利用原生质体融合技术选育高效拮抗番茄猝倒病的木霉工程菌株

通过热-紫外灭活原生质体融合,筛选高效拮抗番茄猝倒病的木霉工程菌株。采用PTC助融将灭活的原生质体进行融合,得到31株融合子,融合率达10.5%。灰色关联度分析表明,初筛的9株融合子的综合生防性状均高于亲本菌株,其中融合子Tpf-2效果最好。生物学性状测定结果与随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)结果表明,不同融合子存在遗传多态性,同一融合子具有遗传稳定性,融合子的聚类分析与其形态学分类正相关。温室试验结果表明,融合子Tpf-2对由瓜果腐霉和终极腐霉引起的番茄猝倒病防治效果分别达到86.3%和85.7%,与亲本菌株差异显著。本研究得到的融合子Tpf-2具有遗传稳定性,综合生防性状优良,是防治番茄猝倒病的理想菌株。     

三唑酮对木霉根际竞争定殖的影响

 在粘壤土中施用4~12μg/g土三唑酮能提高耐药木霉菌株在西瓜根尖4~1cm处根际土中的种群密度。4μg三唑酮处理的木霉根际竞争定殖指数、以及在4~8cm和10~14cm根段的根际木霉种群密度均高于不施药对照。土壤接种量为1×10³cfu/g土时木霉菌在西瓜根际增殖的比例较接种量为1×10⁶cfu/g土时大,2种接种量下三唑酮处理的根际木霉种群密度分别高于相应的不加药对照。在质地较好、C/N比值较高的粘壤土中木霉菌在西瓜根际的种群密度较砂壤土和粘土大,三唑酮对木霉在西瓜根际的增殖作用也较明显。     

内生黏质沙雷氏菌LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病的防治效果及其防病机制研究

本研究评价了从向日葵列当体内分离筛选得到的内生黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病进行盆栽与大田防效评价,并测定了该菌株的生理特性和其在根际土与向日葵体内的定殖情况。结果表明,LIEH 92发酵液对向日葵菌核病的室内盆栽防效达73.35%,对大田根腐型菌核病和盘腐型菌核病防效分别达53.48%和38.64%。菌株LIEH 92可产生几丁质酶,并能在根际土和向日葵根、茎、叶内定殖与传导,定殖菌量达102~106 cfu/g。其在向日葵植株的根内定殖数量最大,茎中次之,叶中最少。在灭菌土中LIEH 92在根际土和向日葵根部的定殖菌量小于在自然土中其在相应部位的定殖菌量,而灭菌土中LIEH 92在向日葵茎部和叶部的定殖菌量则大于自然土中相应的定殖菌量。LIEH 92处理可提高向日葵植株PAL、POD和PPO等防御酶活性,从而诱导向日葵对菌核病的抗性。LIEH 92对向日葵菌核病具有生防潜力。     

一株疫病拮抗青霉P.st10菌株的抗菌活性及其对辣椒疫病的盆栽防效

筛选得到一株疫霉菌的拮抗青霉Penicillium striatisporumP.st10。该菌株强烈抑制疫霉菌及核盘菌的菌丝生长。无菌滤液抑制辣椒疫霉孢子囊的形成及孢子囊、游动孢子的萌发,且能杀死菌丝细胞。该菌株在辣椒根际有很强的定殖能力,有机肥对其定殖有增强作用,接种后40d在根际的青霉菌数量,青霉处理为0.76×104cfu/g,而青霉菌肥处理为2.55×104cfu/g。盆栽试验显示:处理7d后,土壤只接种辣椒疫霉对照发病率为93%;同时接种青霉培养滤液和辣椒疫霉处理为16%;接种青霉培养滤液、新鲜菌丝和辣椒疫霉处理为15%。     

哈茨木霉在水稻体内的定殖及其对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

以具有抗腈菌唑标记哈茨木霉TUV-13菌株的分生孢子悬浮液对水稻种子分别进行浸种、蘸根、叶面接种,栽培至2叶1芯期,从秧苗各组织分离回收菌株TUV-13。对经菌液处理的秧苗进行显微及超微观察结果表明,浸种处理能使TUV-13菌株在水稻秧苗的根、茎、叶中稳定定殖;而蘸根处理、叶面接种,TUV-13菌株只能在处理的局部区域定殖。TUV-13菌株定殖后,水稻秧苗与抗病相关的酶活性显著提高,对水稻纹枯病防效达82.9%。     

