开都河源区径流变化的气候响应

气候变化下的山区径流时空变异特征是干旱区水文水资源研究的热点之一。本研究选择天山南坡开都河流域源区为典型研究区,基于1958-2017年大山口水文站和巴音布鲁克水文站径流数据,及巴音布鲁克气象观测数据,采用TFPW-MK趋势检验、小波分析与小波相干等方法分析径流序列的趋势、突变和周期特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近60 a来,开都河源区径流、降水、气温呈显著增加趋势,并且径流量、降水量与最高气温的增率在加快,而平均气温与最低气温的增率减缓;径流量、降水与平均气温的突变年份集中在20世纪90年代,并且均存在28 a的周期;夏季径流量增加主要受夏季升温的影响,而早春径流量增加主要与冬季降水增加、早春升温有关;在年尺度上,降水是影响开都河径流变化的主要因素,气温主要以积温形式影响着径流的变化;在月尺度上,积温与降水均与径流呈显著正相关关系,且源区上游径流较下游径流对气温变化更为敏感。     

石羊河流域径流量分布特征及对气候变化的响应——以西营河为例

利用1961-2009年石羊河流域西营河径流量和气象资料,分析了近49年来径流量变化趋势、年内分配特征及与气象因素的内在关系.结果表明:近49年来西营河径流量总体呈减少趋势,冬、夏季减幅大于秋、春季;90年代四季径流量衰减明显,特别是年、春、夏季径流出现明显突变;年径流量补给主要以汛期雨水补给为主,雨水补给比例在逐渐增加,冬季积雪融水对径流量的补给比例在减少;流域内降水量呈较小的增加趋势,但是夏季降水增幅不明显.气温呈明显升高趋势,特别是冬季气温趋势系数最大,受其影响蒸发量均呈增大趋势;径流量与6-9月降水量呈显著正相关,但与7、8月气温、蒸发呈显著负相关.分析了未来气温、降水变化在不同情形下对径流量的可能影响,表明气温对径流量的负效应占据着主导作用,汛期气温的升高且伴随着蒸发的增大使年总径流量减少,气候变暖总体不利于流域径流量的增加.     

新疆叶尔羌河源流区气候暖湿化与径流的响应研究

应用卡群水文站和塔什库尔干气象站1961-2006年的观测资料,分析了叶尔羌河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近46 a来叶尔羌河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量呈增加的趋势;对气温与降水序列进行统计检验,得出该地区气温增加的趋势显著,降水增加的趋势不显著,气温的增加趋势大于降水。气温是叶尔羌河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素,夏季平均气温与年径流量的相关系数最大,为0.81。与新疆地区其他河流不同的是,7-8月降水量与年径流量呈负相关的关系,相关系数为-0.57;在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而增加;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而减少。     

绿洲耗水对阿克苏河流域地表径流的影响

利用高分辨率辐射计获得的遥感资料提取研究区的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,干旱区绿洲NDVI对径流响应敏感,根据经验,NDVI>0.2区域识别为绿洲,进一步提取绿洲范围内的NDVI累计数据,将其作为以农业活动为主的人类活动综合因素,结合径流资料,分析了1982-2006年阿克苏河流域绿洲耗水和地表径流之间的关系。结果表明：1982-2006年阿克苏河流域出山径流量相对研究初期增加21.4%,同期,绿洲耗水量相对增加53.2%,绿洲NDVI累计相对研究初期增加35.3%,绿洲面积增加33.4%;阿拉尔站径流量、绿洲耗水与绿洲来水量均呈正相关,表明中游绿洲扩张消耗的出山径流量增加;绿洲NDVI累计自河道向两侧变化剧烈程度逐步加强。同时,绿洲NDVI累计整体上从绿洲边缘向绿洲内部增加趋势逐步加强;考虑绿洲降水情景,NDVI累计和绿洲面积的相关性均大于未考虑绿洲降水情景,表明降水对绿洲起到了支撑、维护作用,对绿洲面积的贡献为25.2%。对比冰川径流、出山径流和流域降水的变差系数(C_v),加上冰川径流对绿洲面积的贡献为33.4%,表明冰川径流有调节出山径流量和维持绿洲规模相对稳定的作用。     

