江苏垦区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性监测及其替代杀菌剂的防病效果

近年来的调查结果表明,江苏垦区小麦赤霉病菌群体中抗多菌灵菌株的频率逐年上升,多菌灵防效逐年下降,部分农场采用多菌灵防治几乎失效。为了筛选替代多菌灵的药剂,我们在白马湖等6个农场对几种新杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,25%氰烯菌酯SC、40%叶菌唑SC和25%丙硫菌唑WP在所有农场都有较好的防治效果,其中25%丙硫菌唑WP对小麦赤霉病的防治效果最好,在所有农场其防效都超过80%,防治后乳熟期和成熟期病穗率变化不大。40%叶菌唑SC、25%丙硫菌唑WP以及25%氰烯菌酯SC和43%戊唑醇SC混用有显著增产作用,并能大幅度降低籽粒中DON含量。作者认为赤霉病的防治应立足种植抗(耐)病品种,扬花期选用有效杀菌剂适期进行防治。氰烯菌酯、叶菌唑和丙硫菌唑可作为多菌灵的替代药剂。     

几种杀菌剂防控小麦赤霉病穗腐及籽粒脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)毒素的评价

小麦赤霉病是小麦穗期的主要病害之一。化学防控一直是小麦主产区防控赤霉病的主要措施。为明确几种新型杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防效和对小麦籽粒DON毒素含量的影响,于2018年进行了氰基丙烯酸酯类和三唑类杀菌剂单剂及其复配剂对赤霉病的防效试验。结果表明:30%戊唑·多菌灵悬浮剂(SC)1500 mL/hm^2处理对赤霉病病穗防效达92.40%,病指防效达93.20%,小麦籽粒DON毒素检出量较不用药对照降低80.38%;25%氰烯菌酯SC 2000 mL/hm^2处理对赤霉病的病穗防效达86.80%,病指防效达88.78%,小麦籽粒DON毒素检出量较不用药对照降低88.19%;48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC 900 mL/hm^2和40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC 600 mL/hm^2对小麦赤霉病的病穗防效分别为77.20%、78.00%,病指防效分别为80.27%和79.59%,对籽粒DON毒素检出量较不用药对照分别降低73.87%和81.42%。在小麦赤霉病较重发生的情况下,上述4种杀菌剂单剂或复配剂1次用药既能高效控制病情,又能有效控制小麦籽粒DON毒素不超标。本试验研究进一步阐明,氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑等杀菌剂及其复配剂均能有效控制小麦赤霉病的危害,并能有效降低小麦籽粒DON毒素含量;吡唑醚菌酯单剂及其复配剂虽然对小麦赤霉病的病穗和病指防效也较高,但控制小麦籽粒DON毒素含量效果相对较差。研究结果为小麦穗期赤霉病化学防控提供了科学参考。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的控制效果

为探明不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病和小麦籽粒DON毒素(包括DON、3-ADON和15-ADON)的控制效果, 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种药剂对禾谷镰刀菌野生型菌株PH-1的室内活性, 同时采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS)测定了这些药剂对DON毒素的抑制效果, 并开展了小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的田间防治试验。结果表明, 12种原药对菌丝生长抑制活性强弱依次为氟唑菌酰羟胺>咪鲜胺>戊唑醇>丙硫菌唑>叶菌唑>氰烯菌酯>氟环唑>多菌灵>甲基硫菌灵>吡唑醚菌酯>嘧菌酯>井冈霉素A。氟环唑EC50和EC90离体胁迫均刺激DON毒素产生, 其他杀菌剂EC50和EC90胁迫均抑制DON毒素产生。田间试验结果表明, 200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD和20%叶菌唑WP病指防效和DON防效为87.68%~94.77%; 430 g/L戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、45%咪鲜胺EW、25%氟环唑SC、50%多菌灵WP和70%甲基硫菌灵WP病指防效和DON防效为57.63%%~85.49%; 250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC病指防效分别为72.18%和51.98%, DON防效分别为43.06%和-7.96%; 24%井冈霉素A AS病指防效和DON防效分别为42.37%和62.87%。药剂离体和田间控毒效果不完全一致, 赤霉病有效防控是DON防控的前提, 病害防效与DON防效不完全一致, 本研究为小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素防控提供了科学依据。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病和叶锈病的防治效果

为明确不同杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病和叶锈病的效果,在大田条件下进行了不同杀菌剂对这两种病害的防治试验。对小麦赤霉病的防效结果表明:25%氰烯菌酯SC、20%叶菌唑SC、48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC和200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC的防效较好,防效为83.54%~88.92%;其次为400 g/L戊唑·咪鲜胺EW和430 g/L戊唑醇SC,防效为71.87%和73.31%;50%多菌灵WP的防效仅为58.05%。对小麦叶锈病的防效调查结果表明:30%丙硫菌唑SC、40%丙硫·戊唑醇SC和430 g/L戊唑醇SC的防效较好,防效为84.78%~88.33%;其次275 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺·丙环唑SE、48%氰烯·戊唑醇SC、40%叶菌·戊唑醇SC和400 g/L戊唑·咪鲜胺EW,防效范围为79.66%~81.56%;200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC和50%多菌灵WP的防效为69.36%和39.33%。从防治效果、两种病害兼防以及延缓抗药性等方面综合考虑,氰烯·戊唑醇、氟唑菌酰羟胺·丙环唑、丙硫·戊唑醇、叶菌·戊唑醇等交替使用是防治小麦赤霉病和叶锈病比较好的策略。     

