黄芪白粉病发生特点及防治方法

黄芪为野生或栽培种，在河北省为传统中药材之一。黄芪在整个生长期受白粉病的为害相当严重，直接影响产量及品质。１症状黄芪白粉病不仅为害叶片，也为害花蕊、荚果、茎秆等部位，整株布满白粉，到秋天黄芪田发病率达１００％。２病原菌黄芪白粉病是由白粉菌属豌豆白粉菌（ErysiphepisiDC．）侵染而致病的。闭囊壳球形或扁球形，黑褐色，闭囊壳内有数个子囊，子囊椭圆形、倒卵形，无色，有短柄。３发生特点经调查，黄芪白粉病于９月下旬形成有性世代，以子囊果在病残体上越冬。翌年５月份气温达到２０℃以上时，病菌孢子萌发，首先感染二…     

臭椿球针壳后熟过程中的形态学观察

对采自甘肃、北京和成都的臭椿白粉病标样进行了病原菌形态观察比较,结果显示,三个地区采集的标样为同一病原,均为子囊菌亚门、球针壳属真菌———臭椿球针壳。生物学研究表明,成熟的闭囊壳直径为180~225μm;附属丝的数量一般为3~14根,长度4.5~22.5μm,为闭囊壳直径的0.1。成熟的闭囊壳内含有子囊6~35个,多为15~30个。子囊的大小为(45.1~101.3μm)×(22.5~45.2μm)。成熟的子囊孢子多为2个,少见有3个。子囊孢子的大小为(18.5~45.3μm)×(11.25~22.5μm)。温度是影响球针壳后熟的关键因素。4℃条件下,球针壳的成熟速度明显快于室温条件。     

北京地区小麦白粉病初侵染源的研究

各种自然条件下闭囊壳越夏试验结果表明:土壤中,地面和麦茬上,麦垛顶层和底层,室外自然条件下的闭囊壳在秋苗出土前相继变成空壳;室内自然条件下,种子中以及麦垛中层的闭囊壳在越夏季节期间,子囊原生质体结构发生畸变,失去形成子囊孢子的能力。上述各种环境中的闭囊壳先后于7月中旬至9月上旬失去生活力和传病能力,均不能越夏后成为小麦白粉病的初侵染源。在小麦播种时用做过上述各种处理的闭囊壳进行隔离接种试验,试验结果进一步证实了越夏试验结论的正确性。在房山区白粉病发生严重的张坊及十渡一带山区,通过对自生麦苗和小麦秋苗感染白粉病情况的野外调查发现:海拔140m以上山区自生麦苗上的分生孢子是北京地区小麦白粉病在秋苗上的主要侵染源之一。     

小豆白粉病菌的鉴定与小豆品种抗白粉病评价

为明确小豆白粉病病原菌的种类以及小豆种质资源对白粉病的抗性,采用形态学和系统发育学方法对近年来在北京市发生的小豆白粉病病原菌种类进行鉴定,并采用室内苗期人工接种法评价小豆常见栽培品种（系）对白粉病的抗性。结果表明,从北京市采集的感白粉病小豆病样中培养获得病原菌BJ1,该菌能在小豆叶片和茎上产生明显的白色粉斑,分生孢子梗直立,不分枝,分生孢子单细胞,成链状着生于分生孢子梗上,呈椭圆形或卵圆形。通过rDNA-ITS序列系统发育分析,小豆白粉病菌BJ1被鉴定为白粉菌目白粉菌科的苍耳叉丝单囊壳Podosphaera xanthii。室内苗期人工接种条件下,19个供试小豆品种（系）接种小豆白粉病菌BJ1后均可发病,其中9个审定品种均表现为中度感病或高度感病,10个优良品系发病略轻。     

小麦白粉病菌有性生殖与自然群体交配型检测

 本研究根据MAT1-1-1(GenBank登录号HQ171902)和MAT1-2-1(GenBank登录号HQ171899)的部分基因序列设计和筛选其特异性引物,使用PCR方法对2012年度采自四川、陕西、云南、贵州、河南、安徽、江苏、河北、山东和甘肃10个省30个采集地点共516个小麦白粉病菌菌株的交配型基因进行检测。结果显示30个采集地点两种交配型基因都能检测到,其中28个采集地的两种交配型菌株比例(MAT1-1-1 :MAT1-2-1)符合1:1。选择具不同交配型基因的小麦白粉病菌株配对接种,16个随机杂交组合都能产生闭囊壳。对获得的闭囊壳进行子囊孢子释放,均可获得子囊孢子。该研究结果为深入研究有性生殖对小麦白粉病菌株毒性多样性的作用奠定了基础。     

