渭河上游地区温室菜地土壤肥力演变特征研究

在陇东南渭河上游地区的天水市武山县,通过田间采样的方法,以不同种植年限的温室和露地的耕层土壤(0~20 cm)为研究对象,研究了长期连作温室蔬菜对土壤p H、全盐、有机质及氮磷钾养分的影响。结果表明:不同种植年限温室菜地的土壤p H都明显低于其露地大田,而且随种植年限的延长,p H逐渐降低,与种植年限显著负相关,年均降低0.05个单位。而土壤全盐含量与种植年限呈显著正相关,年均增加0.091个百分点。连续14年种植温室蔬菜土壤全盐含量达到0.34%,是露地土壤的6.35倍。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量也随种植年限逐渐增加,与种植年限显著正相关,连续14年种植温室蔬菜后,土壤的速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别达到230.17、342.17 mg·kg-1和263.00 mg·kg-1,显著的高于大田。     

猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响

为深入了解不同土地利用方式下土壤养分水平的差异及施肥和管理中存在的问题,选取陕西省周至县农耕区为研究区域,采用地统计分析和GIS相结合的方法,研究了猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种不同土地利用类型下土壤养分含量、养分相关性、空间变异特征及其分布格局。结果表明:猕猴桃园有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.55±3.13)g·kg~(~(-1)),(80.58±14.69)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(23.37±6.09)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(102.79±12.74)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.32±0.49;小麦—玉米农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.43±2.63)g·kg~(~(-1)),(78.80±11.39)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(24.83±6.06)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(95.03±11.75)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.41±0.58。猕猴桃园土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于小麦—玉米农田,仅有效磷含量比小麦—玉米农田偏低。研究区主要养分要素的变异系数都处于10%~100%,属于中等空间变异性。在猕猴桃园中,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾两两之间均呈极显著或显著正相关;在小麦—玉米农田,pH值与有机质表现出显著负相关。研究区土壤有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏高水平,有机质含量处于中等偏低水平,而速效钾含量总体缺乏。整体上猕猴桃园比小麦—玉米农田养分水平高,这主要与不同的田间管理和施肥状况有关。因此,今后应采取维持氮肥、控制磷肥、增加钾肥的措施,并十分重视有机肥的使用。此外,针对不同土地利用类型和土壤肥力状况进行分区培肥管理,普及科学施肥,提高肥料利用效率也是提升土壤肥力水平的重要措施。     

陕西省苹果园土壤肥力与施肥现状评估

为深入了解陕西省苹果园施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,提出解决对策,对2005—2009年测土配方施肥项目21个县的土壤数据和"3414"肥料实验数据以及农户抽样调查数据进行了统计分析,结果表明:陕西省苹果园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为12.6 g·kg-1、56.9 mg·kg-1、18.0 mg·kg-1、151.6 mg·kg-1,与20世纪80年代相比,分别提高了17.8%、16.1%、168.7%、2.2%,说明土壤肥力状况得到了改善;苹果园化肥施用量由关中向陕北呈递减趋势,三个生态区施肥量均表现出氮肥偏高,磷、钾肥适中或偏低的现状,体现了农民普遍"重氮轻磷钾"的施肥习惯;全省苹果实际产量高低次序为关中灌区陕北高原渭北旱原;全省苹果园土壤养分盈亏状况总体上是氮、磷盈余,钾亏缺,氮素盈余196.5 kg·hm-2、磷素盈余205.5 kg·hm-2、钾素亏缺12 kg·hm-2,建议今后在苹果生产中适当增加钾肥的投入。     

