基于CMADS气象数据集的延河流域径流量变化模拟及分析

文中对中国大气同化驱动数据集(CMADS)和传统气象站数据的降水空间分布、变化趋势和相关性进行了分析,并基于以上两种数据分别驱动SWAT水文模型,模拟延河流域的多年径流量.同时,利用甘谷驿水文站的实测径流数据进行模型参数的率定和验证,构建适合研究区域特征的分布式水文模型.结果 表明:1) CMADS和传统气象站数据的年...     

基于SWAT模型的山区日径流模拟在玛纳斯河流域的应用

针对玛纳斯河流域山区水资源对径流的显著影响,建立适合于该流域的SWAT分布式流域水文模型。结果表明,采用1980-1995年数据模拟,验证了玛纳斯河流域控制性站(肯斯瓦特水文站)的日径流的模拟过程基本上反映了实际情况。模拟相对误差RE为17%、Nash Sutcliffe效率系数Ens为0.73,为新疆山区河流建立分布式流域水文模型提供了参考。     

小流域水量水质综合模型模拟研究

水箱模型也称Tank模型,是应用较为广泛的流域水文模型,模型将复杂的降水径流过程简单概化为流域的蓄水与出流关系进行模拟。针对皂河小流域的降水、径流和水循环等水文特性,建立了4层串联水箱模型,模拟流域的降水径流过程,计算流域径流量,并结合河流水质模型,综合模拟河流流量及主要水质指标变化。结果表明:各项指标的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,说明水箱模型用于小流域的径流模拟结果较为准确,可与水质模型耦合使用,综合模拟小流域的水文水质变化。     

基于GRID的流域动态水平衡模型研究

水量平衡研究是水资源评价、规划与管理的基础。以往的水平衡模型大多是基于流域、子流域,为了以网格为单元动态模拟水平衡过程,在本文中利用GIS工具建立了基于GRID的泾河流域动态水量平衡模型,该模型空间尺度为1km×1km网格,时间尺度为月。模型的率定是利用泾河流域马莲河把口水文站的1995至1997年逐月实测径流数据,由此获取了模型的主要参数。模型率定结果表明模拟径流曲线与实测径流曲线的变化趋势基本吻合,模拟值和监测值的中值绝对误差为6.72m3/s,相关系数为0.932。最后,将所建模型用于泾河流域逐月逐网格的降水、蒸发、土壤蓄水与地下蓄水,以及形成的径流总量的动态模拟。模拟结果表明泾河流域的径流量主要集中在流域南部与中部,流域北部径流相对较低,这与流域降水分布关系密切。泾河流域的土壤蓄水与地下蓄水量的分布类似,且与径流有一定相关性。该模型模拟精度较高,基本可以满足水资源评价、规划与管理的要求。     

人类活动对泾河流域径流时空变化的影响

以泾河流域内14个水文站和189个雨量站的水文序列数据(1966-2005)为基础,分析了泾河流域径流的时空变化特征,并评估了人类活动对径流的影响.结果表明:径流呈明显的减少趋势,尤其是2000年后减少趋势极为显著;各子流域间径流变化存在明显的空间差异,以干流杨家坪以上及雨落坪、杨家坪至张家山区间各子流域的径流系列减少...     

SWAT模型及SUFI-2算法在秃尾河上游流域径流模拟中的应用

通过构建处于干旱和半干旱地区的秃尾河流域(上游)的水文、气象、土地利用土壤等数据库,利用基于分布式的SWAT模型对该流域的水文过程和产流机制进行模拟,并通过改进的SUFI-2算法对模型参数进行不确定分析、率定和验证,探讨SWAT模型在于旱和半干旱流域的适应性.采用1977-1983年的月径流实测数据进行模型率定,用1984-1989年的月径流数据进行模型验证.验证结果表明:该研究流域年径流相关系数(R2)和模型效应系数(Ens)均小于0.6(通常认为当模拟结果期望值大于0.6时,模型能比较准确地描述了研究流域的水文过程);月径流相关系数和模型效应系数超过或者接近0.6的水平;汛期(5-10月)模型径流相关系数和效应系数最高(超过或接近0.8).研究表明通过改进的SWAT-SUFI模型能较好地模拟研究流域的汛期径流,而对全年径流和枯水期的径流模拟不够理想.     

区域平均雨量估算对径流模拟精度影响问题的研究

较大流域的降水通常具有时空分布不均匀的特点,往往在雨量站较少情况下采用测站范围以内的降水量均化值对径流进行模拟精确偏低。本文分别采用分块法、单元格点法以及DEM法计算区域平均降雨量,并在此基础上建立潘家口水库来流预测模型。比较模型的模拟结果发现,以DEM法计算区域平均雨量值作为预测模型的输入所模拟的效果优于另外两种区域平均雨量计算方法,且预测结果令人满意。     

