不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

试验以未处理的玉米及两种不同厚度蒸汽压片玉米(压片厚度为1.5mm,SFC 1.5;压片厚度为2.0mm,SFC 2.0)为材料,采用营养成分分析、活体外人工瘤胃产气量试验,研究不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米营养成分、淀粉糊化度和活体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明,不同厚度蒸汽压片处理显著降低玉米粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量(P0.05),显著提高了玉米的淀粉糊化度(P0.05);并且显著提高了玉米在瘤胃液内的淀粉降解率和体外产气速度(P0.05),显著降低了瘤胃液中氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度(P0.05);降低压片厚度(1.5和2.0mm),蒸汽压片玉米淀粉糊化度增加约17%(88.76%和71.60%),SFC 1.5的体外产气速度、4h干物质和淀粉产气率显著高于SFC 2.0(P0.05)。不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米瘤胃48h产气量、12和24h瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸产量及乙酸、丙酸、乙酸/丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸摩尔比影响均不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,不同厚度蒸汽压片处理可显著提高玉米在瘤胃内淀粉降解率和降解速度,降低瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度,而对48h产气量及其他发酵参数没有明显影响。     

不同玉米秸秆类型碳水化合物组分体外发酵动态分析

通过体外产气曲线相减法评价不同玉米秸秆类型,即高油647(HOC647)、高油298(HOC298)、饲料专用玉米(FC)、普通玉米(CAU80和CAU3138)秸秆碳水化合物组分(A、B1、B2和NDS)体外动态发酵情况。结果表明,不同类型玉米秸秆之间碳水化合物含量存在着极显著差异(P0.001)。高油玉米秸秆碳水化合物组分A、B1和NDS含量以及各组分活体外微生物发酵产气量都极显著高于普通玉米秸秆,也基本都高于饲料专用玉米秸秆(P0.0001),高油玉米秸秆碳水化合物组分B2含量和该组分活体外产气量都低于普通玉米秸秆和饲料专用玉米秸秆,提示高油玉米因其可溶性碳水化合物含量高而具有较高的营养价值。     

高粱淀粉糊化程度对活体外瘤胃产气参数及降解速度的影响

本试验以高粱谷物为原料,将生高粱和蒸汽压片高粱以不同比例混合,配制不同淀粉糊化度的底物进行活体外瘤胃发酵试验,研究淀粉糊化度与瘤胃发酵速度之间的关系。5组试验底物依次为100%生高粱、75%生高粱+25%蒸汽压片高粱、50%生高粱+50%蒸汽压片高粱、25%生高粱+75%蒸汽压片高粱、100%压片高粱,糊化度分别为23.13%、37.52%、56.26%、69.14%和91.18%。结果表明:随着高粱糊化度的提高,瘤胃产气速度显著加快,底物糊化度与产气速度存在显著正相关(r=0.984 5,P0.000 1);可利用底物降解所需发酵时间均随糊化度的提高显著减少。     

不同形式的氮源对活体外瘤胃氨氮释放和发酵参数的影响

选用普通尿素、两种包被缓释尿素(快速型和慢速型)、糊化淀粉尿素和大豆分离蛋白作为五种处理因子,采用单因子试验设计,利用活体外人工瘤胃产气法,研究不同形式的氮源对活体外瘤胃氨氮释放速度和发酵参数的影响.结果表明:在0～12h发酵过程中,不同形式氮源显著影响活体外瘤胃氨氮释放规律,其中两种包被尿素的氨氮浓度在各时间点均低于...     

不同农副产品饲料对活体外产气量和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验采用化学法和体外人工瘤胃产气法比较玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆、白酒糟和裹包玉米秸秆等农副产品类饲料的化学成分差异以及其对活体外产气量和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机化设计。结果表明:各饲料中有机物含量顺序为白酒糟玉米秸秆大豆秸杆裹包玉米秸秆,且各自差异显著(P0.05);白酒糟的粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量显著高于其他原料(P0.05);裹包玉米秸秆的粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著高于其他原料(P0.05);大豆秸秆的产气量(B)和产气速率(c)显著高于其他原料(P0.05);裹包玉米秸秆的甲烷产量显著高于白酒糟(P0.05);活体外瘤胃发酵24 h白酒糟组的氨态氮、丙酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),而乙酸含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);体外瘤胃消化48 h的干物质消化率在大豆秸秆组最高而裹包玉米秸秆组最低且差异显著(P0.05)。由本试验可知,不同农副产品饲料在化学成分、产气量、体外瘤胃发酵参数和有机物消化率方面存在显著差异,在采用此类副产品作为肉牛饲料时,应根据其特性对饲料配方进行合理搭配。     