无定河流域植被恢复对土壤团聚体及碳固定的影响

对无定河流域坡耕地和4、5、10、30、50年植被恢复样地土壤水稳性团聚体含量,全土样及不同直径水稳性团聚体中的有机质、速效磷含量进行了测定分析,计算了土壤有机碳密度,旨在评价植被恢复对土壤结构、养分及土壤固定的影响。结果表明:各样地全土样有机质和速效磷含量分别介于6.73~31.83 g·kg-1和1.93~14.72 mg·kg-1之间,不同直径团聚体有机质和速效磷含量分别介于7.15~26.03 g·kg-1和3.71~16.64 mg·kg-1之间。相对农地,植被恢复能明显增加表层土壤有机质含量和有机碳密度,杜梨群落增加幅度最高,增加值分别为24.93 g·kg-1和91.98 mg·cm-2;水稳性团聚体以0.05 mm和0.05~0.1 mm为主,含量分别在37.06%~57.22%和21.71%~29.76%之间;不同直径水稳性团聚体中有机质含量表现为2 mm至0.2~0.5 mm之间,直径愈小,有机质含量愈高,0.2~0.5 mm至0.05 mm之间,粒径愈小,有机质含量愈低;除1~2 mm团聚体中的速效磷含量最高外,2 mm至0.05 mm团聚体之间,粒径愈小,速效磷含量愈低。土壤有机碳密度与植被恢复年限呈线性正相关关系。相对于土壤碳固定,土壤抵抗水力侵蚀的能力需更长时间才能显著提高。相对慢速湿润,快速湿润条件下各直径水稳性团聚体有机质含量均较高。研究区大雨或暴雨是造成该区域土壤结构恶化和有机碳损耗的主要原因。     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

半干旱农牧交错区土壤养分空间变异特征分析——以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗为例

本文以伊金霍洛旗为研究区,通过GIS平台对土壤养分中的有机质、全氮、速效钾的空间插值方法进行了比较并得到了最优插值图。然后分析了该旗土壤养分的空间分布规律,为该地区的农业生产布局和生态环境建设提供了依据。通过比较后认为,在该地区有机质的空间插值用反距离权重法为好,而全氮和速效钾的空间插值以克吕格法的指数模型和高斯模型为好。地统计学分析结果表明:有机质、全氮和速效钾的变程分别为11853m,8932.2m和732.99m,全氮和速效钾具有中等空间相关性,而有机质空间相关性较弱。有机质含量普遍偏低,在91%的面积中有机质含量低于10g/kg,其相对高值区呈离散分布,可能与隐域植被的分布有关。全氮含量与有机质含量分布相似,在70%的面积中低于0.75g/kg,而速效钾含量中等,介于102.04-103.31mg/kg之间。在三个不同的景观亚区中,乌审凹地亚区的土壤养分状况较好,黄土丘陵亚区养分状况最差,毛乌素沙地亚区介于它们之间。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农田土壤钾素特征研究

通过土样分析,利用统计分析法系统研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区人工农地——坝地和梯田的土壤钾素含量、相关性、垂直和时空分异特征。研究结果表明:坝地和梯田钾素分布严重失衡;表层速效钾平均含量坝地属"中等",梯田属"缺乏";表层全钾平均含量坝地属"较高",梯田为"中等";缓效钾平均是速效钾的7.58倍(坝地)和11.06倍(梯田),但转化率较低;矿物钾平均占全钾的95.71%(坝地)和95.16%(梯田),却难以被作物利用。土壤各形态钾素间都呈极显著正相关,并受土壤有机质、CEC、pH值和颗粒组成的影响。表层与下层间的速效钾、坝地和梯田间的缓效钾都有极显著差异,但黄土母质土壤钾素整体分布均一;坝地速效钾沿剖面向下含量增加,且整体高于梯田;坝地因高耗钾作物玉米而导致缓效钾含量低于梯田。土壤有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾在时间动态上都表现为先增后降,分水岭年限坝地约在40 a,梯田约在30 a。     