基于MODIS数据的降水估算在博斯腾湖流域的应用

以MODIS卫星遥感数据为基础,结合BP神经网络方法,选取地面监测资料比较稀缺的博斯腾湖流域进行降雨估算研究。首先,从MODIS二级数据产品中读取与降水有直接关系的云、大气参数因子和研究区内实测降雨数据组成历史样本;而后,采用BP神经网络方法在山区和盆地建立降水估算模型,使用样本对模型进行训练和检验。结果表明:在水文、气象站点稀少的条件下,所建模型模拟山区日降雨量的效率系数达到0.7以上,模拟值与实测值拟合程度较好,可以进行空间上的推广,这对缺乏降水监测的山区具有数据补充意义。而在降水稀少的盆地,模型模拟效果不佳,可以通过对盆地水循环机理和降水物理机制的深入研究来完善模型。     

基于SWAT的内蒙古西柳沟孔兑径流模拟研究

使用SWAT模型对内蒙古十大孔兑之一的西柳沟流域进行了径流模拟,并使用SWAT-CUP结合SUFI-2算法进行了参数敏感性分析、参数率定、模型验证.研究结果表明:率定期和验证期线性拟合系数R2,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别均超过了0.6和0.5,说明SWAT模型在西柳沟流域具有一定的适用性.比较模拟径流和实测径流的水文过程线,发现模拟径流在夏汛时期模拟效果较好,春汛及其他降雨较少的月份模拟效果较差,原因可能是西柳沟流域处于干旱半干旱地区,降雨时空分布不均且其流量较小,除汛期外,其它月份流量都小于1m3/s.为更好地模拟该流域的径流,SWAT模型仍有待改进.     

瓦赫什河流域月径流过程模拟研究

用水文模型模拟流域的径流过程有助于我们掌握流域径流的影响因素及变化趋势。文中以塔吉克斯坦国瓦赫什河流域为研究区,采用含融雪结构的新安江模型模拟该流域1976-1985年的月径流过程,利用出山口实测径流数据对模型进行率定和检验。模拟径流过程基本符合实际径流过程的变化趋势,径流量相对误差在20%以内。结果表明:含融雪结构的新安江模型基本可以反映该流域产、汇流的主要物理机制;瓦赫什河流域径流对气温的变化较敏感,并与气温有较好的同步性。     

Impacts of temperature and precipitation on runoff in the Tarim River during the past 50 years

The relationship between climate change and water resources in the Tarim River was analyzed by combining the temperature,precipitation and streamflow data from 1957 to 2007 from the four headstreams of the Tarim River (Aksu,Hotan,Yarkant and Kaidu rivers) in the study area.The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature,precipitation and streamflow were studied using correlation analysis and partial correlations analysis.Holt double exponential smoothing was used to fit the trends between streamflow and the two climatic factors of Aksu River,Hotan River and Yarkant River.The streamflow of the main stream was forecasted by Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) modeling by the method of time series analysis.The results show that the temperature experienced a trend of monotonic rising.The precipitation and runoff of the four headstreams of the Tarim River increased,while the inflow to the headstreams increased and the inflow into the Tarim River decreased.Changes of temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on runoff into the four headstreams of the Tarim River: the precipitation had a positive impact on water flow in the Aksu River,Hotan River and Kaidu River,while the temperature had a positive impact on water flow in the Yarkant River.The results of Holt double exponential smoothing showed that the correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable was relatively close after the model was fitted to the headstreams,of which only the runoff and temperature values of Hotan River showed a significant negative correlation.The forecasts by the ARIMA model for 50 years of annual runoff at the Allar station followed the pattern of the measured data for the same years.The short-term forecasts beyond the observed series adequately captured the pattern in the data and showed a decreasing tendency in the Tarim River flow of 3.07% every ten years.The results showed that global warming accelerated the water recharge process of the headstreams.The special hydrological characteristics of the arid area determined the significant association between streamflow and the two climatic factors studied.Strong glacier retreat is likely to bring a series of flood disasters within the study area.     

开都河源区径流变化的气候响应

气候变化下的山区径流时空变异特征是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点之一。本研究选择天山南坡开都河流域源区为典型研究区,基于1958-2017年大山口水文站和巴音布鲁克水文站径流数据,及巴音布鲁克气象观测数据,采用TFPW-MK趋势检验、小波分析与小波相干等方法分析径流序列的趋势、突变和周期特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近60 a来,开都河源区径流、降水、气温呈显著增加趋势,并且径流量、降水量与最高气温的增率在加快,而平均气温与最低气温的增率减缓;径流量、降水与平均气温的突变年份集中在20世纪90年代,并且均存在28 a的周期;夏季径流量增加主要受夏季升温的影响,而早春径流量增加主要与冬季降水增加、早春升温有关;在年尺度上,降水是影响开都河径流变化的主要因素,气温主要以积温形式影响着径流的变化;在月尺度上,积温与降水均与径流呈显著正相关关系,且源区上游径流较下游径流对气温变化更为敏感。     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.     

