabbit corneal stroma was more susceptible to freeze–thaw injury than pig and human corneas.