高油298玉米秸秆的适宜收获期及其营养价值与其他品种玉米秸秆的比较优势

以高油玉米品种HOC298、普通玉米品种CAU3138和饲料专用玉米品种FC3为试验材料，研究了高油298玉米秸秆的主要化学成分含量和干物质，纤维组分消化率随籽粒成熟期的变化规律及其与普通玉米秸秆和专用饲料玉米秸秆营养价值的比较。结果表明：随着籽粒成熟度的提高，HOC298秸秆的水溶性精、淀粉、粗脂肪含量以及干物质消化率吊线性规律（L；P〈0．01）提高，而NDF、ADF和木质素含量则呈线性规律（L；P〈0．01）降低。因此，HOC298玉米秸秆的适宜收获期推荐为4／4乳线期。在4／4乳线期，HOC298秸秆的水溶性糖、淀粉和粗脂肪含量不仅极显著高于（P〈0．01）CAU3138秸秆，也显著高于（P＜0．06或P〈0．01）3／4乳线期的FC3秸秆，而NDF、ADF和木质素含量则正相反（P〈0．001）。HOC298秸秆的干物质、NDF消化率以及动态产气量均极显著（P〈0．01）高于CAU3138秸秆和3／4乳线期的FC3秸秆。可见，籽粒成熟后的HOC298玉米秸秆不仅营养物质岔量较高，而且消化率也较高，是反刍动物较理想的粗饲料。     

添加活性酵母和莫能菌素对蒸汽压片玉米活体外产气量及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

本试验采用活体外人工瘤胃发酵法,研究了添加活性酵母和莫能菌素对蒸汽压片玉米为底物的活体外产气量及瘤胃发酵参数的影响。试验设3个处理,分别为对照组(CK组)、活性酵母组(LY组;添加3.3×108cfu/L发酵培养液)和莫能菌素组(MO组;添加3.3 mg/L莫能菌素),每个处理设3个重复。分别在体外模拟瘤胃培养24 h和72 h,测定24 h产气量和发酵液的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度,以及底物干物质(DM)消化率,并测定72 h产气参数。结果表明:添加活性酵母(LY组)可显著降低蒸汽压片玉米的产气速度(P 0.05),对产气量无显著影响;添加莫能菌素(MO组)可显著提高底物产气速度,显著降低24、72 h产气量及理论最大产气量(P 0.05)。LY和MO对pH、总VFA均无显著影响。LY显著提高了发酵液中NH_3-N浓度(P 0.05),对各VFA的摩尔比例无显著影响;MO显著降低发酵液中NH_3-N浓度和乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸的摩尔百分比,提高丙酸摩尔百分比,从而显著降低了乙:丙比(P 0.05);LY和MO对底物DM消化率无显著影响。     

低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米作为淀粉来源的低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉(RDS)水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响。以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,各组分别以不同RDS水平饲粮作为发酵底物,体外产气法测定培养48 h时产气量和瘤胃发酵参数以及24 h时瘤胃微生物区系变化。结果表明:1)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时产气量、潜在产气部分和产气速率呈线性升高(P0.05),快速发酵部分产气量呈线性下降(P0.05),干物质消失率呈线性升高(P0.05);2)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时发酵液微生物蛋白、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度呈线性升高(P0.05),pH和氨态氮浓度没有显著变化(P0.05);3)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养24 h时发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌的相对数量呈线性升高(P0.05),黄色瘤胃球菌、琥珀酸丝状杆菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、牛链球菌和溶淀粉琥珀酸单胞菌的相对数量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综合考虑,低淀粉饲粮条件下提高RDS水平有利于瘤胃发酵。     

甲醛处理豆粕对蛋白质瘤胃降解及活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

通过尼龙袋试验和产气量试验研究甲醛处理大豆粕对瘤胃蛋白质降解率、产气量和活体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响。3个处理分别为对照组、处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ,其中处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ的甲醛添加量分别占大豆粕粗蛋白质(CP)0.6%和1.2%。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的干物质及蛋白质的降解率及降解速度显著下降(P<0.001),快速降解组分的比例和有效降解率显著下降,慢速降解组分比例显著提高(P<0.001),但两处理组之间干物质降解速度和蛋白质慢速降解组分比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ的72h产气量和理论最大产气量均显著升高(P<0.001),而产气速度显著降低(P<0.005);甲醛处理对活体外瘤胃72h发酵的pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05),但发酵液中丙酸摩尔比例显著上升(P<0.05),从而导致乙酸/丙酸降低。两个处理组活体外24h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.994μg/mL和0.370μg/mL;而72h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.410μg/mL和0.141μg/mL。本试验结论:甲醛处理能有效降低蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率,并改善活体外发酵参数,其中甲醛添加量以占0.6%CP的处理更为有效。     

