进境哈萨克斯坦油葵中向日葵黑茎病菌的检疫鉴定

依据出入境检验检疫行业标准SN/T 3174-2012,对新疆口岸进境的哈萨克斯坦油葵中的向日葵黑茎病菌进行检疫鉴定。挑取油葵样品中的可疑病种子和植株残体作为实验材料,分别提取其DNA,用向日葵黑茎病菌特异性检测引物LEPB/LEPF对挑取的样品进行PCR检测初筛,初筛结果阳性者,进行病原分离培养。对分离获得的阳性纯培养菌株的菌落、孢子形态进行观察,PCR检测及致病性测定,最终确定其为向日葵黑茎病菌。本研究从进境哈萨克斯坦油葵中分离到检疫性病原菌,新疆周边口岸应进一步加强疫情监测与调查。     

向日葵黑茎病菌TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光快速检测方法

 向日葵黑茎病菌是我国进境检疫性有害生物名录中的一种检疫性真菌。根据向日葵黑茎病菌及其近似种的ITS序列差异,设计并合成特异性引物和探针,建立了向日葵黑茎病菌的实时荧光PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果表明,该检测方法能特异性检测向日葵黑茎病菌;灵敏度试验结果表明,最低检测限量为20 μL反应体系中总DNA含量0.1 pg;实时荧光PCR优化反应条件为引物终浓度0.6 μmol·L^-1,探针终浓度0.3 μmol·L^-1。实际样品检测结果表明,该方法可用于疑似携带向日葵黑茎病菌样品的检测与初筛。此方法快速、灵敏,整个反应过程约1 h,检测过程完全闭管,无需PCR后续处理,为早期快速检测向日葵黑茎病菌提供了重要参考。     

进境油菜籽中黑胫病菌和茎基溃疡病菌的检测

为准确鉴定从进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中分离的真菌分离物,利用形态学特征、PCR检测、序列分析以及致病性测试等方法对分离物6382-43和6382-51进行了鉴定试验。结果表明,分离物6382-43的形态特征和油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans相似,菌丝生长较慢,菌落边缘不规则,不产生色素。油菜茎基溃疡病菌特异性引物LmacF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜茎基溃疡病菌的序列相似性为99.8%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜茎基溃疡病的典型症状。分离物6382-51的形态特征和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa相似,菌丝生长较快,菌落边缘规则,产生色素;油菜黑胫病菌特异性引物LbigF/LmacR检测为PCR阳性;ITS区序列和油菜黑胫病菌的序列相似性为100%;接种幼嫩油菜子叶产生油菜黑胫病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、序列分析以及致病性测试结果,将进境澳大利亚油菜籽样品中的真菌分离物6382-43和6382-51分别鉴定为油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans和油菜黑胫病菌L.biglobosa。     

进境哈萨克斯坦向日葵种子中向日葵黑茎病菌的鉴定

自进境哈萨克斯坦向日葵种子中,采用常规平板分离法获得1株疑似向日葵黑茎病菌Plenodomus lindquistii菌株LL4,通过生物学性状、ITS序列测定和比对分析及致病性测定等方法对其进行了鉴定。结果表明,该病菌在PDA平板上培养初期菌丝无色,分隔分枝多,后期菌丝褐色或深褐色,常膨大;分生孢子器暗褐色,分散或聚集,球形、近球形或不规则形,大小为71.2~361.8μm;分生孢子形态变化较大,无色,单孢,肾形至椭圆形,大小为3.6~8.2μm×2.2~3.7μm,常含有2个油球;培养期间未见有性阶段。基于ITS序列分析比对发现,菌株LL4与Gen Bank中多个向日葵黑茎病菌分离物序列同源性达99%以上,系统进化树显示其与其它向日葵黑茎病菌分离物聚在同一个分支。菌株LL4可侵染向日葵根茎部,造成典型黑茎病症状。表明分离获得的菌株LL4为向日葵黑茎病菌P.lindquistii。     