气候变化对干旱缺水区中尺度流域水文过程的影响

基于1997-2003年的气象水文资料,选择了黄土高原泾河流域上游,对半分布式生态水文模型SWIM进行了率定和验证,并以流域历史气象条件为基准,固定其它气候因素不变,针对单一气候因素变化(降水或温度)进行了情景模拟,分析、评价了降水和温度对流域径流量、蒸散量和土壤蓄水量各水文过程的影响。结果表明:流域降水量增加(减少),年径流、蒸散及蒸散分量、土壤蓄水量均增加(减少),且降水转化为各水量平衡分量的比例大小依次为径流量(蓝水)>蒸散量(绿水)>土壤蓄水量;流域温度升高,蒸散及其分量随之增加,但径流和土壤蓄水量则随之相应减少。研究结果对于变化环境下的干旱区流域水资源管理具有一定的意义。     

西北干旱区近50年气候变化对出山径流的影响分析——以黑河流域为例

对黑河上游山区1956—2004a祁连站气温与降水数据、莺落峡水文站出山径流进行各季年均值变化分析、基于MathCAD对气温和降水分别与出山径流的关系进行相关分析,发现近50a黑河流域气温与降水的变化没有显著的相关性,降水变化与径流的变化表现出正相关,而气温与径流则没有相关性。近50a降水各季变化没有一致性,却出现一定的规律,即春季持平,夏秋下降,而冬季增加。相对于降水而言,气温变化则表现出各季之间的一致性趋势,即近10a表现出明显的增温趋势,而且增温幅度相似,都在2℃左右。另外对气温与降水对出山径流的影响做了量化,降水与径流的相关系数为0.557,而气温与径流的相关系数只有0.045左右;根据影响径流的气候因子所占权重,集成气候(无量纲)变化曲线,显示出与径流变化的一致性,即气候变化对径流变化有明显的影响;依据本文分析和总结,预计今后10—20a气温、降水都将有升高或增加趋势,届时出山径流将相应增加。     

冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应

为能够较好的认识气候变化对冬雨型河流河川径流量的影响,更好的指导冬雨型河流水资源的合理开发利用,基于收集的水文气象资料,在分析研究区水文特性及气候变化规律的基础上,通过构建的三水源新安江水文模型及设定的不同气候情景,探讨了冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:瓦赫什河降水主要发生于冬春季,夏季降水量偏少,降水对径流影响不大,气温的高低直接决定着瓦赫什河的河川径流量;山区与平原区降水均呈弱的增加趋势,气温均呈升高趋势,相对而言,平原区气温升高趋势比山区更明显;通过所构建水文模型及设定不同的气候情景可以看出,对于冬雨型河流在区域研究区气温的变化比降水量变化对河川径流量影响更加敏感,气温升高河川径流量增多明显;逐月平均径流以4月、5月和10月对气候的变化最为明显,其中以4月和10月增多最显著,以5月径流减少最明显。     

黑河流域近期气候变化对水资源的影响分析

利用典型气象站近50a的气温、降水资料,分析了黑河流域的气候变化特征。在近50a当中,黑河流域的气候发生了显著的变化:主要表现在气温的升高和降雨量的增加。升温率远远大于同期北半球的平均升温率,尤其是近几年来增温幅度之大是几十年来所罕见的;降水量的增加虽然没有气温增加那么明显,但总的趋势是增加的。在此基础上,进一步分析了黑河流域气候变化对区域水文水资源的影响,并根据气候变化的特点对气候要素与径流量变化进行了相关性分析,得出降水与径流的相关系数为0.393,气温与径流的相关系数为0.146,所以降水和气温与径流都呈现出正相关关系。最后得出结论:在过去50a里径流的总体趋势在波动中缓慢增大,未来10a径流仍将继续缓慢增大。     

玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流变化及其影响因素分析

塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区近40 a来年气温和年降水有明显的上升趋势,位于沙漠南端以西昆仑山冰雪融水和山区降水为补给的玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流理应上升,利用研究资料分析表明这两条河的出山径流存在下降的相反趋势,夏季温度是玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河径流量维持稳定的主导因子,而山区夏季降水量的减少则导致玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河年径流量呈现减少趋势。     

河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山径流变化特征及其影响因素分析

以1961-2010年河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流资料为基础,综合运用趋势分析、MannKendall突变检测、Morlet小波分析、R/S分析、降水-径流深度双累积曲线等多种数理分析方法,研究了河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流的变化特征、影响因素及未来可能的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)1961-2010年,石羊河流域出山年径流呈微弱减少趋势,黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流呈显著增加趋势,50年来黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流存在显著突变特征;(2)1961-2010年,石羊河流域和黑河流域出山年径流经历了"枯-丰-枯-丰"4次交替,疏勒河流域出山年径流经历了"枯-丰"2次交替;(3)1961-2010年,石羊河流域、黑河流域、疏勒河流域出山年径流变化的主周期分别为5年、22年和15年,但不具有统计显著性;(4)河西走廊三大内陆河流域出山年径流变化受祁连山区降水影响较大,山区人类活动对年径流变化影响较小;(5)未来石羊河流域出山年径流可能呈减少趋势,黑河流域和疏勒河流域出山年径流可能呈增加趋势。     