河南省小麦全蚀病菌的分离及变种类型鉴定

 从河南省10个地市采集的小麦病根样品中分离得到82株病原分离株, 通过形态特征观察、回接致病性测定、以及分子生物学的方法对所分离菌株进行鉴定。其中47个菌株菌丝分支处都形成典型的“∧”状;子囊壳埋生或半埋生, 子囊棍棒状, 子囊孢子线形, 稍弯曲, 无色, 具有5~10个分隔, 大小为68~94 μm×2~4 μm;对82个分离株rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定, BLAST序列比对结果表明, 47株菌株与小麦全蚀病菌的ITS序列同源性达97%～99%, 据此确定47株菌株为小麦全蚀病菌。应用小麦全蚀病菌4个变种的特异性引物进行PCR扩增都得到禾顶囊壳小麦变种(870 bp)的特异性片段, 鉴定47株菌株均为禾顶囊壳小麦变种 (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici)。     

云南省燕麦白粉病病原鉴定及致病力测定

为明确云南省燕麦白粉病病原菌种类及其致病力,结合形态学和分子生物学对其进行鉴定分析,并测定了该病原菌对21个燕麦品种的致病力。结果表明,燕麦白粉病病原菌孢子梗不分支、无色、基部呈球形膨大,顶端生有成串的分生孢子,分生孢子无色,呈长卵圆形、单胞,大小为18.84~29.12μm×6.53~10.71μm,初步鉴定为禾本科布氏白粉菌Blumeria graminis(DC.)Speer;分子生物学鉴定结果表明病原菌rDNA-ITS区序列与禾本科布氏白粉菌燕麦专化型Blumeria graminis f.sp.avenae的同源性为100%,结合形态特征与分子鉴定最终将云南燕麦白粉病菌鉴定为禾本科布氏白粉菌燕麦白粉病菌专化型。致病力测定结果显示,21个供试燕麦品种发病株率为100.00%,病情指数为91.73~100.00,发病初期平均发病株率和病情指数分别为14.56%和1.75,35 d后发病株率和病情指数分别增长了85.44%和95.74%,表明云南省燕麦白粉病菌的致病力强。     

葡萄白粉病的发生规律及防治

葡萄白粉病在我国各葡萄产区都有发生 ,尤其西北地区及河北、山东受害较重 ,使葡萄产量和品质下降 ,影响经济效益。１主要危害症状白粉病可危害叶片、枝梢及果实等部位 ,而以幼嫩组织最敏感。１．１叶片开始正面产生大小不等不规则的黄色或褪绿色小斑块 ,病斑正反面均可见有一层白色粉状物 ,这是病菌的菌丝体、分生孢子梗和分生孢子。有时产生小黑点 ,是孢子的闭囊壳。粉斑下叶表面呈褐色花斑 ,严重时全叶枯焦。１．２新梢和果梗及穗轴初期表面产生不规则灰白色粉斑 ,后期粉斑下面形成雪花状或不规则的褐斑 ,可使穗轴、果梗变脆 ,枝梢生长受…     

番茄白粉病的病原菌鉴定

 作者在吉林省长春市温室中发现了番茄白粉病,对其病原菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定。根据分生孢子形态和萌发特性将该菌鉴定为新番茄粉孢菌(Oidium neolycopersici Kiss)。分生孢子椭圆形,无色,单生于分生孢子梗顶端。分生孢子梗直立,简单不分枝,无色,脚胞圆柱形,有时略弯曲,上面通常有1~2个细胞。分生孢子侧面萌发,芽管末端产生裂片状或直筒状附着胞。附着胞乳突状或浅裂片状。未发现有闭囊壳。采用分子生物学方法,对该病原菌rDNAITS区进行了PCR扩增和序列测定,测得序列与O. neolycopersici同源性为100%。由O. neolycopersici引起的番茄白粉病国内未见报道。     

口红吊兰菌核病病原鉴定及其生物学特性分析

为鉴定1株分离自口红吊兰叶部病斑上的疑似核盘菌菌株,利用柯赫氏法则验证其致病性并通过形态观察和ITS序列分析对该病原菌进行分类鉴定,结合温度、酸碱度等生理指标研究其生物学特性,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了扑海因、多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、腐霉利4种药剂对该病原菌的抑制作用。结果显示:在PDA平板上该病原菌菌丝为白色,均匀生长;约7 d后开始产生菌核,直径3~5 mm;菌核萌发后可产生1~3个子囊盘,内含8个大小为8.0~12.0μm×4.0~5.5μm的子囊孢子。该菌株ITS序列系统进化分析结果显示,其与核盘菌的同源性高达99%。综上所述,初步确定该菌株为核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum。该病原菌在PDA培养基上的最适生长温度为20~25℃、最适生长p H为5~7。室内毒力测定发现供试4种药剂中扑海因对该病原菌菌丝生长有较好的抑制效果,且其EC_(50)最小,仅为0.62 mg/L,证明扑海因对核盘菌毒力最强。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.