Plant-parasitic nematodes of Croatia1

Investigations on the distribution of nematodes were carried out mostly in the northern and eastern parts of Croatia up to 1991. Sampling was performed in the following crops: maize, wheat, barley, sugarbeet, soybean, sunflower, rape, tobacco, potato, alfalfa, blackberry, onion, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, tomato, capsicum, oak, chrysanthemum, tulip, rose, grapevine, peach, apple, plum, pear, cherry, poplar, willow, clover, nettle, grass, meadow, woodland, many species of weeds, various glasshouse crops and vegetation in a nature reserve. 63 genera of nematodes with 81 species were detected. The most numerous representatives of plant parasitic nematodes were: Anguina, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Criconemoides, Ditylenchus, Gracilacus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Heterodera, Longidorus, Macroposthonia, Meloidogyne, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Rotylenchus, Trichodorus, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchus and Xiphinema.     

寄主植物对苹果黄蚜药剂敏感性及解毒酶活性的影响

为研究寄主对苹果黄蚜药剂敏感性及体内酶活力的影响,采用生物测定和生化方法分别对取食杏树、李子树、梨树和苹果树的苹果黄蚜种群的药剂敏感性及解毒酶活性进行了测定。供试药剂对杏树、李子树、梨树和苹果树上蚜虫种群的相对毒力指数测定结果表明,吡虫啉为3.53、3.12、2.55和1.00,马拉硫磷为2.42、2.06、1.69和1.00,溴氰菊酯为2.96、1.66、1.43和1.00,灭多威为2.11、1.65、1.37和1.00;对四种药剂的敏感性大小均为杏树种群>李子树种群>梨树种群>苹果树种群。蚜虫的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)的离体酶活力顺序均为苹果种群>梨树种群>李子树种群>杏树种群,四个蚜虫种群的GST活力比值分别为2.32、1.73、1.35和1.00,AChE活力比值为2.48、1.73、1.66和1.00,CarE活力比值为1.60、1.27、1.23和1.00,MFO活力比值为2.02、1.31、1.13和1.00。各种群间的四种酶活力差异均达显著水平。说明寄主植物能影响苹果黄蚜药剂敏感性及解毒酶活力水平。     

二十二个抗稻瘟病基因在云南的利用价值评价

为了明确22个抗稻瘟菌基因在云南省的抗性水平及其利用价值,将采集、分离自云南省3个稻区的282个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株,接种于以丽江新团黑谷为轮回亲本培育而成的含有22个垂直抗性基因的水稻单基因系上.根据各稻区采集的菌株在水稻单基因系上的侵染率,分析出各垂直抗性基因在云南省各稻区的利用价值.持有Pi9、Piz5、Pi1、Pita2、Piz、Pikh、Pizt 7个垂直抗性基因的单基因系的侵染率分别为1.22%、2.40%、3.21%、4.82%、5.95%、7.23%、9.04%,可在籼稻区种植或作抗源使用;持有Pi9、Piz5、Pi1、Pita2、Piz、Pikh、Pizt、Pi12、Pita、Pib 10个垂直抗性基因的单基因系的侵染率分别为0.93%、 16.67%、10.19%、 5.09%、15.74%、15.74%、12.04%、9.26%、19.29%、11.11%,可在粳稻区种植或作抗源使用;持有Pi9、Piz5、Pi1、Pita2 4个垂直抗性基因的单基因系的侵染率分别为8.60%、13.83%、10.93%、18.04%,可在籼粳交错区种植或作抗源使用.同时用联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析了病菌和单基因系的群体互作以及抗瘟组合的利用价值,结果表明:品种两两搭配后的RAC值大于0.80的组合有Pi9与Pita2、Pizt、Pi1、Piz,说明以上4种组合的抗病性最强,应用价值最大.     

