1-苯基(甲基)-3-甲基-5-(4,6-二甲基-2-嘧啶基硫基)-4-吡唑甲醛肟醚(酯)类化合物的合成及生物活性

合成了未见文献报道的含硫醚键的吡唑肟醚（酯）类化合物18个，所有新化合物的结构经元 素分析、1H NMR、IR和MS确认。部分化合物经生物活性初筛表现出抗菌活性与除草活性。     

1-苯基-1,4-二氢-6-甲基-3-酰肼羰基-4-哒嗪酮及其生物活性

用两种方法合成了1-芳基-1，4-二氢-6-甲基-3-酰肼羰基-4-哒嗪酮(4) 。选择了较好的一种方法合成了一系列的目标化合物以期找到具有生物活性的新型化合物。生测结果表明，标题化合物对黄瓜子叶生根具有较高的促进生长作用，一些化合物对烟草花叶病毒（ＭＴＶ）和水稻纹枯病具有较高的抑制作用。     

1—芳基—1，4—二氢—6—甲基—3—酰肼羰基—4—哒嗪酮及其生物活性

用两种方法合成了1－芳基－1，4－二氢－6－甲基－3－酰肼羰基－4－哒嗪酮（4）。选择了较好的一种方法合成了一系列的目标化合物以期找到具有生物活性的新型化合物。生测结果表明，标题化合物对黄瓜子叶生根具有较高的促进生长作用，一些化合物对烟草花叶病毒（MTV）和水稻纹枯病具有较高的抑制作用。     

美国白蛾性信息素的合成研究进展

美国白蛾是世界性检疫害虫，其性信息素包括2个烯醛类化合物与3个环氧烯烃类化合物，可用于诱集美国白蛾，监测种群动态，具有优异的应用前景。本文根据醛的合成方法，阐述了仿生合成法、Weinreb酰胺法、酶催化法、酯的硅氢化等合成烯醛类美国白蛾性信息素的方法；依据关键中间体的连接方式，总结了异硫氰酸铜试剂法、Wittig偶联法、炔基锂试剂取代法、Gilman试剂取代法及烷基环氧重排法等合成环氧烯烃类美国白蛾性信息素的方法。     

芽孢杆菌产生的抗菌物质的研究进展

芽孢杆菌(Bacillusspp.)在自然界分布广,生理特性丰富多样,是土壤和植物微生态优势种群之一。本文介绍可产生抗菌物质的芽孢杆菌的种类、抗菌物质的类型及其作用机制、抗菌物质在生产上的应用及前景。     

细菌诱导家蝇蛹抗菌物质的分离纯化

家蝇生境中充满病原菌,其有效的防防机制成为研究的热点。通过三氟乙酸缓冲液浸提、热处理、固相萃取以及两次RP-HPLC等方法,从混合细菌液诱导的家蝇蛹中分离纯化出4种具有抗菌活性的物质。结果表明,提取的家蝇蛹粗提液抗菌谱较广,对多种微生物具有不同程度的抗菌作用,且抗菌效果好于天然肽类防腐剂和一些化学防腐保鲜剂。4种抗菌物质中包括3个抗菌肽和1个抗菌化合物。Tricine-SDS-PAGE结果显示3个抗菌肽的分子量分别约为12kDa、8kDa和4kDa。本研究表明细菌诱导家蝇蛹中具有丰富的抗菌物质。     

1-[(2-甲氧基-4-乙氧基)-苯基]-3-(3-(4-氧香豆素基)苯基)硫脲的合成

制备具有显著抗菌活性的1-[(2-甲氧基-4-乙氧基)苯基]-3-[(3-(4-氧香豆素)苯基]硫脲。以4-氯香豆素为原料,经过醚化、异硫氰酸化和缩合反应合成目标化合物1-[(2-甲氧基-4-乙氧基)-苯基]-3-(3-(4-氧香豆素基)苯基)硫脲。在优化的条件下,反应总收率为61. 63%,纯度为99%,其结构经1HNMR分析确认。该化合物具有优良的抗菌活性,该工艺简单经济,条件温和。     

