半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉菊芋效应初探

2004年4~10月,在半干旱的莱州地区布置微区试验,以研究海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉菊芋的作物效应。结果表明:水分临界期淡水灌溉明显促进菊芋茎杆生长,而其它处理茎杆生长受到了不同程度抑制。1∶3,1∶4处理菊芋茎杆的横向生长最快,茎粗分别达到3.0cm和2.97cm;其次为CK1、CK2和1∶2处理,1∶1处理菊芋茎粗最小。未灌溉处理地上部的生物量最高,达到2.92kg/株。CK2次之,而各海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉处理,地上部生物量有所下降,其中1∶3、1∶4处理下降21.6%和17.5%;1∶1和1∶2处理则分别下降26.4%和29.1%。地下部生物量最高,CK2次之,但与其它处理(除1∶4处理)无明显差异;1∶1处理地下部生物量最低。水分胁迫能够促进菊芋茎、叶、根系生长,但限制了块茎的形成和干物质的积累,而低矿化度的海水养殖废水与微咸水混合灌溉促进了菊芋块茎的正常膨大以及干物质的累积,从而取得最高产量。     

滨海盐渍区利用异源海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐能源植物（菊芋）研究

通过田间微区试验,研究了异源养殖废水农业利用对耐盐能源植物(菊芋)栽培体系土壤性状、植物生长及产量的影响,同时利用Watersuit直观模型对系统作了安全性评估.结果表明:异源养殖废水灌溉土壤有明显积盐趋势,尤其是高盐度的对虾养殖废水,土壤盐分高达2.69 g/kg;而钠吸附比(SAR)海参养殖废水最高,其值为7.4 (mmol/L)1/2;异源养殖废水灌溉菊芋茎叶生长受到抑制,但能明显促进根系生长;与淡水灌溉相比,除对虾养殖废水块茎产量受到影响外,其他两个养殖水处理块茎产量均无明显差异;以菊芋块茎产量作为基准,其耐盐临界值为24.65 dS/m.安全评价结果表明,适宜盐度养殖废水补充灌溉菊芋,可保证土壤安全和取得较高块茎产量.     

氮磷对海水处理下菊芋幼苗光合特性的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了氮磷对不同浓度海水浇灌处理菊芋幼苗生长发育及光合特性的影响。结果表明:①在同一N、P素水平下,10%海水处理菊芋幼苗地上部和根部鲜重较对照没有差异,甚至高于对照,但在25%及50%海水处理下菊芋幼苗地上部和根鲜重均降低。在同一浓度海水处理下,随着N素及P素含量的增加,菊芋幼苗地上部和根鲜重较对照均增加。各处理菊芋幼苗地上部和根干重变化与鲜重情况类似。②在N1(7.5 mm o l/L)及P1(1 mm o l/L)水平下,10%海水处理的净光合速率与对照无差异,但随着海水浓度的增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度和气孔限制值均降低。在同一海水浓度水平下,随着N、P素含量的增加,各处理菊芋幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值均增加(而且海水浓度越大,其效应越明显),对照和10%海水处理的菊芋幼苗水分利用效率随之降低,25%和50%海水处理下的菊芋幼苗水分利用效率随之增加。③在N1(7.5 mm o l/L)及P1(1 mm o l/L)水平下,10%海水处理幼苗细胞间隙CO2浓度与对照差异不大,但随着海水浓度的增加,细胞间隙CO2浓度显著增加,在同一海水水平下,随着N、P素的增加,各处理菊芋幼苗的细胞间隙CO2浓度均降低,表明施用N、P能显著缓解海水对菊芋幼苗生长发育及光合特性的抑制作用。     

不同灌水量和栽培方式对土壤养分及菊芋产量和品质的影响

于2021—2022年开展大田裂区试验,以灌水量为主区,3个灌水量分别为3 750 m³·hm^-2（W1）、4 500 m³·hm^-2（W2）、5 250 m³·hm^-2（W3）,栽培方式为副区,2种方式分别为垄作（B1）、平作（B2）,探索不同灌水量和栽培方式对河西荒漠化地区菊芋产量、品质和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,随着灌水量的增大,0~20 cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈下降趋势,而速效钾含量先上升后下降,其中W2B1处理表现最佳;W2B1处理菊芋株高、茎粗、单株块茎数、单株块茎质量和产量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为1.94%~19.79%、2.71%~28.87%、8.22%~31.68%、12.22%~57.81%和12.31%~58.01%。W1B1处理菊芋块茎总糖、还原糖、可溶性糖和菊糖含量均高于其他处理,增幅分别为7.25%~18.19%、1.35%~6.19%、4.20%~39.67%和7.58%~19.10%。菊糖含量表现为W1B1>W2B1>W2B2>W1B2>W3B2>W3B1,灌水量增大不利于菊糖在块茎中积累;相同灌水定额下,垄作方式比平作更有利于块茎菊糖积累。通过主成分分析综合评价不同处理对菊芋产量和品质以及土壤养分含量的影响发现,灌水量4 500 m³·hm^-2配合垄作方式效果最佳,灌水量5 250 m³·hm^-2配合平作方式效果最差。     

