阿耿酋骆驼发生沙门氏菌病的流行

１９８７－１９９１年从阿拉伯联合酉长国采集的４００６份骆驼样品中分离出１８７株沙门氏菌，其中１６５株（４．４％）来自３８０１份粪样，２２株采自６２头尸检骆驼的２０５份脏器样品。鉴定的２８种血清型中，以圣保罗沙门氏菌的检出率最高（６９份），其次为费林曲洛普沙门氏菌（３１份）和海因德什沙门氏菌（１５份）。仅从２例粪样检出鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。粪中检出菌者为均菌骆驼，而脏器检出菌者均为继发感染骆驼。分离出沙门     

马尾口岸进口饲料用鱼粉病原菌的调查

从2003年776批15．9万吨的进口鱼粉中，随机抽出81个样品，按(GB17012-1997)《感染性腹泻的诊断标准及处理原则-致泻性弧菌的检测》和《全国临床检测操作规程》，(GB478P14-P4)《食品卫生微生物学检验-沙门氏菌检验》和《NY/T550-2002)《动物和动物产品沙门氏菌检测方法》等方法进行鱼粉病原菌分离。结果TCBS培养基未分离到细菌；碱性营养琼脂分离到76株细菌，生化鉴定结果表明其中阴沟肠杆菌14株、腊样芽胞杆菌29株、凝结(固)芽胞杆菌10株和球形芽胞杆菌23株；从SS和DHL培养基上共分离到66株细菌，其中阴沟肠杆菌16株、非发酵菌16株、枸橼酸杆菌10株、沙门氏菌13株、大肠杆菌5株、非脱羧勒克氏菌4株、肺炎克雷伯氏菌2株。     

用“四管法”快速检测进口鱼粉中的沙门氏菌

通过预增菌、增菌和分离培养，挑取可疑菌落分别接种于ＴＳＩ、ＬＤ、ＭＡＮ、ＯＮＰＧ四种微量生化管进行沙门氏菌检验。共检测来自５批次２９０份鱼粉样品中的３９株可疑菌株，其中属沙门氏菌的４株，分属２个血清型（３株奥雷宁堡沙门氏菌、１株山夫登堡沙门氏菌）。与农业部“试行法”比较，符合率达１００％，“四管法”具有更快速，简便，准确，实用等优点。     

安宁河流域鸭瘟、鸭霍乱综合防制研究

采用Ｃａｒｔｅｒ荚膜群鉴定法，并参考Ｈｅｄｄｌｅｓｔｏｎ热稳定抗原鉴定法，对从安宁河流域分离的３７株禽源多杀性巴氏杆菌和中监所提供的Ｃ４８－１株菌进行了血清学鉴定。３７株菌中，鸭源３２株，鹅源４株，鸡源１株。鉴定结果表明，有３７株为荚膜Ａ群菌，占９７．４％，其中Ａ∶５型３４株，占８９．５％，Ａ∶２型３株，占７．９％；１株为荚膜Ｂ群菌，占２．６％。少部分菌株具有明显的交叉反应     

三种增菌液对食品沙门氏菌检验结果比较试验

本试验以三种增菌液，对３００份鲜猪肉和１２０份鲜鸡肉检样进行沙门氏菌增菌培养，比较三种增菌液的增菌检出效果。结果表明：ＭＭ液对鲜猪肉和鲜鸡肉检样中沙门氏菌捡出率最高，分别为２２．７％、５３．３％，平均捡出率３１．４％，敏感指数８８．０％；ＳＭ液次之，检出率２０．３％、４７．５％，平均检出率２８．１％，敏感指数７８．７％；ＳＢＧ液最低，检出率分别为１９．３％、４０％，平均检出率２５．２％，敏感指数７０．７％。ＭＭ液和ＳＭ液检出沙门氏菌菌株符合率均高于ＳＢＧ液，分别为８８．０％和７８．７％。     

三种增菌液对仪器沙门氏菌检验结果比较试验

本试验以三种增菌液，对３００份鲜猪肉和１２０份鲜鸡肉检样进行沙门氏菌增菌培养，比较三种增菌液的增菌检出效果。结果表明：ＭＭ液对鲜猪肉和鲜鸡肉检样中沙门氏菌检出率最高，分别为２２．７％、５３．３％，平均检出率３１．４％，敏感指数８８．０％；ＳＭ液次之，检出率２０．３％、４７．５％，平均检出率２８．１％，敏感指数７８．７％；ＳＢＧ液最低，检出率分别为１９．３％、４０％，平均检出率２５．２％，敏感指数７     

几种鸡源肠道菌对沙门氏菌的体外生物拮抗试验

用从健康鸡消化道分离的鸡源乳酸杆菌４株,双歧杆菌２株,对引起雏鸡腹泻的鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鸡副伤寒沙门氏菌进行体外生物拮抗试验。试验结果显示：３株乳酸杆菌、２株双歧杆菌、１株芽孢杆菌对致病性沙门氏菌均有明显的生物拮抗作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而１株乳酸杆菌和１株芽孢杆菌拮抗作用不明显。     

肠炎沙门氏菌的单克隆抗体检测系统

研制出两株能与鸡组织、鸡蛋和环境样品中肠炎沙门氏菌反应的单克隆抗体（以下简称单抗），并以此建立了能特异检测肠炎门沙氏菌的快速酶联免疫吸附试验和凝集试验。ＥＬＩＳＡ和常规微生物学分离定系统能检出１００％鸡蛋和９９．８％不同野外和人工接种样品中的炎沙门氏菌，滴定试验表明ＥＬＩＳＡ可检出１０＾４个细菌。     

骆驼沙门氏杆菌感染

从４００６份骆驼样本中分离出１８７种沙门氏杆菌株，其中１６５（４．２％）种菌株分离自粪便，２２种菌侏分离自６２头剖检骆驼的２０５份器官样本。在２８种不同血清型中以圣保罗沙门氏菌最为常见；其次是Ｓ．ｆｒｉｎｆｒｏｐ和海因德马什沙门氏菌；而鼠伤寒沙门氏菌均来自带功骆驼。该菌主要从粪便分离出来，而从器官中分离的是次要的。因其他病致死而检出沙门氏菌的络驼不视为沙门氏菌病患畜。圣保罗沙门氏菌多是由产气荚膜梭     

内蒙古牧区传统乳制品中耐酸及耐胆盐植物乳杆菌的筛选

试验对从内蒙古通辽市科左后旗和扎鲁特旗牧民家的乳样中分离的27株植物乳杆菌的耐酸及耐胆盐特性进行研究。结果显示，有20株菌能耐受0．3％的牛胆酸钠，且对pH3．0的生长环境表现出不同程度的耐受性。其中8株菌耐受性较强，存活率最高可达150．6％，其余菌株从15．5％-39．8％不等。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.