α-(吡啶-2-甲酰氧基)烃基膦酸酯的合成与植物生长调节活性

合成了10个未见文献报道的标题化合物3a～j。所有目标化合物的结构均经元素分析、IR、1H NMR和MS确证。生物试验结果表明，该类化合物具有一定的植物生长调节活性。     

新型含苯并咪唑的(S,S)-2,8-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷类衍生物的合成及生物活性

通过N-烷基化反应合成了一系列新型含苯并咪唑的(S,S)-2,8-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷类衍生物,中间体化合物通过环化反应和酰化反应合成得到。所有新型化合物的结构均通过熔点测定、核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱确认。生物活性测试结果显示,目标化合物拥有中等的抗植物真菌活性,对东方粘虫Mythimna separata Walker和蚊幼虫Culex pipiens pallens具有中等到良好的杀虫活性。其中化合物6e和6f对油菜菌核Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、马铃薯晚疫Phytophthora infestans、小麦赤霉Fusarium graminearum等真菌具有良好的抗菌活性。化合物6e和6k在200mg/L下对东方粘虫的致死率为100%,化合物6h和6k在2mg/L下对蚊幼虫的致死率为75%。     

吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物的合成研究进展

天然产物吩嗪-1-羧酸（PCA）作为重要的微生物代谢产物,在假单胞菌属（Pseudomonads）和链霉菌属（Streptomycetes）等微生物分泌物中广泛存在,具有医用抗肺癌活性及抗水稻纹枯病、西瓜枯萎病、辣椒疫病、小麦全蚀病、西瓜炭疽病和油菜菌核病等病原菌的广谱性农用抗菌活性,对人畜和环境无害,并具有独特的化学结构,是研发绿色农药的理想化合物。文章综述了吩嗪-1-羧酸及其类似物在微生物发酵及化学合成方面的研究进展,分析了各合成路线中的关键反应,讨论了各合成方法的优缺点。     

水稻矮缩病综合防治研究

防治双季晚稻矮缩病,采用连片种植,改进耕作栽培方法,选用抗(耐)病品种等农业技术措施,再在本田初期及时治虫1—3次,能达到80%以上的防病效果。不用农业防治,单在本田初期及时治虫1—3次防治效果为59.6%。但对小面积晚稻,在本田初期于介体昆虫迁飞高峰期及时治虫2—4次,防病效果也能达到80%以上。欲使晚稻后期的株发病率分别控制在1%、3%和5%以下,其本田初期防病治虫的指标是:当介体昆虫的带毒率为2.5%时,分别为每百株苗虫量4、12和22头;而当介体昆虫的带毒率为5%时,分别为每百株苗虫量2、6和10头。     

Glasshouse trials of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma species for the biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in celery and lettuce

Coniothyrium minitans, Trichoderma harzianum (HH3) and Trichoderma sp. (B1) were tested for ability to control disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a sequence of a celery crop and two lettuce crops in the glasshouse. In control plots, over 80% of celery and 90 and 60% of lettuce in first and second crops, respectively, were infected at harvest. Only the C. minitaris treatment in the first lettuce crop decreased disease and increased marketable yield. Nevertheless, C. minitans reduced the number of sclerotia recovered at harvest in the celery and first lettuce crops and decreased sclerotial survival over the autumn fallow periods following the celery and second lettuce crop. C. minitans survived in soil for over 1 year and spread to infect sclerotia in virtually all other plots. C. minitans infected sclerotia at all times of the year but sclerotia still failed to degrade during the summer months when the soil was dry. The Trichoderma species tested had no effect on disease and almost no effect on the survival of the sclerotia. even though they could be recovered from soil for the duration of the experiments.     