Impact of climate factors on runoff in the Kaidu River watershed:path analysis of 50-year data

Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors,especially in the inland river basin.Based on the data of daily mean air temperature,precipitation and runoff during the period of 1958-2007 in the Kaidu River watershed,this paper analyzed the changes in air temperature,precipitation and runoff and revealed the direct and indirect impacts of daily air temperature and precipitation on daily runoff by path analysis.The results showed that mean temperature time series of the annual,summer and autumn had a significant fluctuant increase during the last 50 years(P < 0.05).Only winter precipitation increased significantly(P < 0.05) with a rate of 1.337 mm/10a.The annual and winter runoff depthes in the last 50 years significantly increased with the rates of 7.11 mm/10a and 1.85 mm/10a,respectively.The driving function of both daily temperature and precipitation on daily runoff in annual and seasonal levels is significant in the Kaidu River watershed by correlation analysis.The result of path analysis showed that the positive effect of daily air temperature on daily runoff depth is much higher than that of daily precipitation in annual,spring,autumn and winter,however,the trend is opposite in summer.     

Impact of climate change on the streamflow in the glacierized Chu River Basin,Central Asia

Catchments dominated by meltwater runoff are sensitive to climate change as changes in precipitation and temperature inevitably affect the characteristics of glaciermelt/snowmelt, hydrologic circle and water resources. This study simulated the impact of climate change on the runoff generation and streamflow of Chu River Basin(CRB), a glacierized basin in Central Asia using the enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT). The model was calibrated and validated using the measured monthly streamflow data from three discharge gauge stations in CRB for the period 1961–1985 and was subsequently driven by downscaled future climate projections of five Global Circulation Models(GCMs) in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) under three radiative forcing scenarios(RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). In this study, the period 1966–1995 was used as the baseline period, while 2016–2045 and 2066–2095 as the near-future and far-future period, respectively. As projected, the climate would become warmer and drier under all scenarios in the future, and the future climate would be characterized by larger seasonal and annual variations under higher RCP. A general decreasing trend was identified in the average annual runoff in glacier(–26.6% to –1.0%), snow(–21.4% to +1.1%) and streamflow(–27.7% to –6.6%) for most of the future scenario periods. The projected maximum streamflow in each of the two future scenarios occurred one month earlier than that in the baseline period because of the reduced streamflow in summer months. Results of this study are expected to arouse the serious concern about water resource availability in the headwater region of CRB under the continuously warming climate. Changes in simulated hydrologic outputs underscored the significance of lowering the uncertainties in temperature and precipitation projection.     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

Impacts of temperature and precipitation on runoff in the Tarim River during the past 50 years

The relationship between climate change and water resources in the Tarim River was analyzed by combining the temperature,precipitation and streamflow data from 1957 to 2007 from the four headstreams of the Tarim River (Aksu,Hotan,Yarkant and Kaidu rivers) in the study area.The long-term trend of the hydrological time series including temperature,precipitation and streamflow were studied using correlation analysis and partial correlations analysis.Holt double exponential smoothing was used to fit the trends between streamflow and the two climatic factors of Aksu River,Hotan River and Yarkant River.The streamflow of the main stream was forecasted by Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) modeling by the method of time series analysis.The results show that the temperature experienced a trend of monotonic rising.The precipitation and runoff of the four headstreams of the Tarim River increased,while the inflow to the headstreams increased and the inflow into the Tarim River decreased.Changes of temperature and precipitation had a significant impact on runoff into the four headstreams of the Tarim River: the precipitation had a positive impact on water flow in the Aksu River,Hotan River and Kaidu River,while the temperature had a positive impact on water flow in the Yarkant River.The results of Holt double exponential smoothing showed that the correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable was relatively close after the model was fitted to the headstreams,of which only the runoff and temperature values of Hotan River showed a significant negative correlation.The forecasts by the ARIMA model for 50 years of annual runoff at the Allar station followed the pattern of the measured data for the same years.The short-term forecasts beyond the observed series adequately captured the pattern in the data and showed a decreasing tendency in the Tarim River flow of 3.07% every ten years.The results showed that global warming accelerated the water recharge process of the headstreams.The special hydrological characteristics of the arid area determined the significant association between streamflow and the two climatic factors studied.Strong glacier retreat is likely to bring a series of flood disasters within the study area.     

