马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的残留行为及膳食摄入风险评估

利用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器 (GC-FPD) 测定了马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的残留量,根据2016年湖南、山东、北京、安徽、山西和黑龙江6地马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的规范性残留试验,对中国各类人群和不同作物中的马拉硫磷进行了膳食风险评估。样品用乙腈提取,丙酮置换乙腈后,GC-FPD检测。结果表明:在0.02~8.0 mg/kg添加水平下,马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的回收率在88%~109%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为5%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。湖南和山东的消解动态试验结果显示,马拉硫磷的半衰期为2.74~4.65 d,属于易降解农药;6地的最终残留试验结果表明,距最后一次施药3、5、7 d后,西葫芦中马拉硫磷的最终残留量在 < 0.02~0.049 mg/kg之间。针对西葫芦的膳食风险评估结果显示,中国各类人群对马拉硫磷的国家估计每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.115~0.207 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值 (RQ) 为0.000 4~0.000 7;全膳食暴露风险评估结果显示,马拉硫磷在各类食物中的NEDI值为82.251 μg/(kg bw·d),RQ值为0.275 1,表明马拉硫磷在西葫芦中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。推荐中国马拉硫磷在西葫芦上的最大残留限量值 (MRL) 为0.1 mg/kg,可确保中国西葫芦的食用安全性。     

叶菌唑在小麦中的残留消解及膳食风险评价

为评价叶菌唑在小麦中的残留行为及其产生的膳食摄入风险,于北京、安徽及黑龙江进行了1年3地田间试验,建立了叶菌唑在小麦中的残留分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评价。样品用乙腈提取,经Florisil固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱-氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.02~10 mg/kg的添加水平下,叶菌唑在小麦籽粒和植株中的平均回收率在81%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.1%~9.1%之间;其在小麦籽粒和植株中的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.02和0.04 mg/kg。叶菌唑在小麦植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为4.9~7.3 d。收获时小麦籽粒中叶菌唑的最大残留量为0.037 mg/kg,低于美国和欧盟设定的最大残留限量(MRL)0.15 mg/kg。针对我国不同人群的膳食摄入及风险评估暴露,风险商值(RQ)在0.001~0.002之间,表明叶菌唑在小麦中的膳食摄入风险较低。     

二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在枣中的残留行为及膳食摄入风险评估

建立了采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-VWD)检测二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在枣中残留量的分析方法,研究了两者在枣中的消解动态、最终残留水平以及膳食摄入风险。样品加盐酸后,用乙腈匀浆提取,Florisil柱净化,HPLC-VWD检测,外标法定量。运用慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)和急性膳食摄入风险(%ARf D)对二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在不同人群的急(慢)性膳食摄入风险进行了估计。结果表明:在0.1~5 mg/kg添加水平下,二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在枣中的平均回收率在76%~112%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.1%~9.6%之间;两种农药在枣中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.1 mg/kg。消解动态试验结果表明:二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在枣中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,其消解半衰期分别为1.5~2.5 d和12.4~18.4 d。最终残留试验结果表明:二氰蒽醌和吡唑醚菌酯在枣中的最终残留量分别为0.1~3.83和0.1~3.07 mg/kg。对2~6、7~14、18~30和60~70岁4类人群进行急(慢)性膳食摄入风险评估结果显示:施药后7 d,枣中吡唑醚菌酯的残留量对2~6岁的幼儿存在不可接受的急性膳食摄入风险,其他人群的急(慢)性膳食摄入风险较低;二氰蒽醌在施药后7、14和21 d,吡唑醚菌酯在14和21 d对4类人群的急(慢)性膳食摄入风险均在可接受范围之内。本研究结果表明:采用16%唑醚·氰蒽醌水分散粒剂防治枣树炭疽病,用药量为2.67 g/kg,施药间隔期7 d,最大施药次数3次,采收间隔期14 d,收获期的枣对各类人群的膳食摄入风险较小。     

呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

为评价呋虫胺在水稻中的残留消解行为和产生的膳食摄入风险,分别于2012和2013年在安徽、重庆和广西进行了规范残留试验,建立了高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)检测呋虫胺在水稻糙米、稻壳和植株中残留的分析方法,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。样品经乙腈提取、Florisil柱层析净化,高效液相色谱-紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:呋虫胺在糙米、稻壳和植株中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.05 mg/kg。在0.05~2 mg/kg添加水平下,呋虫胺的平均回收率在70%~100%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.5%~6.5%之间。呋虫胺在水稻植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为2.3~4.8 d,距末次施药后7 d糙米中的最大残留量为0.53 mg/kg,低于日本和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的最大残留限量2和8 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评价结果显示:我国各类人群的呋虫胺国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)为0.438~1.087 μg/(kg bw·d),风险商值(RQ)为0.002~0.005,表明呋虫胺在糙米中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。     

虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜上的残留行为与膳食风险评估

为评价虫螨腈及其代谢物溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的残留行为与膳食摄入风险,在山西、北京、吉林、河南、安徽、贵州6地进行了规范残留试验,建立了快速、简便的检测芥菜中虫螨腈残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法及检测芥菜中溴代吡咯腈残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,研究了虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈在芥菜中的最终残留和消解动态,并就两种农药对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险进行了评估。结果表明:在0.01~30 mg/kg添加水平范围内,虫螨腈及溴代吡咯腈的平均回收率分别在89%~105%和97%~104%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别在2%~4%和1%~3%之间;两种化合物在芥菜叶和根中的检测方法定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。虫螨腈在芥菜叶中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,消解半衰期为4.2~5.9 d;溴代吡咯腈的消解动态因拟合曲线符合性太差无法进行一级反应动力学方程拟合。100 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂以推荐最高剂量(有效成分105 g/hm2)施药2次、施药间隔期5 d、采收间隔期14 d,膳食消费量为97.5%位点处,芥菜叶中虫螨腈残留对3~5岁儿童和普通人群长期膳食摄入风险的贡献率分别为0.49%和2.47%,说明通过芥菜摄入虫螨腈及其代谢物残留对人体产生的长期膳食摄入风险较小;而短期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明,芥菜叶中虫螨腈对中国1~6岁儿童和普通人群均存在不可接受的短期膳食摄入风险,且对1~6岁儿童的风险远高于对普通人群。选择不同施药方式下的最终残留量数据进行评估,将可能导致风险评估结果产生较大差异,施药剂量或施药次数的增加会大幅提高农药残留的短期膳食摄入风险,建议可通过延长采收间隔期的方法降低农药的短期膳食摄入风险水平。     

苯醚甲环唑在芹菜和土壤中的残留行为及风险评估

在湖南和山东开展了10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在芹菜上的残留田间试验，在室内进行了土壤生物的急性毒性试验。基于苯醚甲环唑的残留试验数据和毒性端点值，就苯醚甲环唑对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险和对土壤生物的环境风险进行了评估。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在芹菜叶、茎和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.2~8.8 d、8.0~8.2 d和13.6~15.0 d。苯醚甲环唑按推荐剂量有效成分120 g/hm2喷雾施药3次，施药间隔期5 d，距最后一次施药5 d收获时苯醚甲环唑在芹菜叶片中的残留量高于MRL (3 mg/kg，中国)，在茎和整株芹菜中的残留量均低于MRL。普通人群和1~6岁儿童的短期摄入风险商 (RQ_a) 值分别为0.09和0.10；对于不同人群，芹菜中苯醚甲环唑对长期膳食摄入风险商的贡献率 (RQ_c%) 为9.4%~19.8%。10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂对环境中的土壤生物风险商 (RQ_e) 值为0.368~0.890，不会产生初级急性风险。     

韭菜中腐霉利的残留检测及长期膳食暴露评估

建立了一种简便、高效的QuEChERS前处理结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 检测韭菜中腐霉利残留量的方法。于2019年在中国黑龙江、辽宁、河南、山东、安徽、湖南、广西及福建8地开展了田间规范残留试验,研究了腐霉利在韭菜中的残留风险,并进行了韭菜中腐霉利残留的长期膳食暴露评估。样品采用乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 和石墨化碳黑 (GCB) 净化,HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在添加水平为0.02~20 mg/kg范围内,腐霉利在韭菜中的回收率为74%~98%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为4.6%~9.9%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂以有效成分450 g/hm2的剂量于韭菜灰霉病发病初期或前期施药1次,施药后间隔30 d采样,腐霉利在韭菜中的最终残留量为0.04~1.06 mg/kg。长期膳食暴露评估结果显示:腐霉利的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为2.5562 mg,风险商值 (RQ) 为40.6%,表明腐霉利在韭菜中的长期膳食摄入风险较低。     