多种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及其DON毒素的防效

通过田间试验与室内检测,研究不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果、对DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇)毒素的控制效果以及对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180 g/hm~2、48%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂288 g/hm~2和40%丙硫·戊唑醇悬浮剂240 g/hm~2对小麦赤霉病的防效较高,药后25d病指防效均达到90%以上。药剂处理有一定增产效果,相比对照区,各处理区产量增幅16.39%~31.91%,千粒重增幅29.69%~36.17%。各处理对小麦病粒率和籽粒中的DON毒素也有一定控制效果。200g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180g/hm~2和40%丙硫·戊唑醇悬浮剂240 g/hm~2控制病粒率的效果最好,对应处理的病粒率分别为0.31%和0.32%。200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂180 g/hm~2和48%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂288 g/hm~2控制DON毒素的效果最好,对应处理的DON毒素检出量分别为197.33μg/kg和197.07μg/kg。     

5种不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病田间药效试验

作者开展了40%咪铜·氟环唑SC等5种杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的田间防效试验。结果表明,80%戊唑醇WG、80%多菌灵WP、40%咪铜·氟环唑SC、15%丙唑·戊唑醇SC和325g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC对小麦赤霉病的防效分别达到73.15%、60.07%、83.56%、71.81%和56.38,以40%咪铜·氟环唑SC防治效果最好。     

不同药剂对小麦赤霉病的防治效果

进行不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病的田间药效试验的结果表明:250g/L嘧菌酯SC、325g/L嘧菌酯·苯醚SC、250g/L嘧菌酯SC+43%戊唑醇SC、43%戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%嘧菌酯·咪鲜胺ME、25%咪鲜胺EC、42%咪鲜·甲硫灵WP对小麦赤霉病防效63.29%~79.1%,较CK增产18.6%~32.7%,赤霉病防效和增产效果均优于30%己唑醇SC、40%多·酮WP。小麦赤霉病适时预防是关键,在小麦齐穗至扬花达5%时施第一次药,间隔7d~10d施第二次药,药剂要交替轮换使用。     

戊唑醇不同防治时间对小麦赤霉病发生和籽粒中DON毒素积累的影响

为明确戊唑醇防治小麦赤霉病以及减少籽粒中DON(脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇)毒素积累的关键时期,本研究于2015年和2016年在河南省焦作市温县进行了小麦花期前后不同时间喷施25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂防治小麦赤霉病和减少籽粒中DON毒素积累的效果评价。试验结果表明:在2015年‘豫保1号'和2016年‘周麦18'上,齐穗期(Ⅰ-3,DAA=-1,Zadoks=59)、始花期(Ⅱ-1,DAA=0,Zadoks=61~64)、盛花末期(Ⅱ-2,DAA=1,Zadoks=69)、灌浆初期(Ⅲ-1,DAA=4,Zadoks=71)施药小麦赤霉病的病穗率、病情指数、病粒率和籽粒中DON毒素积累都显著减少(P0.05),以始花期或盛花末期施药防治效果最好;抽穗盛期(Ⅰ-1,DAA=-6,Zadoks=55)和齐穗期(Ⅰ、Ⅰ-2,DAA=-2、-4,Zadoks=59)施药在病穗率上都没有防治效果,而在病粒率上显著减少(P0.05);乳熟期(Ⅲ-2,DAA=10,Zadoks=73)施药在病穗率、病情指数和籽粒中DON毒素积累都没有防治效果。此外,齐穗期(Ⅰ、Ⅰ-2,DAA=-2或-3、-4,Zadoks=59)防治效果不稳定。2015年‘豫保1号'不施农药对照的病穗率高(85%)的条件下,齐穗期(Ⅰ,DAA=-2,Zadoks=59)喷药能显著降低病粒率和籽粒中DON毒素积累,并显著提高产量(P0.05),2016年‘豫保1号'不施农药对照的病穗率低(14.5%)的条件下齐穗期(Ⅰ,DAA=-3,Zadoks=59)喷药能显著降低病粒率(P0.05),但在籽粒中DON毒素积累和产量上没有防治效果,2016年‘周麦18'上齐穗期(Ⅰ-2,DAA=-4,Zadoks=59)喷药能显著降低病情指数和病粒率,但在籽粒中DON毒素积累和产量上没有防治效果。药剂不同时期施用对小麦赤霉病的防治效果受到年份和发病情况的影响。     

复配杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病田间药效

2016年研究了3种复配杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病的田间防治效果。结果表明,以有效成分用量35%丙环唑·多菌灵悬乳剂630~840 g/hm~2处理的田间防效85.28%~88.83%,30%多菌灵·戊唑醇悬浮剂180~225 g/hm~2处理田间防效86.74%~92.36%,30%多菌灵·氟环唑悬浮剂450~540 g/hm~2处理田间防效85.61%~90.28%,3种复配剂对小麦赤霉病的田间防治效果均优于相应单剂,且显著高于常规杀菌剂多菌灵。     

多菌灵及其复配制剂防治小麦赤霉病的应用效果

为测定在小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum抗性频率上升的条件下多菌灵及其复配制剂对小麦赤霉病的防效,于2014—2016年监测了江苏省南通市同块试验田中小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,2014、2015和2016年小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率分别为22.97%、38.55%和43.38%,呈逐年上升趋势。2016年戊唑醇及复配剂多菌灵·戊唑醇、多菌灵·三唑酮处理对小麦赤霉病的田间防效分别达97.82%、92.16%、85.98%,增产效果分别达23.90%、23.54%、22.57%;小麦样品(混粒)中DON毒素含量分别比空白对照降低57.39%、59.99%、43.34%,均优于多菌灵单剂处理,其中以戊唑醇及复配剂多菌灵·戊唑醇处理最好,多菌灵·三唑酮处理次之。因此,在抗性程度中等或偏轻的地区,采用戊唑醇、复配剂多菌灵·戊唑醇防治小麦赤霉病可取得较好的防病、增产及降低DON毒素的效果。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.