胶孢炭疽菌生防放线菌gz-8的鉴定及生物活性初步评价

从山东省临沂地区土壤中分离到一株放线菌gz-8,发现其对胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides具有较强的抑制作用,皿内抑菌活性达72.5%。通过形态特征和生理生化测定,结合16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为栗褐链霉菌Streptomyces badius。抗菌谱测定结果表明,菌株gz-8对6种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,抗菌谱较广。进一步对菌株gz-8的粗提物进行了生物活性评价,发现其发酵液粗提物可以明显抑制胶孢炭疽菌的菌丝生长（EC50=3.18 μg/mL）和分生孢子萌发（IC50=1.92 μg/mL）,且活性明显高于菌体粗提物;同时发酵液粗提物具有良好的热稳定性及pH稳定性;1 000 mg/L的发酵液粗提物对感染胶孢炭疽病芒果果实的防效达到35.94%,与同浓度下百菌清的防效（34.11%）无显著差异。     

黄瓜炭疽病拮抗细菌的筛选及其抑制效果

从连作多年的黄瓜根际土样中筛选得到1株对黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare具有较强拮抗活性的菌株WF-3。通过菌落形态观察、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。活体盆栽条件下,该菌株对黄瓜炭疽病的防治效果为66.48%。两年的田间试验表明拮抗菌株WF-3培养物对黄瓜炭疽病具有良好的防治效果,防效分别为68.14%和73.70%。     

内生菌BS-2菌株的抗菌蛋白及其防病作用

 BS-2菌株为一株能在多种植物体内定殖,对多种植物炭疽病具有良好防治效果,并对植物生长具有良好促进作用的枯草芽孢杆菌,其BPY培养液经30%~70%硫酸铵盐析、高温(100℃)处理后,以SDS-PAGE、MALDI-TOF检测,该菌株分泌的抗菌蛋白为分子量 ≤ 2884.39 D的多肽;该抗菌多肽对热稳定并抗紫外线照射,对植物炭疽病菌和番茄青枯病菌等多种植物病原真菌和细菌有强烈的抑制作用,并对辣椒果炭疽病具有69.79%(9 d后)的防病效果;抑制病菌生长,引起菌丝(或芽管)细胞消融,导致菌丝畸形以及抑制病菌分生孢子的产生和萌发等可能是该抗菌多肽主要的防病机制。     

枯草芽胞杆菌GB519抗菌蛋白的理化性质及生防效果

枯草芽胞杆菌GB519是从土壤中分离对稻瘟病菌具有显著抑菌活性的菌株。为了明确菌株GB519抗菌粗蛋白的理化性质，分析了光照、紫外线、温度、pH和酶（蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶）对抑菌活性的影响。结果表明，抗菌蛋白对光照、紫外线和3种酶作用稳定；40℃~100℃处理1 h抑菌活性稳定，121℃处理30 min活性仅降低了7.4%，具有较好的耐高温特性；在pH 2.0~10.0活性稳定，但pH 11.0~12.0活性有所下降，分别降低了14.9%和18.1%。抗菌蛋白对多种植物病原菌具有抑菌作用，其中对茄子菌核病菌的抑菌活性为72.7%。在温室条件下对水稻叶瘟的防效达到80.1%。因此，菌株GB519可作为防控稻瘟病生防潜力菌进行开发。     

内生拮抗枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2菌株的发酵条件

内生拮抗细菌BS 2菌株在以黄豆粉为原料的 3号培养基中生长速度快 ,发酵滤液对辣椒炭疽病菌的抑制作用强 ,菌液对辣椒果炭疽病的防效最好。培养基初始 pH值、培养时间、温度、通气量等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的分泌有明显影响。结果表明 ,以黄豆粉培养基、初始 pH值 6 .7(灭菌后 )、2 8℃、培养 4 8h、并尽量增大培养通气量 ,为菌株的最佳发酵条件。     

建兰炭疽病拮抗放线菌的筛选及防治效果

为筛选获得对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有良好抑菌效果的放线菌，以野生山地兰花表层土壤为分离样本，从土壤样品中分离获得25株放线菌，初筛出6株对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有明显抑制作用的菌株，其中菌株SVFJ-07的抑菌效果最好，抑菌率达83.64%。经形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析，确认菌株SVFJ-07为酒红链霉菌。该菌对多种真菌具有良好的抑菌效果。对建兰炭疽病的室内防效为70.06%，田间防效66.27%～68.54%。可见，酒红链霉菌SVFJ-07对建兰炭疽病菌胶孢炭疽菌具有较好的拮抗作用，生防应用前景良好。     

棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制及其防病促生作用研究

探究棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制、盆栽防治效果及其促生作用，为筛选用于草莓炭疽病绿色防控的高效生防菌提供资源及应用技术。采用平皿培养法、显微镜观察法和盆栽灌根法测定了棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病的生防机制、盆栽防效及其对草莓幼苗的促生效果。结果显示，棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽菌LC0220具有较强的竞争、抗生和重寄生作用，菌株GYSW-6m1能迅速占领营养空间，对峙培养3、5和7 d对病菌LC0220抑制率分别为68.06%、71.03%和79.03%，病菌LC0220在含有菌株GYSW-6m1发酵代谢产物平板上培养3、5和7 d抑菌率分别为79.18%、75.81%和76.13%，菌株GYSW-6m1挥发代谢物对病菌LC0220菌丝生长几乎没有抑制作用，菌株GYSW-6m1菌丝可通过接触、缠绕和穿透病菌LC0220的菌丝并引起菌丝消解断裂。菌株GYSW-6m1对草莓炭疽病具有较好的盆栽防治效果，处理LC0220+GYSW-6m1防效最显著，防效高达87.23%，处理GYSW-6m1（3 d）+LC0220和LC0220（3 d）+GYSW-6m1防效分别为52.72%和44.76%。棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1对草莓幼苗具有明显的促生效果，株高、根长、植株总鲜重和植株总干重均显著增加，促生率分别为7.96%、10.42%、22.54%和34.21%。棘孢木霉GYSW-6m1可以作为一种重要的生防资源用于草莓炭疽病的防治，具有一定的实用开发潜力。     

生防放线菌CY-14的鉴定及其发酵液对香蕉炭疽病的防治效果

香蕉炭疽病是由香蕉炭疽菌Colletotrichum musae侵染引起的,是香蕉采后贮藏、运输和销售过程中发生的主要病害之一,严重影响中国香蕉的北运和出口。从土壤中分离到1株对香蕉炭疽菌具有拮抗作用的放线菌CY-14,通过形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了初步鉴定,并对其发酵液进行了活性评价。结果表明:经初步鉴定,该放线菌为链霉菌属Streptomyces sp.;其发酵液稀释10倍对香蕉炭疽菌的抑制率达92.5%,同时对其他8种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑菌活性,抗菌谱较广;其发酵液热稳定性较好,经100 ℃处理2 h后,体积分数为10%的发酵液对香蕉炭疽菌的抑制率为55.7%,发酵液稀释1 000倍后仍可完全抑制香蕉炭疽菌的孢子萌发;CY-14纯发酵液对香蕉炭疽病具有一定的防效,与对照药剂1 000 mg/L百菌清的防效相当。菌株CY-14作为香蕉炭疽病的生防放线菌,具有发现新型抗生素或者活性化合物的潜能,可对其进行深入的研究。     

花生青枯病内生拮抗细菌的鉴定、抗菌活性及其田间防效

从病区健康花生植株茎秆内分离到1株对花生青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum有强拮抗作用的内生细菌,命名为BZ6-1菌株.拮抗试验表明,该菌具有较广抗菌谱,对多种植物病原真菌有较强的抑制作用.形态观察和16S rDNA同源性分析初步鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.该菌的最佳培养基组成为:糖蜜10g·L-1,蛋白胨0.5g·L-1,酵母膏0.5g·L-1.最适发酵条件为pH8.5、装液量50mL/250mL、温度25℃、转速200r·min-1、培养时间21h,在此条件下拮抗圈直径达34.0mm.田间试验结果表明BZ6-1菌株对花生青枯病防效达62.3%.     

一株辣椒尖孢炭疽病菌拮抗菌株的分离鉴定与发酵条件优化

 为了探寻辣椒尖孢炭疽病的生防药剂,从而控制该病在辣椒生产上的扩散。以辣椒尖孢炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum acutata）为指示菌,从浏阳河风光带土样中分离筛选出6株拮抗放线菌株,其中菌株ND045对指示菌的拮抗效果最好,菌丝生长抑制率高达71.6%。经形态观察、培养性状、生理生化鉴定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,将ND045菌株鉴定为吸水链霉菌（Streptomyces hygroscopicus）。抗菌谱研究表明,该菌株对稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)、辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium omysporum）和辣椒白绢病菌（Sclerotium rolfsii）都具有较强的拮抗作用,抑菌率达40.58%～72.00%。通过单因子变量法和均匀设计法对菌株ND045进行发酵条件研究,结果表明,其最佳的发酵条件为：15 g大米粉、5 g大豆粉、0.5 g MgSO₄、0.01 g FeSO₄·7H₂O、1.5 g NaCl、水1 000 mL、30℃、pH 8。经优化后,菌丝生长抑制率最高达到82.61%,比优化前提高了11.01%。该研究结果为辣椒尖孢炭疽病的生物防治提供科学依据。     

Effect of humidity and temperature on conidial germination and appressorium development of two Philippine isolates of the mango anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