多效唑在茄子中的消解动态与急性膳食摄入风险评估

建立了茄子中多效唑残留的分析方法,开展了规范残留试验并监测了多效唑对茄子生长和品质的影响,同时对茄子中多效唑残留带来的急性膳食摄入风险进行了评估。样品经乙酸-乙腈提取,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.02~5.0 mg/L范围内多效唑的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好,方法的检出限（LOD）为0.005 mg/kg,在茄子中的定量限（LOQ）为0.02 mg/kg。在0.02、0.10和0.20 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,多效唑在茄子中的回收率为88%~92%,相对标准偏差为5.1%~6.9%。其消解规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为1.45 d,正常收获期茄子中的最大残留量为0.02 mg/kg。多效唑可矮化茄子植株,增加产量,提高Vc、可溶性糖和黄酮含量,推荐使用剂量为有效成分12g/hm2,喷施2次。茄子中多效唑残留对中国各类人群的膳食摄入暴露量为0.70~1.9 μg/（kgbw·d）,仅占ARfD的0.70%~1.9%,在可接受范围内,说明茄子中多效唑残留带来的膳食摄入风险极低。     

噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的残留消解动态及风险评估

建立了噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的残留分析方法,并在广东和广西2地进行了10%噻唑磷颗粒剂在甘蔗上残留的田间试验,研究了噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留量,并对甘蔗中噻唑磷可能产生的膳食摄入风险进行了评估。甘蔗样本用乙腈提取,氨基固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器 (GC-FPD) 检测。结果表明:在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg添加水平下,噻唑磷在甘蔗中的平均回收率为83%～84%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 为2.6%～3.4%;在土壤中的平均回收率为84%～86%,RSD为4.1%～6.7%。噻唑磷检出限 (LOD) 和定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.01 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明:10%噻唑磷颗粒剂在广东和广西甘蔗中的消解不符合一级反应动力学方程,没有显著的消解规律,呈现的特点是浓度由小到大再变小的趋势,施药后14～21 d甘蔗中噻唑磷的残留量达到最大值0.027 mg/kg;噻唑磷在土壤中消解符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期为8.6～9.6 d,属易降解农药;噻唑磷在甘蔗和土壤中的最终残留量均小于0.01 mg/kg。膳食摄入风险评估结果表明:甘蔗中噻唑磷对人群的急性膳食摄入风险值为225%,急性膳食摄入风险较大,还需进一步结合噻唑磷在人体内的代谢行为等数据进行综合评估;慢性膳食摄入风险值为57%,表明按照推荐剂量施用10%噻唑磷颗粒剂,慢性膳食摄入风险较低,对消费者健康是安全的。     

马拉硫磷在柑桔和土壤中的残留消解动态

采用气相色谱(GC-NPD)测定了马拉硫磷在柑桔及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。样品用丙酮提取,经液液萃取净化,气相色谱氮磷检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:马拉硫磷在桔皮、桔肉、柑桔全果(果皮、果肉)和土壤中的添加回收率在0.05~1 mg/kg水平时分别为 90.1%~97.1%、85.0% ~89.0%、85.3% ~90.5% 和 85.8% ~90.0%;相对标准偏差分别为2.06% ~ 6.79%、4.00% ~7.57%、2.47% ~4.74 和 4.94% ~7.06%。马拉硫磷的最小检出量为 1.79×10-11 g, 在土壤和柑桔全果中的最低检出浓度分别为 0.013 和0.009 mg/kg。马拉硫磷在柑桔全果和土壤中的半衰期分别为 7.86~12.16 d 和 1.0~2.0 d;施药浓度为推荐剂量,最多3次,最后一次施药距采收间隔期为 20 d时,在收获的柑桔桔皮中马拉硫磷的残留量为 0.026~0.117 mg/kg,桔肉中的残留量低于最低检测浓度。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.