河北省大豆孢囊线虫分子鉴定及其分布

2003年,在河北省邯郸、邢台、石家庄、保定、秦皇岛、唐山、张家口等地采集大豆根际土壤样品65份,应用大豆孢囊线虫特异性引物对采集的孢囊线虫进行了分子鉴定,结果表明从邯郸的永年、磁县、峰峰,邢台的南和、广宗、清河,保定的南大园、西马池、望都、定州,石家庄的栾城、鹿泉、平山及石家庄市郊,秦皇岛的抚宁、昌黎,唐山的迁西、迁安、丰润的大豆和张家口的红云豆上采集的孢囊线虫的孢囊及其二龄幼虫均为大豆孢囊线虫;卢龙和滦县的样品中没有发现大豆孢囊线虫的孢囊及其二龄幼虫,且孢囊的检出率与二龄幼虫的检出率的趋势一致。     

113种植物的乙醇提取物对反枝苋和马唐种子萌发及生长的抑制活性

筛选和评价植物资源的除草活性可为新型植物源除草剂的研发提供候选材料和理论依据。本研究用种子萌发法和平皿法，评价了56科113种植物提取物对反枝苋和马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制活性。结果表明，在125 mg DW/mL的供试浓度下，大黄、牡丹皮、大叶三升麻、木香、佩兰、楸树、安息香树、泡桐、短叶罗汉松和杜衡提取物对马唐种子萌发和生长的抑制作用最为明显；牡丹皮、佩兰、木香、鹿藿和短叶罗汉松提取物对反枝苋种子萌发和生长的抑制活性最为明显。毒力测定表明，楸树、木香、杜衡、泡桐、佩兰、安息香树和大叶三升麻提取物对马唐幼根的抑制中浓度（IC₅₀）分别为39.30、5.93、13.93、28.69、8.72、19.19和15.19 mg DW/mL；对马唐幼芽的IC₅₀分别为48.22、8.13、15.28、42.12、22.39、7.78、23.43和12.92 mg DW/mL。木香、牡丹皮、短叶罗汉松、鹿藿、佩兰和紫背浮萍对反枝苋幼根的IC₅₀分别为2.46、2.85、2.59、1.03、2.24和2.79 mg DW/mL；对反枝苋幼芽的IC₅₀分别为7.05、31.21、24.17、4.52和32.72 mg DW/mL。可见，牡丹皮、佩兰、木香、鹿藿和短叶罗汉松5种植物提取物的除草活性较好，具有进一步研究的价值。     

陕西省主要农作物测土施肥效益分析

为了解陕西省主要农作物测土配方施肥效果,对陕西省2007-2011年小麦、玉米、水稻、油菜和苹果共计2256个三区试验(农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥和无肥处理)数据进行了整理和分析。与农民习惯施肥相比,小麦、玉米、水稻、油菜和苹果推荐施肥分别平均增产653、908、703、341 kg·hm~(-2)和3 232 kg·hm~(-2),增产率分别为13.2%、13.2%、8.7%、15.7%和12.2%;分别节本增收1 063、1 233、757、1 086元·hm~(-2)和15 841元·hm~(-2);肥料贡献率分别提高了8.1、8.2、5.2、7.1和8.3个百分点;农学效率每千克分别提高了1.5、1.1、0.5、0.6 kg和2.8 kg。通过合理施肥全省小麦、玉米、水稻、油菜和苹果可分别增产74.2、106.9、8.5、6.9万t和201.4万t,共增收128.4亿元。平衡施用氮磷钾肥是实现农业增产、农民增收、肥料高效利用的重要技术措施。     