近50年来喀什噶尔河流域气温、降水及径流的变化趋势

应用喀什噶尔河流域内7个气象站、3个水文站的观测资料,分析了全流域、平原区和帕米尔高原的气温、降水以及出山口控制站年径流量的变化特征.结果显示:①从20世纪90年代开始,喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年以及冬、秋季明显增暖,近5年春季迅速增温.从90年代起,全流域与高原区的年降水量明显增加,近5年平原区也明显增加;自90年代起全流域的春季、夏季降水明显增加,而近5年秋、冬季增湿迅速;近5年平原区的秋、春季以及冬季降水增加明显,高原区却以夏、秋季增湿最明显.②喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年气温与降水量都呈显著的线性增加趋势.平原区的秋、冬季气温显著上升,冬季最明显,夏季呈不显著的下降趋势;平原区的四季降水呈不显著的上升趋势.帕米尔高原的夏、秋、冬季气温呈显著的上升趋势,秋季最明显;帕米尔高原的四季降水呈上升趋势,只有夏季的增湿趋势较显著.③喀什噶尔河年径流量(3站合计)近47年来呈显著的线性上升趋势,以3.0%·(10 a)-1的速率增加.流域内3条河流情况有所不同,克孜河径流量的线性增加趋势最明显,而盖孜河呈不显著的下降趋势.     

基于作物缺水指数法的渭河流域干旱特征

选取作物缺水指数（CSWI）对渭河流域进行干旱监测,并利用监测数据对模拟结果进行验证,在此基础上分析渭河流域干旱状况。结果表明:① 模拟值和实测值的相关系数达到0.80,在一定程度上验证了模型的有效性。② 渭河流域2006、2007年和2009年均属于轻度干旱,2008年属于中度干旱;3-7月作物缺水指数逐渐减小;8-12月逐渐增大,1-3月又逐渐减小。③ 对于不同植被类型,林地的作物缺水指数最高,草地和农田的作物缺水指数相当,属于轻度干旱。      

气候变化对台兰河年平均径流量的影响

以台兰河为研究对象,选用台兰水文站1957-2011年平均流量序列,采用SPSS统计软件对其55 a序列进行趋势分析。结果显示：台兰河径流与降水量的年内分配极不均匀,径流主要集中在夏秋两季,降水量集中在春夏两季,径流与降水量集中期主要分布在7月。识别和提取台兰河年平均流量时间序列的趋势函数QS(t),获得了相应的趋势回归模型;台兰河年平均流量序列存在1957-1981年、1981-1999年、1999-2011年3个时段呈递减→递增→递减变化态势;降水、气温变化是影响台兰河不同时段年平均流量变化的主要因素,年平均径流量变化趋势与气温、降水变化趋势一致。     

黑河中游张掖地区近48a气候变化及径流的响应

将现代气候统计诊断与预测技术和地理信息系统(GIS)的地学统计方法中的Kriging插值结合,分析了位于黑河中游张掖地区6个气象站的近48a的气温和降水的时空变化,并且空间显示了各季节的气温和降水变化。结果表明:张掖地区6站的年均气温在3.97-8.04℃之间,变暖最快的是山丹站气温倾向率为0.47℃/10a,变暖最缓慢的是高台站气温倾向率为0.19℃/10a。年均气温最低出现在1956年,为2.5℃,最高值出现在1998年,为9.06℃;降水地域分布不均衡,地区降水差值可达200mm以上。夏季张掖地区的降水变化范围为67.11-193.30mm,冬季降水是4.69-10.48mm,表明降水季节分配不均,且冬、夏降水变化幅度大;张掖地区气温在1991年开始发生突变,气温增加趋势明显。西支流地区和整个张掖地区气温突变时间一致,东支流气温突变是在1993年和整个张掖地区相比推迟了2年。整个张掖地区包括西支流和东支流在降水的时间的变化上没有发生突变。张掖地区年水变化周期现象明显,第一主周期为15年第二主周期为7年,但年均气温变化周期现象不明显;平原地区气温不是影响径流最根本的决定因素,但对河流径流的影响是正向的。降水和径流虽然在时间上拟合,径流总体的变化趋势在减少,但径流的降幅比降水要大。