沙质海滩海水连续灌溉对芦荟生长发育的影响

海南海涂沙滩(非耕地)库拉索芦荟从苗期至叶片采摘期连续3 a的海水小区灌溉试验结果表明:①不同生长发育期海水灌溉对芦荟地上部产量影响不同,2000年11月至2003年3月(苗期),10%、25%海水两处理地上部产量(干物质,下同)同淡水灌溉处理(CK,下同)没有显著差异,从50%海水处理开始,随着海水比例的增加,库拉索芦荟地上部产量显著下降;随着灌溉时间的延长,至芦荟叶片采收期(2004年5月),10%、25%、50%三个处理与CK比地上部产量没有显著差异,而从75%海水处理起,其地上部产量开始显著下降。②海水灌溉芦荟幼苗始期(2000年11月初至2001年1月底),与CK比较,所有比例的海水处理芦荟根的生长量(干重,下同)均显著下降,随着灌溉时间的延长(至2003年3月),从75%海水灌溉处理起,其根生长量开始显著下降,而且25%海水处理芦荟根的生长量显著高于CK,至2004年5月的叶片采收期,75%、100%比例海水处理芦荟根的生长量显著低于CK,而其它处理与CK没有差异。③土壤各层次含盐量在2000年11月至2003年3月的灌溉处理期间内,无规律性的变化,而至2004年5月,无论是耕层土,还是底层土,随着海水比例的增加,盐分含量呈显著增加的趋势。但即使全海水灌溉,土壤含盐量仍在0.2%以下。④土壤各灌溉处理速效磷变化差异不显著,总体上速效磷水平较低;海水灌溉显著提高了耕层土的速效钾含量,而CK处理中,耕层土速效钾含量在20 mg/kg以下。     

灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分及产量品质的影响

采用沟灌、畦灌、滴灌、微喷灌和不灌水(CK)5种灌溉方式,通过对比试验研究不同灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分含量、叶片光合参数及果实产量与品质的影响,筛选适宜的节水抗旱灌溉技术。结果表明:(1)果树根层(0～60 cm)土壤含水量表现为微喷灌>滴灌>畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌的蓄水能力显著高于其它灌溉方式;(2)叶片净光合速率表现为微喷灌≥滴灌≥畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌处理的梨树叶片光合作用能力最强,其次是滴灌;(3)增产效果最好的是微喷灌,其次是滴灌,单株产量分别比CK提高了54.98%和44.18%;(4)在果实品质方面,微喷灌和滴灌显著提高了果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量及可溶性总糖含量,并且显著降低了果实硬度、含酸量及石细胞含量,两者对果实品质的改善效果明显好于沟灌和畦灌。综合分析表明,微喷灌能够明显改善梨园土壤水分条件和梨树光合能力,显著提高果实产量与品质,是较为理想的节水灌溉技术。     

NaCl和Na2CO3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度.结果表明枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%.在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2(-*)、 H2O2、 MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似.但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2(-*)、 H2O2、 MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加.叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势.而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱.     

自然生境下盐角草的离子吸收-运输特征

通过对自然生境下盐角草的离子及部分重金属元素吸收-运输特性的分析,结果表明:①盐角草地上部Cl-, Na , K 含量显著(P≤0.05)大于地下部;②盐角草的离子吸收选择顺序为K ＞Mg2 ＞Cl-＞Na ＞SO42-＞Ca2 ,而运输选择顺序为Na ＞Cl-＞K ＞Mg2 ＞SO42-＞Ca2 ,反映了盐角草对离子(特别是K , Na , Cl-)的优先选择性在吸收和运输方面的不同;③选择性比率SK, Na＞SMg, Na＞SCa, Na,说明稳定体内K /Na 是盐角草耐盐的重要机制;④盐角草的离子吸收和运输存在一个梯度:根系相对于土壤介质,离子的吸收倍数为3.7～129.4;地上部相对于根的运输倍数为1.1～2.8,这种从土壤→根系→地上部离子转运成倍数的累积,既保证营养吸收的需求,又保证了低水势的维持;⑤污灌区盐角草的重金属含量除Cu外,Cd, Pb, As均是地下部含量＞地上部;Cu在地上部的富集系数＞1,As在地下部的富集系数为2.6,反映了盐角草对Cu,As的不同富集能力,因此,盐角草可用于盐渍化土壤重金属污染后的修复.     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度。结果表明:枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%。在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似。但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势。而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱。     

NaCl胁迫对骆驼蓬属植物渗透调节作用的影响

研究NaCl处理对骆驼蓬属植物幼苗生物量、植株中主要无机离子和有机溶质的含量及渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬在NaCl浓度小于200 mmol/L,骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬小于100 mmol/L时促进根系和地上部干重的增加,超过相应浓度时,幼苗生物量明显下降。3种植物根系和叶片的Na 和Cl-含量随NaCl浓度升高而增加,NO3-含量及K /Na 比则下降,K 对Na 的选择性吸收和运输SK,Na增大,但多裂骆驼蓬叶片的离子运输SK,Na则降低,Ca2 、Mg2 含量有升有降。无机离子占总计算渗透势(COP)的68.37%~83.82%,但随NaCl浓度增大而降低;可溶性糖和氨基酸含量随NaCl浓度增大明显增加,有机酸和脯氨酸变化不明显。有机物质约占COP的16.18%~31.63%,且随NaCl浓度提高而增大。骆驼蓬、骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬的渗透调节能力随NaCl浓度增加而增强,其中叶片的渗透调节能力大于根系,渗透调节能力骆驼蓬>骆驼蒿>多裂骆驼蓬,表明骆驼蓬比骆驼蒿和多裂骆驼蓬具有更强适应盐渍生境的能力。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.