外源ABA和Ca~(2+)对低温及低温恢复下赤霞珠幼苗蔗糖代谢的影响

为了明确外源ABA及Ca~(2+)处理对低温条件下酿酒葡萄蔗糖代谢的影响,以赤霞珠幼苗为试验材料,研究了在不同浓度ABA和Ca~(2+)条件下,5℃低温及5℃低温后25℃恢复(5℃和5℃/25℃)两种条件下碳水化合物积累及蔗糖代谢关键酶活性的变化。结果表明:两种处理条件下,随着外源ABA和Ca~(2+)浓度的逐渐升高,植株内蔗糖,果糖,葡萄糖和淀粉含量不断增加,并且在5 mg·L~(-1)ABA或15 mmol·L~(-1)CaCl_2浓度处理下植株内碳水化合物含量积累至最高,依次较对照增加了67.88%,21.8%,213.77%,7.04%,51.38%,2.35%,8.84%,31.81%或72.81%,35.37%,123.57%,36.44%,25.90%,28.67%,210.56%,210.90%。其中ABA处理后的葡萄糖含量在5℃/25℃条件下较5℃显著增加。两种处理条件下,外源ABA及CaCl_2提高了赤霞珠幼苗蔗糖合成酶(SS),蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS),酸性转化酶(AI),中性转化酶(NI)活性,其中在5 mg·L~(-1)ABA或15 mmol·L~(-1)CaCl_2处理下4种蔗糖代谢关键酶活性显著增高,依次较对照提高了64.10%,125.00%,193.29%,756.31%,2 291.51%,1 569.31%,1 523.13%,1 336.77%或26.42%,20.38%,30.75%,58.30%,111.63%,14.14%,14.32%,66.39%。说明适宜浓度的ABA及Ca~(2+)处理可增强蔗糖代谢酶活性,促进蔗糖转化,提高碳水化合物含量,从而增强幼苗的抗寒能力。研究结果为酿酒葡萄糖代谢物质及相关酶在外源ABA及Ca~(2+)处理下响应低温机理提供理论依据。     

Root growth profiles of Aveneae and Poeae plants in optically active α-methylbenzyl-3-p-tolylurea media

Using a root growth inhibition assay, we studied the diverse chiral responses of plants in the tribes, Aveneae and Poeae, to the optically active compounds, R- and S- 1-α-methylbenzyl-3- p -tolylurea (MBTU). We specifically examined the responses of grasses belonging to the Poeae tribe ( Lolium , Briza , Poa , Dactylis , and Festuca ) and the Aveneae tribe ( Avena , Holcus , Agrostis , Alopecurus , Beckmannia , and Phleum ). These plants include companion weeds of wheat and barley, and turf grass. The companion weeds of cereal crops, such as Poa annua , Poa pratensis , Dactylis glomerata , Avena fatua , Avena sativa , Holcus lanatus , Agrostis stolonifera , Alopecurus myosuroides , Al. aequalis , and Beckmannia syzigachne , showed significantly inhibited root growth in response to 20 µmol L⁻¹ R- MBTU, whereas the root growth of Triticum aestivum was not inhibited at this concentration. Like Oryza sativa , almost all the Poeae and Aveneae plants tested here preferentially responded to R -MBTU, but the four grasses, Lolium multiflorum , D. glomerata , Alopecurus species, and Phleum pratense , preferentially responded to S -MBTU. Among them, the Agrostis species were highly sensitive to R -MBTU and the Alopecurus species were highly sensitive to S -MBTU. All the plants among the genera, Poa , Avena , and Alopecurus , showed a homogeneous chiral preference.     

Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of adult spirurine nematodes parasitic in fishes: a review

About 300 species belonging to four superfamilies (Gnathostomatoidea, Habronematoidea, Physalopteroidea and Thelazioidea) of the nematode suborder Spirurina are known as the adult parasites of freshwater, brackish-water and marine fishes. They are placed in four families, of which the Gnathostomatidae, including Echinocephalus with a few species and the monotypic Metaleptus, are parasites of elasmobranchs, whereas Ancyracanthus contains one species in teleosts; the Physalopteridae is represented in fish by four genera, Bulbocephalus, Heliconema, Paraleptus and Proleptus, each with several species in both elasmobranchs and teleosts. The majority of fish spirurines belongs to the Rhabdochonidae, which includes 10 genera (Beaninema, Fellicola, Hepatinema, Heptochona, Johnstonmawsonia, Megachona, Pancreatonema, Prosungulonema, Rhabdochona and Vasorhabdochona) of species parasitizing mainly teleosts, rarely elasmobranchs, and the Cystidicolidae with about 23 genera (Ascarophis, Caballeronema, Capillospirura, Comephoronema, Crenatobronema, Cristitectus, Ctenascarophis, Cyclozone, Cystidicola, Cystidicoloides, Johnstonmawsonoides, Metabronema, Moravecnema, Neoascarophis, Parascarophis, Prospinitectus, Pseudascarophis, Pseudoproleptus, Salvelinema, Similascarophis, Spinitectoides, Spinitectus, Sterliadochona), with many species parasitic in teleosts only. Because of difficulties in studying fish spirurines, associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities, most species of these parasites are poorly known. It is apparent that their present classification system does not reflect phylogenetic relationships and a taxonomic revision of this nematode group, based on detailed morphological (including SEM and TEM), life history and molecular studies of individual species, is quite necessary. In Cystidicolidae, several genera have been based on details in the cephalic structures visible only with the aid of SEM, but it will be evident whether or not these tiny features are of generic importance only when more cystidicolids are described using SEM and comparative molecular data become available. Data on the biology of fish spirurines are scarce. In known cases, their life cycles involve aquatic arthropods (crustaceans or insects) as intermediate hosts, in which, sometimes, the larvae undergo a precocious development and may even attain adulthood and become gravid in these invertebrates; sometimes, fish paratenic hosts are known to occur in cystidicolids parasitizing as adults piscivorous definitive hosts. Some spirurine species are pathogenic and are known as causative agents of serious fish diseases. Consequently, further detailed studies on fish spirurines are significant not only from the theoretical viewpoint, but they may also have practical implications.     

