阿克苏河流域近46年气候变化研究

利用线性回归、突变分析和小波分析方法,分析了阿克苏河流域1961-2006年6个地面台站的平均气温和降水量的变化。结果表明:1)46 a来阿克苏河流域气温呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.18℃/10 a;2)阿克苏河流域46 a来年降水量以13.1mm/10 a的变化倾向率呈增加趋势;3)阿克苏河流域的年平均气温在1993年发生了由低向高的突变,降水在1987年发生了由低向高的突变;4)阿克苏河流域年降水量较大尺度12-16 a和8-12 a左右的振荡周期非常明显。     

山西气候变化特征与旱涝灾害趋势判断

根据山西18个气象站自建站以来到2010年的气温和降水资料,应用趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall突变检验、马尔可夫模型等分析了山西近60a来的气候变化及旱涝趋势。结果表明:1)山西近60a来气候总体上具有暖干化特征,年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,其增长率为0.29℃/10a。20世纪90年代以来气温上升迅速,在1992年气温发生突变,1992年以前为冷期,以后为暖期。2)降水量总体呈减少趋势,为-12.77mm/10a。降水变化与气温变化呈负相关。3)马尔可夫模型预测显示在气温突变后2012～2016年降水处于"正常"状态的概率较大。     

近54 a来甘肃省河东地区气候时空变化特征

用甘肃省河东及其周围地区近54 a来26个观测站气温、降水量资料,分析气温和降水的时空变化特征及其突变情况。结果表明：近54 a来甘肃河东地区气温呈明显的上升趋势,年平均气温倾向率为0.26 ℃/10 a,特别是20世纪90年代以来气温明显升高;空间分布上,年平均气温变化总体上呈增加趋势,以陇东高原中北部和陇中高原北部地区升温幅度最为明显;季节上气温均呈升高趋势,其中以冬季气温升高最为显著。近54 a来全区年平均降水量呈减少趋势,平均每10 a减少12.01 mm,其东南部地区减少的幅度高于西北部。此外,甘肃河东地区气温在1997年发生了由冷到暖的突变,而降水量突变不明显。进而讨论了气温升高和降水减少对该地区农业生产的影响。     

近55年来新疆伊宁市气候变化过程分析

利用伊宁市气象台1952-2006年观测资料,采用数理统计、回归分析、趋势分析、滑动平均、滑动t检验等方法,分析伊宁市气温和降水的变化特征与趋势.结果显示:55年来,伊宁市气温在波动中呈显著上升趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为O.39℃/10a,明显高于全国、西北地区、中国天山山区、新疆策勒和莎车绿洲的变化速率;年均及四季气温的线性趋势均可通过α=0.01水平的相关显著性检验.55年来,伊宁市年降水量也在波动中呈明显上升趋势,年降水量线性倾向率为12.3 mm/10a,这与我国年降水量以-2.66 mm/10a的速度减少、中国天山山区年降水量变化不存在显著的线性变化趋势的结论相反,与近50年西北干旱地区降水量变化有增加趋势的结论相一致,并且明显高于西北干旱区和莎车绿洲的变化速率,说明伊宁市气候的湿润化趋势比较明显.滑动t检验结果表明,伊宁市年平均气温分别在1978年、1987年和1997年由低到高发生突变,20世纪70年代中后期是气温明显由冷向暖转变的分界点;年降水量在1985年由少向多发生突变,20世纪80年代中后期是降水量明显由干枯向湿润转变的分界点.对55年气温和降水变化趋势的分析均证实,自20世纪80年代中后期开始,伊宁市气候已由暖干向暖湿转变,这种变化90年代中后期更加强烈和显著.     

