天津口岸在日本牡丹苗中截获穿刺短体线虫

20 0 2年 1 2月 6～ 9日 ,天津出入境检验检疫局对来自日本的牡丹苗 (Paeoniasp .)实施检疫时 ,截获了进境植物检疫潜在危险性线虫———穿刺短体线虫 (Pratylenchuspenetrans)。检验检疫人员剪取牡丹苗根须约 1 0 0 g ,使用改进的贝曼漏斗法对上述植物材料进行分离检验 ,鉴定出穿刺短体线虫。同时还发现了滑刃线虫 (Aphelenchoidessp .)、丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchussp .)、矛线科线虫、茎线虫 (Ditylenchussp .)、Aphelenchoidesindicus和小杆线虫。穿刺短体线虫属世界性分布 ,在美国东北部危害严重 ,该线虫寄主范围广 ,报道有 3 50多种寄…     

一种重要的出境有害生物——莲潜根线虫

莲潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella diversa)属短体线虫科(Pratylenchidea)潜根线虫属(Hirshmanniella)。2006年,连云港出入境检验检疫局在对出口美国的观赏莲藕进行检疫的过程中,发现大量的活体线虫,经鉴定为Hirschmanniella diversa。     

广东口岸从进境苗木中截获多种危险性线虫

2008～2011年,广东局检验检疫技术中心从广州白云机场局、顺德局、高明局、佛山局等口岸送检的样品中检出鳞球茎茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsac)(3批)、香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholus simili;)(2批)、短颈剑线虫(Xiphinema brevicollus)(4批)、胼胝拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus porosus)(1批)、最短尾短体线虫(Pratylen-     

南海口岸进境林木种苗线虫检疫情况分析

本文汇总了2008～2010年南海口岸进境林木种苗的线虫截获情况,共截获15科26属超过40种植物寄生线虫,其中检疫性线虫有7种,分别为短体线虫(非中国种)Pratylenchus Filipjev(non-Chinese species)、毛刺线虫属(传毒种类)Trichodorus Cobb(The species transmit viruses)、根结线虫(非中国种)Meloidogyne Goeldi(non-Chinese species)等;根据携带线虫状况分析了检疫性线虫的截获情况,提出了防止危险性线虫入境、扩散措施,为口岸防止线虫入境提供借鉴。     

四种短体线虫的形态和分子生物学鉴定

 采用形态学和分子生物学方法对来自荷兰的藏橐吾和铃兰、泰国的高山榕、缅甸的香蕉等种苗(球)分别鉴定出玻利维亚短体线虫Pratylenchus bolivianus、铃兰短体线虫P. convallariae、咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫 P. speijeri。对这4种线虫的形态特征进行较为详细的描述后,认为头环、口针、侧区、生殖系统和尾形等形态特征是种类鉴定的重要依据;进一步利用引物28S-D2A/28S-D3Br扩增测序得到上述4种线虫的28S rRNA基因D2/D3区序列,序列分析发现玻利维亚短体线虫从欧洲到美洲的不同种群之间的遗传距离变异较小,仅为0~0.007;铃兰短体线虫同一种群不同个体之间的遗传变异较大,为0.006~0.029;咖啡短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.013;斯佩奇短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.010;咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫P. speijeri亲缘关系很近,二者种间平均遗传距离仅为0.026。本研究再次证明线虫28S rRNA基因D2/D3区基因序列可作为短体线虫种间鉴定的依据。     