法国向日葵种子中向日葵黑茎病菌的首次截获与检测

从法国进境向日葵种子中分离到3株疑似向日葵黑茎病的菌株,对所有菌株进行形态学、致病性测定和分子序列比对分析。分离菌菌落乳白色或象牙色至灰白色,有大量黑褐色分生孢子器产生,分生孢子器球形至扁球形,内含无色单胞、卵圆形分生孢子,有明显或不明显油球;针刺接种4片真叶向日葵幼苗的下胚轴,7～9d后茎部产生典型黑茎病黑色椭圆形病斑,病斑上着生黑色分生孢子器;菌丝DNA用ActF1/R1和ITS1/ITS4扩增,序列与NCBI基因库中P.macdonaldii序列相似性为98%～100%。形态学、分子生物学及致病性检测结果显示,截获的3株菌均为向日葵黑茎病菌。     

向日葵茎溃疡病菌RPA检测方法的建立

向日葵茎溃疡病菌(Diaporthe helianthi)是我国进境植物检疫性病原真菌。本研究针对D.helianthi的cal基因保守序列设计特异性引物,建立该病菌的重组酶聚合酶扩增检测技术(RPA)方法,并对其特异性、灵敏度及适用性进行评价。结果显示,建立的RPA方法特异性强,只有3个D.helianthi样品能够检测到234 bp的目的片段;方法灵敏度达到0.1 ng/μL;从模拟带菌的种子中也能够成功检测到目标扩增片段。本研究建立D.helianthi的RPA检测方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,能够直接应用于种子带菌检测,适用于口岸进境向日葵籽的现场快速检测。     

两种向日葵检疫性真菌病害的多重DPO-PCR检测方法

本研究根据向日葵白锈病菌大亚基核糖体RNA基因序列,向日葵黑茎病菌的ITS-5.8S r RNA基因序列,分别设计特异性DPO(dual priming oligonucleotide)引物,建立同时检测这两种检疫性病菌的多重DPO-PCR检测方法,并对其特异性和灵敏度进行评价。结果表明,所设计的DPO引物特异性强,仅向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌可分别扩增出307 bp与388 bp的特异性条带,其他参照菌株及阴性对照均无条带;检测体系对混合模板中向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌的DNA灵敏度均达0.05 ng/μL;且该检测方法对退火温度不敏感,适用范围广。该方法能够准确、快速的检测向日葵白锈病菌和向日葵黑茎病菌,适合于口岸实验室的快速检测。     

向日葵黑茎病菌RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a快速检测方法的建立

向日葵黑茎病菌是向日葵上的一种毁灭性真菌,是我国的植物检疫性有害生物。为了准确快速检测向日葵黑茎病菌,本研究根据向日葵黑茎病菌及其近似种的ITS序列差异,设计特异性RPA引物和CRISPR-Cas12a crRNA,建立了RPA等温扩增技术结合CRISPR-Cas12a检测的快速检测方法。通过条件优化,RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a检测体系在37℃恒温条件下,RPA反应30 min,CRISPR/Cas12a反应20 min,即可特异性检测向日葵黑茎病菌。荧光法检测灵敏度与实时荧光PCR的灵敏度相当,最低检测量为0.1 pg,试纸条法检测最低检测量为1 pg。由于试纸条检测结果可用肉眼观察,快速便携,操作简单,更适合用于田间和口岸的向日葵黑茎病菌快速早期检测;而荧光检测灵敏度高,对环境要求高,更适合用于实验室检测。     

洋葱腐烂病菌PCR检测方法的建立

为了快速准确检测洋葱腐烂病菌（Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola，简称Bga），根据GenBank中Bga与相关种的序列差异设计特异引物BG5/BG7和探针Bga-P，建立了Bga常规PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。测试结果表明，引物和探针对供试的11株Bga菌株表现为阳性反应，其他64株供试菌株和空白对照均为阴性。常规PCR和荧光PCR方法的检测灵敏度分别为24 pg和240 fg菌体DNA。美国、法国、意大利等国进境的80批次洋葱种子样品的检测结果显示，这两种方法的阳性检出率分别为7.5%和12.5%。选取阳性样品进行病菌分离，成功从2批次法国进境洋葱种子中分离到目的菌。本文建立的洋葱腐烂病菌PCR检测方法可为口岸检测部门提供更高效、灵敏和特异的检测手段。     