1961-2009年辽宁省气温、降水变化特征及突变分析

利用辽宁省28个均一化气象站点1961-2009年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及降水量资料,采用趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了辽宁省近49年的气温和降水变化特征及突变特征。结果表明:辽宁省年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈升高趋势,升温速率分别为0.32℃/10a、0.26℃/10a和0.46℃/10a,年平均最低气温的升温最为显著,增温速率是年平均最高气温增温速率的1倍多。四个季节的升温速率冬季最大,春季次之,秋季略低于春季,夏季最不明显。年平均气温1989年发生了突变,年平均最高气温1992年发生了突变,年平均最低气温1985年发生了突变。年降水量整体上有减少的趋势,但变化并不显著。四季降水量呈冬春季增加、夏秋季减少的趋势。年降水量发生了三次突变,1967年由偏多转为偏少,1983年降水量开始大幅度增加,1996再次由多变少。     

叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及趋势分析

利用叶尔羌河流域五个气象台站长时序逐日气温和降水量数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验方法,分析近50多年来叶尔羌河流域气候要素变化特征,利用R/S分析法预测该区域未来气候变化趋势。结果表明:1)叶尔羌河流域属极端干旱区,近50年来降水量呈增加趋势,塔什库尔干、泽普和巴楚降水增加显著,有明显突变点;2)流域气温上升速率范围为0.239-0.375℃/10a,气温的上升均为突变升温,突变时间为20世纪90年代中期,塔什库尔干高海拔山区自2010年后气温增长较平原区迅速;3)通过R/S分析表明,叶尔羌河流域未来气候变化仍然与过去50年来的变化趋势一致,以暖湿趋势为主。     

新疆阿克苏河流域降水的时空分布

基于新疆阿克苏河流域的自然地理特征,利用阿克苏河流域内及附近的11个气象台站1960-2003年的降水资料,对降水进行时间和空间的分析。时间分析表明:自1960年以来,流域内降水呈不显著的增加趋势,线性倾向率为0.522,从20世纪70年代开始降水以13.21 mm/10 a的速度增加。降水年际变化较大,相对较不稳定,变异系数的平均值为0.38。空间分析是以DEM数据为基础,采用梯度距离平方反比法(GIDS)作为差值公式,得出整个流域的年降水量呈纬向分布特征,降水量的大小与地形分布有着十分密切的关系。回归分析显示:降水量与海拔高度呈二次函数的相关关系,得出其二次函数模型,并通过了0.001显著性检验。海拔2 000 m以上降水增加较快,且迎风坡多于背风坡。从变异系数的变化来看,流域内降水空间差异不大,近44年存在下降趋势。     

1971～2009年阜康绿洲气候变化规律分析

根据阜康市气象站1971～2009年平均气温、降水量资料,运用线性趋势估计、小波分析、距平与累积距平、滑动t检验等方法,对阜康绿洲年平均气温和降水量变化趋势、周期特征、突变特征进行分析.结果表明:(1)1971～2009年,阜康年平均气温和降水量均呈波动式上升;年平均气温以0.44℃/10a的线性倾向率上升,其相关系数...     

干旱区县域绿洲气候变化特征分析——以鄯善县为例

根据鄯善县1971—2010年气温、降水量、风速等资料,利用线性趋势法和距平及累积距平等方法对鄯善县绿洲气候变化进行分析。结果表明：(1) 近40 a鄯善县年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,线性拟合气候倾向率为0.49℃·10a^-1,各季变暖趋势相同,春夏秋冬四季平均气温线性拟合气候倾向率分别为0.35、0.33、0.4℃·10a^-1及0.43℃·10a^-1。年平均最高气温缓慢上升,年平均最低气温增温明显。(2) 近40 a降水量总体为波动减少趋势,线性拟合气候倾向率为-0.55 mm·10a^-1,夏季和秋季降水量减少明显。(3) 近40 a平均风速总体呈缓慢减小趋势,线性拟合气候倾向率为-0.05 m·s^-1·10a^-1。综合气温与降水变化状况,鄯善县绿洲气候呈暖干化发展趋势,气温与降水存在突变情况,年代分布有明显的阶段性、季节差异性特征。     

新疆艾比湖流域近40年来气候变化特征分析

本文通过艾比湖流域分布的5个气象台站有关气温、降水、蒸发的多年数据,分析了近40a来艾比湖流域的气候变化特征。结果表明:近40a来年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势,其中以冬季最为明显;年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现增加趋势;年及四季蒸发量呈上升趋势,但90年代的年及各季蒸发量较80年代呈减少趋势,其中以夏季最为明显。该地区近10多年来气候发生了明显的变化,主要表现在气温升高,降水增多,蒸发量却有减少的趋势。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.