祁连山区气候变化与流域径流特征研究

用气候学、水文学及统计学方法,分析了国家级祁连山森林生态站长期定位监测数据,气温、降水对流域径流的影响关系,据此研究了该流域水热条件下流域径流,分析得出试验流域多年平均降水量为354.3mm,年平均气温为1.6℃,年平均出山径流为118.2mm,径流系数为0.33;随着季节温度的升高,径流量呈增加之势,反之亦然;随季节降水量的增加,径流量同时也呈增加的趋势。研究表明了温度、降水与流域出山径流量密切相关,为不同季节气候变化对流域径流的影响提供科学依据。     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

新疆哈密石城子河流域水文水资源分析

不同地区的自然地理环境塑造了不同特征的河流,同时,河流的活动也在不断改变着与自身有关的自然环境。我国暖温带干旱区除塔里木河流域的水文特征、水资源及其合理利用有较多的研究外,其余中小河流的研究甚少。哈密石城子河的水文特征基本反映了我国暖温带干旱区众多中小河流域的水文特征。利用石城子河流域水文气象站1956-2001年资料,对该流域径流形成、洪水、泥沙、水质等进行分析,以揭示我国暖温带干旱区中小河流域的基本特征,为科学利用该地带中小河流域水资源提供理论依据。     

Glacier mass balance and its impacts on streamflow in a typical inland river basin in the Tianshan Mountains,northwestern China

Glaciers are known as natural 'solid reservoirs', and they play a dual role between the composition of water resources and the river runoff regulation in arid and semi-arid areas of China. In this study, we used in situ observation data from Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in combination with meteorological data from stations and a digital elevation model, to develop a distributed degree-day model for glaciers in the Urumqi River Basin to simulate glacier mass balance processes and quantify their effect on streamflow during 1980-2020. The results indicate that the mass loss and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the last 41 years had an increasing trend, with the average mass balance and ELA being -0.85 (±0.32) m w.e./a (meter water-equivalent per year) and 4188 m a.s.l., respectively. The glacier mass loss has increased significantly during 1999-2020, mostly due to the increase in temperature and the extension of ablation season. During 1980-2011, the average annual glacier meltwater runoff in the Urumqi River Basin was 0.48×10⁸ m³, accounting for 18.56% of the total streamflow. We found that the annual streamflow in different catchments in the Urumqi River Basin had a strong response to the changes in glacier mass balance, especially from July to August, and the glacier meltwater runoff increased significantly. In summary, it is quite possible that the results of this research can provide a reference for the study of glacier water resources in glacier-recharged basins in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor,China

In recent years, climate change has been aggravated in many regions of the world. The Hexi Corridor is located in the semiarid climate zone of Northwest China, which is particularly affected by climate change. Climate change has led to the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation, which may result in hydrological drought and water shortage. Thus, it is necessary to explore and assess the drought characteristics of river systems in this area. The patterns of hydrological drought in the Hexi Corridor were identified using the streamflow drought index(SDI) and standardized precipitation index at 12-month timescale(SPI12) from 1960 to 2013. The evolution of drought was obtained by the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform method. The results showed that both the mean annual SDI and SPI12 series in the Hexi Corridor exhibited an increasing trend during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis, we divided the study period into two segments, i.e. before and after 1990. Before 1990, the occurrence of droughts showing decreased SDI and SPI12 was concentrated in the northern part of the corridor and shifted to the eastern part of the corridor after 1990. The probability of drought after 1990 in Shule River basin decreased while increased in Shiyang River basin. The wavelet analysis results showed that Shiyang River basin will be the first area to go through the next drought period. Additionally, the relationships between drought pattern and climate indices were analyzed. The enhanced westerly winds and increased precipitation and glacier runoff were the main reasons of wet trend in the Hexi Corridor. However, the uneven spatial variations of precipitation, temperature and glacier runoff led to the difference of hydrological drought variations between the Shule, Heihe and Shiyang River basins.     

绿洲耗水对阿克苏河流域地表径流的影响

利用高分辨率辐射计获得的遥感资料提取研究区的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,干旱区绿洲NDVI对径流响应敏感,根据经验,NDVI>0.2区域识别为绿洲,进一步提取绿洲范围内的NDVI累计数据,将其作为以农业活动为主的人类活动综合因素,结合径流资料,分析了1982-2006年阿克苏河流域绿洲耗水和地表径流之间的关系。结果表明：1982-2006年阿克苏河流域出山径流量相对研究初期增加21.4%,同期,绿洲耗水量相对增加53.2%,绿洲NDVI累计相对研究初期增加35.3%,绿洲面积增加33.4%;阿拉尔站径流量、绿洲耗水与绿洲来水量均呈正相关,表明中游绿洲扩张消耗的出山径流量增加;绿洲NDVI累计自河道向两侧变化剧烈程度逐步加强。同时,绿洲NDVI累计整体上从绿洲边缘向绿洲内部增加趋势逐步加强;考虑绿洲降水情景,NDVI累计和绿洲面积的相关性均大于未考虑绿洲降水情景,表明降水对绿洲起到了支撑、维护作用,对绿洲面积的贡献为25.2%。对比冰川径流、出山径流和流域降水的变差系数(C_v),加上冰川径流对绿洲面积的贡献为33.4%,表明冰川径流有调节出山径流量和维持绿洲规模相对稳定的作用。