进境玉米中玉米内州萎蔫病菌的PCR检测

 为了快速准确检测进境玉米样品中的玉米内州萎蔫病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis(Cmn), 根据GenBank中Cmn的16S-23S序列设计引物CM1/CM4和引物PSM1/CM3。引物PSM1/CM3仅能从供试的4株Cmn菌株中扩增获得208 bp的预期产物, 而其他36株对照菌株均不能扩增出预期条带。灵敏度测试结果表明引物CM1/CM4和PSM1/CM3组合的巢式PCR方法的检测灵敏度高于常规PCR, 检测灵敏度可达40 fg DNA或6.8 CFU目标细菌。常规PCR和巢式PCR方法对进境美国玉米样品的阳性检出率分别为8%和24%, 试验结果表明所建立的PCR方法可用于玉米样品中Cmn的快速检测。     

Sensitive Detection of a Phytoplasma Associated with Little Leaf Symptoms in Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant native to the Indian-sub continent. Owing to the presence of a number of precious alkaloids, flavonoids and withanolides, it is widely used in the Indian and African systems of medicines. It is severely affected by phytoplasma present in the sieve tubes of phloem. With a view to micropropagate phytoplasma-free W. somnifera plants, an efficient and effective nested PCR-based system was developed for detection of associated phytoplasmas. Universal primers, designed from the 16S rDNA sequences of phytoplasmas, were applied in direct/nested-PCR. Total DNA extracts from leaf tissues of 33 suspected symptomatic and 11 non-symptomatic plants were subjected to direct PCR. The direct PCR products were subsequently employed as templates in nested PCR. The nested PCR could reamplify direct PCR products yielding a DNA fragment of 1.4 kb. A phytoplasma was detected in all the diseased plants and not from the healthy looking plants. Further, it was sensitive enough to amplify phytoplasma DNA obtained from crude DNA diluted up to 2500 times from naturally infected plants and also from various stages of in vitro-propagated diseased plants. Identical restriction fragment polymorphism enzyme profiles were obtained following restriction enzyme digestion of nested PCR products, obtained from five different plants, by EcoRI, AluI and RsaI restriction endonucleases. The developed nested PCR based system should facilitate indexing of the phytoplasma in different stages of in vitro-generated plants and probably identification of, as yet unknown, hosts and vectors of phytoplasma associated with phytoplasma disease of W. somnifera.     

西南地区稻瘟病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性基线建立及抗性监测

于2013—2014年分别从重庆市及四川、贵州省的16个区县采集分离获得902株稻瘟病菌,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其中150个菌株对戊唑醇的敏感性。结果表明:其EC_(50)值分布在0.047 5~0.599 6μg/m L之间,平均EC50值为(0.215 4±0.149 7)μg/m L。菌株的不同敏感性频率呈连续单峰曲线分布,因此其平均EC_(50)值0.215 4μg/m L可作为田间稻瘟病菌对戊唑醇敏感性检测的参考标准。戊唑醇对菌株的最低抑制浓度(MIC)值≤4μg/m L,以4μg/m L作为抗性菌株监测的区分剂量,测定了各地病原菌对戊唑醇的田间抗性,发现自各地采集分离的902株稻瘟病菌多数对戊唑醇仍表现为敏感,仅2株为低水平抗性。     

Evidence from nucleic acid hybridization tests for geminivirus infection of ornamental crotons in India

Reduced growth of plants and excessive generalised and spotty yellowing of leaves occurred in ornamental crotons that were infected with a geminivirus, which was detected by spot hybridization tests using a cloned probe derived from DNA-A of acalypha yellow mosaic geminivirus. The croton virus was transmitted by the whitefly,Bemisia tabaci, toNicotiana tabacum andAcalypha indica, in which it caused leaf curl and yellow mosaic, respectively, but it was not transmitted to five other species. Infected crotons may therefore serve as reservoirs of a geminivirus that is able to infect a crop species.     