复合木霉制剂防治黄连根腐病及其机理研究

为评价复合木霉制剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果, 并揭示其防病机理, 为黄连根腐病专用微生物农药的研发奠定基础, 本试验将深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、长枝木霉T. longibrachiatum、钩状木霉T. hamatum、拟康宁木霉T. koningiopsis等4种木霉配制的复合制剂和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum以不同的方式分别施用于黄连, 统计根腐病发生情况, 检测黄连根部防御酶活性, 用高通量测序分析根际土壤真菌群落结构。结果表明, 复合木霉制剂对尖镰孢导致的根腐病具有明显预防效果;复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢分别接种黄连可提高SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO等防御性酶活性, 产生诱导抗性;而它们先后接种黄连可产生强化效应, 从另一个途径提高植株抗病性。复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢都会降低真菌的数量、多样性, 和某些真菌的相对丰度, 而复合木霉制剂的抑菌作用更强烈, 尤其能明显抑制尖镰孢、Ilyonectria sp.等病原真菌的生长, 且能改善土壤真菌群落结构。木霉和尖镰孢都能在土壤中较长期定殖。可见, 复合木霉制剂可以预防尖镰孢导致的黄连根腐病, 防病机理包括诱导黄连植株产生抗性, 接种后再遭受病原菌侵染产生的强化效应, 优化土壤真菌群落结构, 抑制土壤中病原菌等, 且有效期较长。因此复合木霉制剂具有开发为微生物农药防治黄连根腐病的潜力。     

香菇菌糠对绿色木霉防治黄瓜枯萎病的增效作用

试验以栽培香菇剩余的菌糠为原料,采用室内抑菌试验和盆栽试验相结合的方法探讨了香菇菌糠对绿色木霉防治黄瓜枯萎病的增效作用。菌糠提取液对绿色木霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现促进作用,促进率分别为18.20%和9.82%;对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现抑制作用,抑制率分别为11.85%和87.78%。香菇菌糠与木霉混合使用对黄瓜枯萎病的防效达70.26%,黄瓜的地上部分鲜重和根重分别增加了65.06%和58.10%。与单用木霉相比,加入香菇菌糠后绿色木霉在土体土、根际土和根系中定殖数量分别提高了251.39%、208.21%和104.76%,黄瓜枯萎病菌数量分别减少了56.98%、77.72%和76.83%。     

生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖及对根际微生态的影响

采用植物MS平板定殖研究法、盆栽试验和土壤酶活性检测技术研究了生防菌B1619在番茄根部的定殖规律,并评估了B1619对番茄根围土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果显示,生防菌株B1619在番茄根部定殖能力较强,在MS平板中,定殖量可达10⁸ CFU/g根以上。在盆栽试验中,常规土壤中或在接种青枯菌后,番茄根部生防菌的数量都呈现先下降后上升趋势,最后趋于稳定;在第15天时,定殖量达到10⁶ CFU/g根。番茄定植后,B1619对根围土壤中真菌和放线菌具有促进作用,而对细菌则表现为先促进后抑制作用。此外,B1619能够提高土壤蔗糖酶活性而抑制土壤脲酶的活性,B1619施用后第15天,蔗糖酶活性达226.3 mg/g土,比对照高88 mg/g土;土壤脲酶活性则与对照组截然相反,呈下降趋势。     

不同土壤湿度条件下绿色木霉对尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响

采用平板菌落计数法研究在不同土壤湿度条件下绿色木霉在土壤中的定殖动态及对尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响。结果显示：在3个土壤湿度条件下, 接种木霉后前4周均能显著降低镰刀菌的数量; 与对照2(CK-H06)相比, 处理(B2-H06)中木霉的孢子含量没有显著性变化。第1、2周, 对照1(CK-B2)与处理(B2-H06)的镰刀菌含量与土壤湿度呈显著性正相关; 在第5周, 处理(B2-H06)的镰刀菌和木霉菌含量与土壤湿度呈显著性负相关。     

哈茨木霉强根际定殖能力菌株的筛选

用紫外线诱变哈茨木霉野生型菌株,经含多菌灵PDA培养基耐药性筛选,获得了耐药性菌株。用根际土壤木霉种群密度比较法对筛选的耐药性菌株和野生菌株进行根际定殖能力的比较测定,结果表明筛选的哈茨木霉耐药性菌株提高了根际定殖能力。在基本培养基上生长测定表明,由多菌灵诱变的耐药性菌株为营养缺陷型的突变体,对根际分泌物具有亲和性,只有聚居在植物根上才能生长得好。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.