玉米类型和籽粒成熟期影响秸秆营养成分与活体外消化率的比较研究

本试验以两个高油玉米品种(HOC298和HOC647)、两个普通玉米品种(CAU80和CAU3138)和一个饲料专用玉米品种(FC3)为试验材料,分析比较不同类型玉米和籽粒成熟期(1/2、3/4和4/4乳线期)对玉米秸秆主要营养成分含量和干物质、纤维组分消化率的影响。结果表明:高油玉米秸秆的水溶性糖、淀粉、粗脂肪含量和干物质、N DF、ADF消化率明显高于普通玉米秸秆P(<0.01),而NDFA、DF和木质素含量则低于普通玉米秸秆P(<0.01),饲料专用玉米秸秆的上述指标则介于二者之间。随籽粒成熟度的提高,高油玉米秸秆水溶性糖、淀粉、粗脂肪含量和干物质、NDF消化率呈直线规律提高L(P;<0.01),而NDF、ADF和木质素含量则直线规律下降L(;P<0.001),其中,4/4乳线期的水溶性糖、淀粉含量和干物质消化率分别比l/2乳线期提高26.5倍、2.4倍和22.7%,而NDF、ADF和木质素分别比1/2乳线期减少24.1%、30.6%和38.4%。随籽粒成熟期的延长,普通玉米品种秸秆的水溶性糖、淀粉含量和干物质NDF消化率直线下降L(;P<0.01),而NDF、ADF和木质素含量直线提高L(P;<0.05)。饲料专用玉米秸秆的营养成分和活体外消化率指标介于高油和普通玉米秸秆之间。本试验结果表明,高油玉米秸秆具有营养物质含量高和消化率高的特点,是反刍动物理想的粗饲料和青贮饲料原料。     

不同能量水平及玉米加工饲粮对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

利用体外产气法研究不同能量水平与不同加工方式玉米对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料来源设计精粗比为65∶35的等氮饲粮,选用玉米青贮与过瘤胃脂肪调整低、高能量水平,普通玉米与蒸汽压片玉米作为不同加工方式,采用2×2因子试验设计。结果表明,高能水平饲粮的理论最大产气量、48 h总产气量、干物质降解率均显著高于低能(P<0.05),普通玉米高能组的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05)。同一能量水平下,蒸汽压片处理组的48 h总产气量均显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05);而低能条件下蒸汽压片组的总挥发酸、丙酸含量显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05)。不同饲粮营养水平与体外产气参数相关性分析表明48 h总产气量与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)和NDS/CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,使用蒸汽压片方式处理玉米以及提高饲粮能量水平均可以显著增加体外发酵48 h总产气量;低能水平下,蒸汽压片玉米对改善瘤胃的发酵特性更为明显。     

发酵玉米蛋白粉对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究全混合日粮（TMR）中添加发酵玉米蛋白粉（fermented corn gluten meal,FCGM）对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响。选用3头体重（600±25）kg,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,发酵底物为TMR,分为对照组和3个试验组,各组分别在发酵液中添加0、0.3、0.6、0.9 g/L FCGM（干物质基础）,每个处理3个重复。记录体外发酵12、24、36和48 h产气量,测定体外发酵12、24和48 h发酵液pH、体外干物质消失率（IVDMD）、纤维素酶活性、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和菌体蛋白浓度,并测定体外发酵24 h发酵液中瘤胃微生物菌群相对丰度。结果显示：①添加不同水平FCGM组的体外产气量（除12 h外）、慢速产气部分、潜在产气部分和有效产气速率均显著或极显著高于对照组（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）;②与对照组相比,添加不同水平FCGM处理组的发酵液pH显著或极显著低于对照组,纤维素酶活性、菌体蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮含量和体外干物质消失率均显著或极显著升高（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高。③添加0.6和0.9 g/L FCGM组发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、牛链球菌、普雷沃氏菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度均显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高,而产甲烷菌相对丰度显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最低。综上所述,TMR中添加FCGM可提高体外发酵产气量,增加发酵液内纤维素酶活性、VFA、NH3-N及菌体蛋白含量,提高瘤胃内某些纤维降解菌、蛋白降解菌、淀粉降解菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度,降低产甲烷菌相对丰度,调节瘤胃微生物菌群结构,改善瘤胃发酵,其中以添加0.9 g/L FCGM为宜。     