菌株NDBJJ-BFG的鉴定及其对马铃薯甲虫不同虫态的毒力测定

为筛选出对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)具有防治潜力的菌株,本研究从马铃薯甲虫僵虫虫体上分离菌株NDBJJ-BFG,通过形态学特征和分子生物学方法明确其分类地位,采用喷雾法和覆土法测定了不同浓度下该菌株对马铃薯甲虫室内毒力的致死中浓度LC50及半致死时间LT50。结果表明,经形态特征与r DNA ITS序列分析最终确定菌株NDBJJ-BFG为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Bals.)Vuill。该菌株对1、2、3和4龄马铃薯甲虫幼虫的LC50分别为0.91×10~6、1.51×10~6、5.09×10~6和6.84×10~6个/m L;采用喷雾法和覆土法处理蛹的LC50分别为1.43×10~7个/m L和8.15×10~6个/m L,成虫的LC50分别为5.08×10~7个/m L和2.97×10~7个/m L。在孢子悬浮液浓度相同时LT50随虫龄的增大而延长,其中成虫的LT50最长,其次是蛹;在相同龄期下LT50随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增大而缩短。表明菌株NDBJJ-BFG对马铃薯甲虫1龄和2龄幼虫具有高毒力,其在马铃薯甲虫的生物防治中将具有较大的应用潜力。     

Measures of disease intensity in powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of winter wheat. 1. Errors in estimating pustule number

Assessments of pustule number and severity of powdery mildew on winter wheat in the Netherlands were made in commercial fields and in experimental plots. The sample variance (s²) of the number of pustules per leaf (m) was fairly constant over years, varieties, growth stages and leaf postitions, but depended strongly on the average pustule number: . The effect of sample size on the precision of the estimate is discussed and it is concluded that it is difficult to estimate low disease intensities accurately. Estimates are given for the detection level of pustule counts in relation to sample size.Mildew intensity on the lower surface of leaves can be estimated from the intensity on the upper surface. This method reduces the duration of the observation, but introduces an additional error. At low disease intensities and small sample sizes this method is more efficient than sampling mildew on both surfaces of leaves. The common practice of assessments of the upper surface of leaves only may not be the most efficient method.Samenvatting Aantallen puistjes meeldauw per blad werden geteld in praktijkpercelen en veldproeven met wintertarwe. De steekproefvariantie van het aantal puistjes was tamelijk constant in de jaren, rassen, gewasstadia en bladposities, maar was sterk afhankelijk van het gemiddeld aantal puistjes . Het effect van de steekproefgrootte op de nauwkeurigheid van de schatting wordt besproken en het blijkt dat het moeilijk is om lichte aantastingen nauwkeurig te schatten. Er worden schattingen gegeven van de detectiegrens in afhankelijkheid van de steekproefgrootte.Meeldauwaantastingen aan de onderkant van het blad, kunnen worden geschat uit de aantasting op de bovenkant van het blad. Deze methode levert een tijdsbesparing op, maar ook een extra onnauwkeurigheid. Alleen bij lichte aantastingen en kleine steekproeven is deze methode efficiënter dan een directe tweezijdige bemonstering. Het schatten van meeldauw op de bovenkant van bladeren is, hoewel algemeen gebruikelijk, waarschijnlijk niet de meest efficiënte methode.     

棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum在土壤中定殖量的荧光定量PCR检测

为快速准确检测棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum在土壤中的定殖量,构建了荧光定量PCR检测体系,并运用该体系对防治黄瓜枯萎病后土壤中的棘孢木霉数量进行了检测。结果表明:所建立的荧光定量PCR检测体系对棘孢木霉DNA特异性强,R~2为0.998,检测限点为15 fg/μL;在灭菌土壤中检测到的棘孢木霉DNA的拷贝数大于1 866 fg/μL时,对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果高于64.29%;在黄瓜整个生育期内,检测到土壤中的棘孢木霉定殖量呈现先降后升的变化趋势,第7天时,棘孢木霉DNA拷贝数为320 ng/μL,56 d后棘孢木霉DNA拷贝数迅速上升,最高可达5.16×10~4ng/μL,且对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果为64.29%~76.81%。研究表明,荧光定量PCR方法检测土壤中棘孢木霉数量具有快速、灵敏度高、可靠性强等优点,可用于检测生防菌棘孢木霉施用后的定殖量和生防效果。     