四种短体线虫的形态和分子生物学鉴定

 采用形态学和分子生物学方法对来自荷兰的藏橐吾和铃兰、泰国的高山榕、缅甸的香蕉等种苗(球)分别鉴定出玻利维亚短体线虫Pratylenchus bolivianus、铃兰短体线虫P. convallariae、咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫 P. speijeri。对这4种线虫的形态特征进行较为详细的描述后,认为头环、口针、侧区、生殖系统和尾形等形态特征是种类鉴定的重要依据;进一步利用引物28S-D2A/28S-D3Br扩增测序得到上述4种线虫的28S rRNA基因D2/D3区序列,序列分析发现玻利维亚短体线虫从欧洲到美洲的不同种群之间的遗传距离变异较小,仅为0~0.007;铃兰短体线虫同一种群不同个体之间的遗传变异较大,为0.006~0.029;咖啡短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.013;斯佩奇短体线虫不同种群之间的平均遗传距离为0.010;咖啡短体线虫P. coffeae和斯佩奇短体线虫P. speijeri亲缘关系很近,二者种间平均遗传距离仅为0.026。本研究再次证明线虫28S rRNA基因D2/D3区基因序列可作为短体线虫种间鉴定的依据。     

荷兰进境肖竹芋中香蕉穿孔线虫的检疫

2003年6月下旬,广州出入境检验检疫局检疫人员在白云国际机场现场随机抽取了进口的荷兰产肖竹芋苗(Calathea)部分样品回实验室检验,在检验过程中,采用浅盘法分离了植物根系和栽培介质中的线虫,在检获的线虫中发现有一些短体科寄生线虫,该线虫经我们对其形态特征进行细致的观察,鉴定为我国一类禁止进境检疫性线虫-香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholus similis Thorne,1949).     

河南省玉米田根腐线虫三个病样品的病原种类鉴定

 短体属线虫(Pratylenchus Flipjev,1936)又称根腐线虫,是一类重要的迁移性植物内寄生线虫,世界范围内分布广泛且危害性大,在我国多个省份皆有发生危害。本文采用改进的贝尔曼漏斗法从河南省商丘市、荥阳市和洛阳市的3个玉米土壤样品中分离出根腐线虫,利用光学显微镜进行形态学鉴定,基于rDNA的 ITS和28S D2-D3区序列以及mtDNA-COI序列对供试根腐线虫进行了分子鉴定。形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果均表明来源于商丘样品的SY-1和SY-2种群分别为咖啡短体线虫(P. coffeae)和斯克里布纳短体线虫(P. scribneri);来源于荥阳样品的XY-1种群和洛阳样品的XC-250种群,均为斯克里布纳短体线虫(P. scribneri)。基于rDNA-ITS、28S D2-D3区和mtDNA-COI序列构建的系统进化树结果与已知鉴定结果相一致,本研究鉴定的短体线虫种类,分别单独聚类在各自分支。本研究明确了河南省玉米田3个病样品的病原种类,发现采自商丘的病样品存在两种根腐线虫复合侵染的现象,且3个病样品均发现斯克里布纳短体线虫(P. scribneri)的存在,研究结果为玉米根腐线虫病害的识别与防控提供了一定的科学依据。     

日本盆景中截获的短体线虫与根结线虫的鉴定

2014年,天津口岸从日本进境盆景中截获3种短体线虫和1种根结线虫。通过形态学和DNA条形码方法将截获的短体线虫鉴定为朱顶红短体线虫(Pratylenchus hippeastri)、伤残短体线虫(P.vulnus)和穿刺短体线虫(P.penetrans)。根据形态学并结合特异PCR和DNA条形码方法,将截获的根结线虫2龄幼虫鉴定为南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)。朱顶红短体线虫是短体线虫属非中国种,为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,在挪威槭和榉树盆景中截获该线虫为国内外首次报道。     

从加拿大马铃薯种薯中截获植物寄生线虫

20 0 0年 6月 ,对来自加拿大非疫区的马铃薯种薯实施检疫。在入境检疫中 ,从进境的 3个品种马铃薯种薯中共截获短体线虫属Ｐｒａｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ、根结线虫属Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅ、茎线虫属Ｄｉｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ、滑刃线虫属Ａｐｈｅｌｅｎ ｃｈｏｉｄｅｓ、真滑刃线虫属Ａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ、丝尾线虫属Ｆｉｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ、垫刃线虫属Ｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ类线虫 ,其中短体线虫、根结线虫是重要的植物寄生线虫。1　现场检疫对进境的 3个品种每个品种按 2 0 %开袋检查 ,并将种薯分别倒在塑料布上检查袋内是否带有土壤、植物的根、…     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.