陕北南泥湾湿地农田养分及AM真菌多样性

研究选取南泥湾湿地6种不同作物类别的农田为样地,并设荒野次生林地为对照,分0~10、10~20cm和20~30 cm土层深度采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌多样性及其孢子密度。结果表明:0~30 cm土层范围,土壤有机质含量为7.54~17.23 g·kg~(-1),蔬菜地有机质含量显著高于其它地类;土壤速效氮含量为12.01~27.10 mg·kg~(-1);土壤速效磷的含量为3.08~9.67 mg·kg~(-1),云杉和林地土壤速效磷的含量显著低于其它地类;土壤速效钾含量为98.61~152.51 mg·kg~(-1);南泥湾农田养分含量偏低,尤其缺乏土壤速效氮和土壤速效磷。试验共分离出3属10种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,占60%;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,占30%;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种,占10%。林地AM真菌物种丰度最大,其次是云杉,水稻地AM真菌物种丰度最小。地球囊霉(G.Geosporum)是优势种类,美丽盾巨孢囊霉(Scu.Calospora)属于偶见种,摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)只出现在耕作土壤。不同地类孢子密度差异显著,以0~30 cm土层平均值比较:林地土孢子密度(2.24个·g~(-1))云杉幼苗地土孢子密度(2.18个·g~(-1))谷子地土孢子密度(1.46个·g~(-1))玉米地土孢子密度(1.31个·g~(-1))蔬菜土孢子密度(0.76个·g~(-1))水稻土孢子密度(0.73个·g~(-1))黄豆土孢子密度(0.67个·g~(-1))。     

不同配方土壤熟化调理剂对新修梯田土壤改良效果的影响

针对西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田土壤瘠薄、保水保肥能力差的特点,通过3年的田间定位试验,在氮磷肥平衡施用基础上,研究添施不同配方土壤熟化剂对新修梯田土壤理化性状、养分状况与作物产量等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)施用不同配方土壤熟化剂可降低新修梯田土壤容重,增大毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;且表层(0~10 cm)熟化效果好于底层(10~20 cm)。与试验前相比,表层土壤容重降低5.14%~18.49%,孔隙度和田间持水量分别增加9.14%~18.86%和10.96%~17.19%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加56.11%~114.19%、9.84%~78.69%、48.52%~268.50%、70.10%~427.53%;(2)与CK相比,A处理的培肥效果最显著,容重年均降低0.06 g·cm-3,孔隙度和田间持水量年均分别增加3.15、0.45%;土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的年增加速率分别提高2.48 g·kg~(-1)、0.2 g·kg~(-1)、7.82mg·kg~(-1)、129.23 mg·kg~(-1);其余培肥处理的效果为BC、D、ECK;(3)施用土壤熟化剂提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,以A配方的效果最好,2012、2013年马铃薯产量较CK分别提高37.69%、50.93%,2014年小麦产量较CK提高94.41%;3年A配方的水分利用效率较CK分别提高43.09%、48.71%、102.31%,且差异显著。综合可知,A配方(黑矾、腐植酸、氯化钾、微肥、DA-6用量分别为375、600、150、45、150×10-3kg·hm-2)对于改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤养分、水分利用效率和作物增产效应最佳,为西北黄土高原半干旱区新修梯田快速培肥较适宜的措施。     

关中东部地区农田土壤养分演化趋势——以临渭区为例

以临渭区2007-2010年测土配方施肥项目土壤监测数据和第二次全国土壤普查资料为基础,分析研究关中东部地区农田土壤养分状况及其变异趋势.结果表明,临渭区农田土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷平均含量均比1982年土壤普查时有了很大程度的提高,分别提高了6.02 g· kg-1、0.21 g·kg-1、28.6 mg· kg-1、13.6mg· kg-1.土壤速效钾平均含量比第二次土壤普查时降低了12.6 mg·kg-1,农田土壤有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌等微量元素的平均含量与1982年前相比有不同程度提高,分别提高了3.157 mg·kg-1、2.305 mg· kg-1、1.485mg.kg-1、0.852 mg·kg-1.由此可看出,临渭区农田土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷均呈累积态势;耕层土壤氮素盈余、磷素富积、钾素虽有减少,但仍处于适量状态,有效硫和有效锌在田块间盈缺不一,有效铁、有效锰处于普遍缺乏状态,有效铜较为丰富.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.