李属植物检疫性丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的三重PCR分子检测

为建立我国禁止进境的2种检疫性真菌丁香疫霉Phytophthora syringae和栗黑水疫霉P.cambivora的同步分子检测方法,根据疫霉属的18S rRNA、HSP90和Ypt1基因分别设计通用引物、丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的特异性引物,建立三重PCR检测方法,并进行灵敏度测试和模拟带菌试验。结果表明,可同时检测李属植物上丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的特异三重PCR检测体系为:最佳引物浓度组合18SUF/18SUR、PCSF/PCSR和PSSF/PSSR依次为0.2、0.8、1.0μL,最佳退火温度为63℃,最佳退火时间为20 s。该体系扩增丁香疫霉出现884 bp的18S rRNA条带和683 bp的HSP90基因特异条带,扩增栗黑水疫霉出现884 bp的18S rRNA条带和314 bp的Ypt1基因特异条带,对照菌只出现18S rRNA条带;三重PCR反应体系检测灵敏度低于单重PCR;模拟带菌试验可同时扩增出3个片段。表明该三重PCR检测方法能实现丁香疫霉和栗黑水疫霉的同步特异性检测,可有效改进李属类水果及其种苗上检疫性疫霉的快速检测。     

我国部分地区常见农作物上黄瓜花叶病毒分离物核酸多样性分析

为明确我国黄瓜花叶病毒株系分化及系统进化基本情况,从湖南、新疆、青海和海南4省区采集1 367个样品对其进行酶联免疫和RT-PCR检测,并对分离获得的15个黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)纯化分离物CP、MP、2b核苷酸序列进行相似性和进化树分析及生物学性状比较。结果表明,辣椒、龙葵和黄瓜的CMV阳性检出率较高,分别为54.13%、29.19%和18.46%。进化树分析显示CMV-Q5与CMV亚组II的亲缘性较高;CMV-N7为新发现的重组株系,其CP、2b基因属于CMV亚组IB,MP基因却属于CMV亚组II;其余13个分离物均属于CMV亚组IB。CMV-N7和CMV-Q5在系统寄主心叶烟和枯斑寄主苋色藜上引发的症状相似,但比对照株系CMV-P3613(IB)的发病时间要晚1~2 d,系统花叶较温和,枯斑较小。表明在以上4省区常见农作物上广泛流行的CMV存在分子变异。     

Use of a diagnostic medium for<Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> determination of the response of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Erwinia amylovora</Emphasis> strains to bactericides

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, is managed by application of bactericides to protect fruit tree blossoms from infection. Monitoring the response ofE. amylovora strains to bactericides is crucial for adequate disease management. The coliform agar medium produced by Merck was recently reported as an effective tool for rapid diagnosis ofE. amylovora (RD-medium). The objective of the present study was to examine the possibility of using the RD-medium forin situ determination of the response ofE. amylovora strains to oxolinic acid and streptomycin. The phenotypic response of 48E. amylovora strains isolated in 2002 to both bactericides was determined with the RD-medium and, for comparison, by a routine laboratory test. The results of 45 samples (93.7%) were in agreement with the findings of the routine laboratory test. Aχ ² test rejected the null hypothesis that the phenotypic characteristics as determined by the two respective methods differed significantly (P=0.389). Thein situ test was implemented on a national scale in 2003 and the results were in agreement with those obtained in laboratory tests, which suggests that this medium can be usedin situ for monitoring the appearance of resistance inE. amylovora populations. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 11, 2004.     

吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的抗性监测及抗性风险评估

为明确吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌Stagonosporopsis citrulli对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线和抗性风险,采用菌丝生长速率法测定吉林省151株西瓜蔓枯病菌菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及吡唑醚菌酯对西瓜蔓枯病菌的最低抑制浓度,并监测375株西瓜蔓枯病菌菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的抗性水平。结果表明,供试的151株菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性频率分布呈连续的单峰曲线,接近正态分布,敏感基线为1.800 μg/mL;吡唑醚菌酯的最低抑制浓度MIC为80.000 μg/mL。抗性水平监测结果显示,375株菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的抗性频率为0。室内药剂驯化获得的抗性突变菌株T-LH3-1和T-XZC5-1在连续转接培养8代后的EC₅₀分别为16.139 μg/mL和31.782 μg/mL,抗性倍数分别为15和51,均为中抗水平,抗药性可以稳定遗传。抗性突变体及其亲本菌株生物学性状结果显示,抗性突变体生物适合度与其亲本菌株差异不显著。交互抗性结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯与醚菌酯之间存在正交互抗性,与戊唑醇、异菌脲、多菌灵和肟菌酯之间不存在交互抗性,可以交替使用以达到延缓抗药性的产生。