A comparison of rates of germination and appressorium formation by an isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango leaves, fruit surfaces and cellophane membranes showed that behaviour was broadly similar on all three substrates. Frequency of appressorium formation was slightly higher on cellophane membranes, and both hyaline and melanized appressoria were formed. Only melanized appressoria were formed on mango surfaces. In vitro experiments on membranes showed comparative differences in physiological behaviour with temperature for two Philippine isolates of C. gloeosporioides . The most stimulatory temperature for production of appressoria differed in isolates I-2 and I-4 (25 and 20°C, respectively). At 30°C more appressoria became melanized than at lower temperatures, but the frequency of formation of penetration pegs was highest at 25°C. Conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinated on cellophane membranes at relative humidities as low as 95%, but the percentage of conidia germinating and forming appressoria increased as the RH approached 100%. Approximately 18% of conidia of C. gloeosporioides I-2 held at 62 and 86% RH for 4 weeks retained viability, and some were capable of forming appressoria when placed at 100% RH. These results have implications for epidemiological models for disease control.     

Characterization of colletotrichum isolates from tamarillo, passiflora, and mango in Colombia and identification of a unique species from the genus

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the species of Colletotrichum infecting tamarillo, mango, and passiflora in Colombia and to assess whether cross-infection between host species is occurring. Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from tamarillo (n = 54), passiflora (n = 26), and mango (n = 15) were characterized by various molecular methods and by morphological criteria. Morphological characterization grouped the tamarillo isolates as C. acutatum and the passiflora and mango isolates as C. gloeosporioides. Species-specific primer analysis was reliable and confirmed grouping of the tamarillo isolates (besides Tom-6) as C. acutatum and the mango isolates (besides Man-76) as C. gloeosporioides. However, DNA of the passiflora isolates was not amplified by either C. acutatum- or C. gloeosporioides-specific primers, but reacted with a new primer, Col1, designed according to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region of these isolates. Isolates Tom-6 and Man-76 also reacted positively with the Col1 primer. All the isolates reacting with the C. acutatum- and C. gloeosporioides-specific primers failed to react with primer Col1. Isolate Pass-35 from passiflora did not react with any of the taxon-specific primers. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), random amplified polymerase DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and A+T-rich DNA analyses delineated representative isolates into subgroups within the designated species. Molecular analyses indicated that the C. acutatum tamarillo isolates were uniform or clonal, whereas the C. gloeosporioides mango isolates and Colletotrichum passiflora isolates were heterogeneous. Likewise, sequence analysis of the complete ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region identified certain isolates to their respective species: tamarillo isolates as C. acutatum; mango isolates as C. gloeosporioides; passiflora, Tom-6, and Man-76 isolates as a Colletotrichum sp. as yet undefined; and the Pass-35 isolate as an additional undefined Colletot-richum sp. Molecular analyses of the population of Colletotrichum isolates from passiflora, Tom-6 from tamarillo, and Man-76 from mango indicate that this population may not be host specific.     

Efficacy of aroma compounds for postharvest management of mango anthracnose

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Anthracnose is a severe disease of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. The antifungal effects of the aroma compounds...     

剑麻提取液对芒果炭疽病菌的抑制作用及苗期防治效果

本文利用剑麻提取液对芒果炭疽病的防治进行了研究,结果表明,剑麻叶片水提液对芒果炭疽病菌的菌丝扩展速度以及菌丝生长量均有明显的抑制作用,且随着处理浓度的增高,抑制效果增强,当每100mL培养基中加0．2mL提取液处理时,抑制率达到50％以上;对孢子产孢能力以及孢子萌发率也有明显抑制作用,当100mL培养基中加5mL提取液处理时,产孢抑制率为98．18％,孢子萌发抑制率为97．43％;用提取液处理菌丝后电导率升高,表明该提取物对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝体细胞结构有影响,导致菌丝体电解质外渗;芒果苗期盆栽试验表明,处理后21d,对照发病率达到92．22％以上,而处理仅为44．44％,表明该提取物对芒果炭疽病有明显的防治效果。     

Assessing mango anthracnose using a new three-dimensional image-analysis technique to quantify lesions on fruit

An accurate image-analysis method was developed to assess quantitatively the spot-like lesions on fruits resulting from pathogen attack. The technique was applied to evaluation of the development and severity of anthracnose of mango fruit, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . In this method, a stepper motor rotates the mango fruit along its longitudinal axis while acquiring a sequence of 360 images of its total surface (one image for each degree). This set of images is used to create a pseudocylindrical 'equal-area' projection of the fruit in a two-dimensional map containing complete morphometrical and photometrical information of its surface. The lesion area can easily be evaluated from this map with image-analysis procedures. Quantitative data (percentage of area affected) can be used to establish an assessment scale for the disease based on lesion spots measured, as well as for detailed laboratory studies of mango anthracnose development. The average error of the method is −0·1%, standard deviation 0·44 ( r ² = 0·99), and it may be adapted for use with most commercial image analysers and for other diseases with spot-like symptoms.     

