河北省苹果主要病虫害发生现状调查

在2007-2009年对河北省唐山、保定、邢台、石家庄、沧州、衡水、秦皇岛、张家口、廊坊、承德共10个地市200余个苹果园进行了问卷调查、实地重点考察和现场访谈,调查内容包括品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病虫害发生情况。结果表明:河北省苹果以‘富士’品种为主,占调查果园面积的58%,其次为‘元帅’;从树龄结构上看,树龄超过15年的果园占69%,说明河北省苹果园老化现象比较严重。苹果上常发生的病虫害有枝干轮纹病、腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、苹果黄蚜、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、苹果绵蚜、桑天牛、枣尺蠖和黑蚱蝉共12种。其中枝干轮纹病、腐烂病和山楂叶螨是全省苹果产区发生普遍且较严重的病虫害。唐山市枝干轮纹病病株率高达92%,张家口市腐烂病病株率为72.67%,苹果黄蚜、锈病、褐斑病和金纹细蛾在不同地区发生程度不同。苹果绵蚜在河北省已普遍发生。品种以及地形对病虫害发生的影响也存在不同程度差异。本文根据对河北省苹果病虫害发生状况的调查结果,提出了通过加强栽培管理、病虫害预测预报、选用抗性品种与砧木以及化学防治为手段的病虫害防治对策。

Occurrence of main pests and diseases of apple in Hebei Province

The major pests, diseases, varieties and age structure of apple in Hebei were investigated in 2007 and 2009. More than 200 farmers from 10 cities including Tangshan, Baoding, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Cangzhou, Hengshui, Qinhuangdao, Zhangjiakou, Langfang and Chengde were surveyed by means of questionnaires, field surveys and interviews. The results showed that Fuji was the main apple variety planted in Hebei Province, and occupied 58% of the total apple orchards investigated. Delicious was the second largest variety among those investigated. It showed that over 15 year old orchards accounted for 69%. Among all kinds of pests and diseases, twelve of them, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Valsa mali, Alternation mali, Marssonina mali, Gymnosporangium yamadai, Aphis citricola, Tetranychus viennensis, Lithocolletis ringoniella, Erisoma lanigerum, Apriona germari, Sucra jujuba and Cryptotympana atrata, were the most common ones. Botryosphaeria dothidea, Valsa mali and Tetranychus viennensis occurred seriously all over the apple production areas of Hebei. The incidence of the apple ring rot (B. dothidea) occurred in Tangshan was up to 92%, and the incidence of apple tree canker (V. mali) was 72.67% in Zhangjiakou. The other pests, such as Aphis citricola, Gymnosporangium yamadai, Marssonina mali and Lithocolletis ringoniella, had various incidences in different areas. Erisosma lanigerum became quite popular in Hebei. The effects of different apple varieties and geo morphologic features on apple disease occurrences also varied. Based on the results of the survey, control measures, such as cultural management, pest forecast and prediction, resistant varieties and rootstocks and chemical control, were proposed.