Chemical control of the olive rot caused by Glomerella cingulata1

The effect of various fungicides on Glomerella cingulata, the causal agent of a serious rot of olive fruits, was evaluated both in vitro and in the field. The following fungicides were tested: copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture, ziram, myclobutanil, hexaconazole, metiram, bitertanol and benomyl. Field trials were carried out in Calabria (southern Italy) for 2 years on two olive cultivars, Ottobratica (susceptible) and Sinopolese (resistant). The minimum effective concentrations of bitertanol, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, benomyl, metiram, ziram, and copper oxychloride on mycelial growth in vitro were < 5, < 50, < 50, < 1000, < 1000, < 1000, < 1000 μg ml^?1, respectively. The ED90 values for conidial germination were 0.01, 0.02, 50, 50, 1000, 1000, and 1000 μg ml^?1 of benomyl, ziram, myclobutanil, copper oxychloride, bitertanol, hexaconazole and metiram, respectively. In field trials, Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride proved to be the most effective products; however ziram, myclobutanil, bitertanol, metiram, and hexaconazole reduced the incidence of fruit rot significantly.     

水稻矮缩病的研究Ⅲ寄主范围

 用黑尾叶蝉(Nephotettix cincticeps)经卵带毒虫接种47种禾谷类作物和禾本科杂草,以无毒若虫进行回接和血清学反向间接炭凝法检测被接种植物。结果水稻矮缩病毒的寄主除水稻(oryza sativa L.)外,还有:Oryza sativa var.fatua,O.australiensis,O.barthii,O.brachyantha,O.latifolia,O.nivara,O.glaberrima,Hordeum distichum,H.distichum var.nudum,H.vulgare,Triticum aestivum,Secale cereale,Avena sativa,Zea mays saccharata,Setaria italica,S.viridis,S.Faberii,Echinochloa crusgalli,E.crusgalli var.hispidula,E.crusgalli var.mitis,Alopecourus aequalis,Paspalum thunbetgii,Polypogon fugax,Leersia japonica,Setaria lutescens,Eragrostis ferruginea,Lolium multizlorum.和Beckmannia erucaeformis.等28种。     

新疆荒漠地区几种重要野生药用植物资源及其人工栽培

对中国新疆境内荒漠地区分布的几种重要的野生药用植物资源麻黄（Ephedra）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza）、肉苁蓉（Cistanche）、罗布麻（Apocynum）、白麻（Poacynum）和刺山柑（Capparis）的种类分布、生境、资源现状及其人工引种栽培作了简要论述。随着人类对野生药物资源的开发利用的强度加大，自然分布状态下的资源数量及质量不断下降，有些种已经处于濒危或灭绝的边缘。人工引种及栽培家化是野生药用植物资源产业化开发利用中保证原料数量的一条必要途径。经过引种试验，中麻黄、木贼麻黄、蓝枝麻黄、乌拉尔甘草、胀果甘草、光果甘草、肉苁蓉、管花肉苁蓉、罗布麻和刺山柑已经在吐鲁番、伊犁、尉犁、阿勒泰、阜康、石河子、和田、于田等地人工栽培条件下正常生长发育，人工栽培技术已经基本成熟，为大面积原料基地建设提供了技术保障。     

Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City,China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia), China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V) using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor(EF) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.     