枸杞内生真菌对胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides的拮抗作用及生防潜力

为了明确枸杞内生真菌对胶孢炭疽菌的抑制作用,通过室内抑菌试验和离体试验测定了内生真菌对胶孢炭疽菌的抑制作用及对枸杞炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,镰刀菌属Fusarium菌株NQ8GII4、NQ8GII7、NQ7GII4和篮状菌属Talaromyces菌株NQ6GIII11对胶孢炭疽菌有明显的拮抗作用。平板对峙试验显示,上述4株枸杞内生真菌具有较强的营养和空间竞争能力,菌株NQ8GII4对病原菌的抑制率高达93.43%。显微观察发现,枸杞内生真菌能缠绕并穿透胶孢炭疽菌菌丝,使胶孢炭疽菌菌丝膨胀崩解。菌株NQ7GII4的培养滤液在浓度为15%时对病原菌菌丝的抑制率达到70.75%,菌株NQ8GII7产生的挥发性物质对胶孢炭疽菌抑制率高达83.44%。离体生防试验结果表明,用拮抗性内生真菌预先占位接种枸杞嫩果及叶片,能有效抑制枸杞炭疽病菌的侵入和病斑的扩展,菌株NQ8GII4 10%培养滤液对枸杞炭疽病的防治效果最强,防效达到了92.54%和95.57%,说明枸杞内生真菌具有很好的生防潜力和应用前景。     

中国芒果炭疽病菌复合种对苯醚甲环唑敏感性测定

芒果炭疽病是芒果上最严重的病害之一?本文采用生长速率法测定了来自不同芒果产区的芒果炭疽病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性?结果表明, 苯醚甲环唑对供试的136个菌株的平均EC50为(1.46±0.14)mg/L, 其中, 最小值为0.09 mg/L, 最大值为9.74 mg/L, 其敏感性频率不符合正态分布?苯醚甲环唑对不同采集地区菌株的平均EC50无显著差异, 对贵州的菌株平均EC50最高, 对海南的最低?供试的芒果炭疽病菌包含13个种, 其中, 苯醚甲环唑对Colletotrichum cordylinicola的平均EC50最低, 对C.gloeosporioides 的平均EC50最高?     

Effects of antagonistic microorganisms on the post-harvest development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango

Potential microbial antagonists of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were isolated from blossom, leaves and fruit of mango and screened using a series of assay techniques. In total 648 microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, were isolated and tested for their inhibition of growth of C. gloeosporioides on malt extract agar. In vitro , 121 organisms inhibited the fungus and were tested further for their ability to affect conidial germination. Of these isolates, 45 bacteria and yeasts inhibited germination. These were inoculated onto mangoes artificially infected with C. gloeosporioides and assessed for their potential to reduce the development of anthracnose lesions. Seven isolates were chosen for use in a trial in the Philippines using freshly harvested fruit. This final screening procedure yielded two potential candidates for further trials, isolate 204 (identified as Bacillus cereus ) and isolate 558 (identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens ). In post-harvest trials under commercial conditions, isolates 204 and 558 were both tested in combination with different application methods including the addition of adhesive material, peptone, fruit wax or sucrose polyester. Application of isolate 204 did not reduce disease development, whereas application of 558 significantly reduced anthracnose development. No additional benefit was achieved by incorporating the bacteria in adhesive material, peptone, fruit wax or sucrose polyester.     

Volatile metabolite profiling to detect and discriminate stem-end rot and anthracnose diseases of mango fruits

The volatile metabolites from the headspace gas of containerised mango ( Mangifera indica ) cv. Tommy Atkins fruits, surface wounded and inoculated with the two fungal anamorphic pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae , or non-inoculated (controls), were profiled using a portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer to discriminate diseases of mango. Thirty-four compounds were detected relatively consistently among replicates. Several of these were disease/inoculation-discriminatory and were classified into three groups: (i) compounds unique to only one treatment; (ii) compounds common to two or more treatments, but not to all; and (iii) compounds common to all treatments, but varying in their abundance. Two compounds, 1-pentanol and ethyl boronate, were detected in L. theobromae- inoculated mangoes alone, while thujol was observed only in C. gloeosporioides- inoculated mangoes. Discriminant analysis models based on the abundance of significant mass ions and consistent compounds correctly classified diseases/inoculations in up to 100% of cases. The disease-discriminatory compounds and discriminant analysis models developed here have the potential to be used in the early detection of postharvest diseases of mango fruits after validation under commercial conditions.