延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵不同饲料成分的影响

以黑麦草、高羊茅、稻草、花生壳等粗料成分以及玉米、小麦、可溶性淀粉等精料成分为发酵底物研究了延胡索酸二钠对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。结果表明,延胡索酸二钠显著提高了各种底物的发酵产气量(P<0.01),黑麦草粉、高羊茅草粉、稻草粉和花生壳粉的底物消失率分别比对照组提高了26.22%(P<0.05),14.16%(P<0.05),28.54%(P<0.01)和45.09%(P<0.05);延胡索酸二钠显著提高了小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉的pH值(P<0.05),但对粗料无明显影响(P>0.05);小麦、玉米和可溶性淀粉处理组的乳酸浓度均低于对照组;各种底物的处理组的NH3-N浓度与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);各种底物中,小麦的总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid)浓度最高,小麦处理组的乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、丙酸比例均高于对照组(P<0.05);而乙酸丙酸比降低了0.18(P<0.01),延胡索酸二钠提高了所有底物的丙酸浓度及其比例。综合各指标的发酵情况,延胡索酸二钠对各种底物均有一定的效果,是一种潜在的反刍动物饲料添加剂。     

In vitro fermentation of different starches by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen

Fermentation characteristics of wheat, rye, maize and triticale starches by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen were determined in an in vitro experiment. Starch was incubated with ruminal fluid for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h and various fermentation variables were determined. The rates of fermentation of the starches were not different (p > 0.05) from each other except for 2 and 4 h of incubation. Likewise, net ammonia production, sugar utilization, microbial biomass and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis did not differ between the starches (p > 0.05). The proportions of sugar utilized were similar between the starches and approximately 75% of the starches were fermented during the 12-h incubation. The 12-h net concentrations of individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were affected (p < 0.05) by the type of starch. The concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate and that of total VFA from wheat, maize and triticale incubations were higher (p < 0.05) than those from rye incubation. The results suggest that the type of starch subject to investigation had no measurable effects on fermentation variables determined in this study except for individual and total VFA concentrations.     

Influence of corn hybrid traits on digestibility and the efficiency of gain in feedlot cattle

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of chemical and physical corn kernel traits on digestibility and feedlot cattle performance. Seven commercially available corn hybrids representing a range in kernel traits were evaluated for a variety of chemical and physical traits that included test weight, 1,000-grain weight, kernel size, starch, CP, amylose, Stenvert Hardness tests (kernel hardness traits), tangential abrasive dehulling device loss, 12-h in vitro starch disappearance, and rate and extent of in situ DM disappearance. Differences among hybrids existed for all physical kernel traits measured. In Exp. 1, 224 steers in 28 pens were fed the same hybrids for 167 d in a completely randomized design. All diets were formulated to have 12.5% CP and contained 66% dry-rolled corn (DM basis). There were no differences (P >0.20) among corn hybrids for DMI, ADG, or carcass characteristics. However, efficiency of gain (G:F) was influenced by hybrid (P < 0.01) with a difference of 9.5% from the least to the most efficient. In Exp. 2, 7 ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 7 x 7 Latin square design to determine the effects of these hybrids on nutrient digestibility, VFA concentrations, and ruminal pH. Total-tract OM and starch digestibilities were not different (P >0.15) among hybrids and averaged 77.9 and 95.1%, respectively. Differences (P < 0.05) among hybrids existed for ruminal propionate concentration and the acetate to propionate ratio. Kernel hardness traits correlated (P < 0.05) with G:F were 1,000-grain weight (r = -0.81), Stenvert time to grind (r = -0.83), and the proportion of Stenvert soft to coarse particle height (r = 0.83). Propionate concentration was not correlated (r = 0.45) with G:F but was correlated (P = 0.02) to the Stenvert time to grind (r = -0.83). Cattle fed dry-rolled corn hybrids with greater proportions of soft endosperm had greater concentrations of propionate and gained more efficiently than cattle fed hybrids with a harder endosperm. Selecting for these softer kernel traits may improve the efficiency of gain in feedlot cattle.     

Kinetics of ruminal degradation of wheat and potato starches in total mixed rations

Wheat and potato are rich in starch but their starches differ in their rate of ruminal degradation. Kinetics of in sacco disappearance and profiles of ruminal fermentation were studied for these two concentrates in total mixed rations based on grass silage or corn silage. Wheat starch was more rapidly (34%/h) degraded by rumen microorganisms than potato starch (5%/h). The differences in starch degradation in sacco were found again in the VFA concentrations, mainly in grass silage-based diets. Overall ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, and proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate are more variable for wheat during the kinetic (amplitude and quickness) than for potato in grass silage-based diets. In these diets, risks of acidosis were more elevated with wheat than with potato but the VFA concentrations were also higher. These differences of fermentation profile were so reduced in corn silage-based diets that, in this case, wheat can be substituted by potato without any effect on digestion and no risk of acidosis.