9种杀菌剂对胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉菌生物学特性的影响

72%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、40%多.五氯可湿性粉剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂、50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂、70%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂9种杀菌剂抑制胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉(Allantophomoides carotae)菌丝生长的EC₅₀分别为136.08、33.66、629.77、139.60、6.45、59.57、461.15、258.01、811.66μg/mL;抑制孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为1.3510、2.8568、1.7424、1.9559、1.2060、0.1333、0.3462、0.7582、0.4984μg/mL;抑制芽管伸长的EC₅₀分别为2.9593、1.5664、1.8296、8.7493、0.4228、0.1837、0.4486、0.5706、0.2128μg/mL。9种杀菌剂对该菌的作用方式不同。75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长、分生孢子形成、孢子萌发及芽管伸长均有抑制作用;50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂对产孢和菌丝生长的抑制作用不显著,但能够抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长;15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长的抑制作用十分显著,但对产孢、孢子萌发和芽管伸长作用不明显。     

基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量及品质对不同灌水下限的响应

本试验以黄瓜品种“博特209”为试材，采用基质盆栽，共设置4个灌水下限处理，分别为田间持水量的50%（A）、60%（B）、70%（C）、80%（D），灌水上限统一设定为田间持水量的90%，研究不同灌水下限对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响，并运用主成分分析法对4个处理黄瓜的生长、产量及品质相关的22个指标进行了综合评价。结果表明：处理D的株高和叶面积显著高于处理A、B和C，株高增幅分别为56.50%、22.51%和11.04%，叶面积增幅分别为92.61%、61.35%和27.87%；处理C的茎粗最大，相较于处理A、B、D分别增加了28.36%、16.91%和18.49%；单果重、单株果数、单株产量及灌水量均以处理D最大；水分利用率以处理C最高，相较于处理A、B、D分别增高了33.14%、13.23%和10.30%。处理C与处理D的瓜粗、含水量及商品瓜率无显著差异，但相对于处理A和B则分别显著增加了19.17%和10.81%、0.98%和0.45%、66.70%和18.21%。处理C的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理，而硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理；黄瓜果实中全K和全Ca含量以处理C最高，相较于处理A、B和D，其全K和全Ca的增幅分别为35.20%和11.19%、3.81%和11.19%、1.06%和6.43%。经主成分分析及综合评价，4个处理的得分从高到低依次为：处理C、处理D、处理B、处理A。     

Blood parasites of small wild mammals in Czechoslovakia]

The author investigated 4,853 specimens of wild living small mammals (43 species: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora) from Czechoslovakia for blood parasites. Trypanosomes were found in Talpa europaea, Sorex alpinus, Crocidura suaveolens, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. Babesia was detected in Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis and Microtus agrestis. Grahaemella was found in Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus microps, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Arvicola terrestris, Pitymys subterraneus, Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, and Microtus oeconomus. Spontaneous Bartonella-infection was ascertained in one Microtus arvalis and, in erythrocytes of one Sorex araneus, parasitic organisms very similar to Bartonella were found.     

应用多元逐步回归分析法评价稻田生态系统稳定性

为明确稻田生态系统稳定性量化评价指标,通过扫网法调查了2010年和2011年江西省万载县茭湖乡茭湖村有机稻田和化防稻田2种稻田节肢动物群落结构特征参数的动态变化,并利用SAS 9.0软件对2种稻田中节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与个体数、物种数、优势集中性指数、物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数进行多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:连续2年有机稻田物种数(102、145)和个体数(5 228、5 811)均高于化防稻田物种数(78、102)和个体数(2 222、2 329);在2010年水稻生长期,除个别调查日期外,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.25、0.27、0.15、0.10、0.11、0.09)整体低于化防稻田(0.30、0.40、0.18、0.17、0.24、0.14),多样性指数(1.69、2.44、2.83、2.93、2.85)整体高于化防稻田(1.39、2.24、2.35、2.29、2.49);在2011年水稻生长前、中期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.38、0.33、0.27、0.63、0.40)大于化防稻田(0.27、0.32、0.17、0.58、0.20);水稻抽穗扬花期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.06、0.04、0.05)低于化防稻田(0.12、0.05、0.12),多样性指数恰好相反。2011—2012连续2年2种类型稻田多元逐步回归方程中仅有Pielou均匀度指数与多样性指数呈显著正相关关系,有机稻田的Pielou均匀度指数回归系数(1.45、2.37)均小于化防稻田(3.37、3.16);有机稻田的常数(1.24、-0.37)均大于化防稻田(-0.64、-0.44)。表明以稻田节肢动物群落多样性指数为因变量的多元逐步回归方程中常数和Pielou均匀度指数回归系数可作为稻田生态系统稳定性测定指标。     

河北省苹果主要病虫害发生现状调查

在2007-2009年对河北省唐山、保定、邢台、石家庄、沧州、衡水、秦皇岛、张家口、廊坊、承德共10个地市200余个苹果园进行了问卷调查、实地重点考察和现场访谈,调查内容包括品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病虫害发生情况。结果表明:河北省苹果以‘富士’品种为主,占调查果园面积的58%,其次为‘元帅’;从树龄结构上看,树龄超过15年的果园占69%,说明河北省苹果园老化现象比较严重。苹果上常发生的病虫害有枝干轮纹病、腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、苹果黄蚜、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、苹果绵蚜、桑天牛、枣尺蠖和黑蚱蝉共12种。其中枝干轮纹病、腐烂病和山楂叶螨是全省苹果产区发生普遍且较严重的病虫害。唐山市枝干轮纹病病株率高达92%,张家口市腐烂病病株率为72.67%,苹果黄蚜、锈病、褐斑病和金纹细蛾在不同地区发生程度不同。苹果绵蚜在河北省已普遍发生。品种以及地形对病虫害发生的影响也存在不同程度差异。本文根据对河北省苹果病虫害发生状况的调查结果,提出了通过加强栽培管理、病虫害预测预报、选用抗性品种与砧木以及化学防治为手段的病虫害防治对策。     

不同杀虫药剂对水稻“两迁”害虫田间药效研究

针对褐飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟（“两迁”害虫）化学防治药剂缺乏的现状,2013年对新烟碱类、三嗪酮类、几丁质合成抑制剂类、氨基甲酸酯类等6种杀虫药剂对褐飞虱以及双酰胺类、大环内酯类、缩氨基脲类、有机磷类等9种药剂对稻纵卷叶螟进行田间防治效果评价。结果表明,施药后5 d和10 d,氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮对褐飞虱的防效分别为77.9%~90.9%和77.0%~90.5%,异丙威和噻嗪酮防效分别为40.1%~65.9%和20.6%~49.9%,氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺、吡蚜酮与异丙威、噻嗪酮防效差异显著。施药后14 d,茚虫威、四氯虫酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氰氟虫腙防治稻纵卷叶螟的保叶效果都在80%以上,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐为71.3%,溴氰虫酰胺、稻散×毒死蜱、丙溴磷保叶效果为62.2%~69.9%,茚虫威、四氯虫酰胺与丙溴磷差异显著;茚虫威、四氯虫酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氰氟虫腙、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、丙溴磷、稻散·毒死蜱杀虫效果都在90%以上,与溴氰虫酰胺防效61.9%差异显著。建议在实践中,可轮换使用噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、呋虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治褐飞虱,轮换使用双酰胺类、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、茚虫威、氰氟虫腙、有机磷类防治稻纵卷叶螟。     

从沙物质粒度分析结果研讨沙生植物的固沙作用

在库布齐沙漠西部地区固定半固定沙丘柽柳、梭梭、白刺、油蒿、花棒等沙生植物生长区,通过对表面干沙和深层湿沙的沙粒粒径进行对比分析,获得以下数据：表面干沙和深层湿沙极粗沙、粗沙、中沙、细沙、极细沙、粉沙的含量分别为0.14%、0.10%、0.24%、72.90%、24.12%、1.85%;0.04%、0.05%、0.27%...