枯草芽胞杆菌GB519抗菌蛋白的理化性质及生防效果

枯草芽胞杆菌GB519是从土壤中分离对稻瘟病菌具有显著抑菌活性的菌株。为了明确菌株GB519抗菌粗蛋白的理化性质，分析了光照、紫外线、温度、pH和酶（蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶）对抑菌活性的影响。结果表明，抗菌蛋白对光照、紫外线和3种酶作用稳定；40℃~100℃处理1 h抑菌活性稳定，121℃处理30 min活性仅降低了7.4%，具有较好的耐高温特性；在pH 2.0~10.0活性稳定，但pH 11.0~12.0活性有所下降，分别降低了14.9%和18.1%。抗菌蛋白对多种植物病原菌具有抑菌作用，其中对茄子菌核病菌的抑菌活性为72.7%。在温室条件下对水稻叶瘟的防效达到80.1%。因此，菌株GB519可作为防控稻瘟病生防潜力菌进行开发。     

Application and mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles in the control of bacterial and fungal crop diseases

Nanotechnology is a young branch of the discipline generated by nanomaterials. Its development has greatly contributed to technological progress and product innovation in the field of agriculture. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles (NPs) can be used to develop nanopesticides for plant protection. Plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal infestations are the main types of crop diseases. Once infected, they will seriously threaten crop growth, reduce yield and quality, and affect food safety, posing a health risk to humans. We reviewed the application of metal-based nanoparticles in inhibiting plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of metal-based nanoparticles from two aspects: the direct interaction between nanoparticles and pathogens, and the indirect effects of inducing plant resilience to disease. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Comparative biology of different plant pathogens to estimate effects of climate change on crop diseases in Europe

This review describes environmental factors that influence severity of crop disease epidemics, especially in the UK and north-west Europe, in order to assess the effects of climate change on crop growth and yield and severity of disease epidemics. While work on some diseases, such as phoma stem canker of oilseed rape and fusarium ear blight of wheat, that combine crop growth, disease development and climate change models is described in detail, climate-change projections and predictions of the resulting biotic responses to them are complex to predict and detailed models linking climate, crop growth and disease development are not available for many crop-pathogen systems. This review uses a novel approach of comparing pathogen biology according to ‘ecotype’ (a categorization based on aspects such as epidemic type, dissemination method and infection biology), guided by detailed disease progress models where available to identify potential future research priorities for disease control. Consequences of projected climate change are assessed for factors driving elements of disease cycles of fungal pathogens (nine important pathogens are assessed in detail), viruses, bacteria and phytoplasmas. Other diseases classified according to ‘ecotypes’ were reviewed and likely changes in their severity used to guide comparable diseases about which less information is available. Both direct and indirect effects of climate change are discussed, with an emphasis on examples from the UK, and considered in the context of other factors that influence diseases and particularly emergence of new diseases, such as changes to farm practices and introductions of exotic material and effects of other environment changes such as elevated CO₂. Good crop disease control will contribute to climate change mitigation by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture while sustaining production. Strategies for adaptation to climate change are needed to maintain disease control and crop yields in north-west Europe.     

我国主要农作物病害灾变机制与综合防控研究进展:2018年－2022年

2018年以来, 我国在主要农作物真菌、卵菌、细菌、病毒和线虫病害的病原菌致病机制解析、寄主植物抗病机理研究、主要农作物病害监测预警及绿色防控关键核心技术研发与应用方面取得了系列重要进展, 同时推进了抗病品种、纳米农药、免疫调节和生态调控等病害防控新技术与新产品的研发。根据国内外农作物病害综合防治科技发展趋势和中国农业高质量发展现实需求, 我国需进一步重视农作物病害交叉学科前沿和新兴技术领域, 聚焦保障国家生物安全和粮食安全的主责主业, 强化农作物病害防控理论创新、技术创新, 创制智能监测预警和绿色防控新技术、新产品, 创新集成区域绿色防控和跨区协同治理技术体系, 为实现高水平农业科技自立自强、支撑农业强国建设贡献植保力量。     

农用微生物杀菌剂剂型研究进展

农用微生物杀菌剂的主要剂型有粉剂(DP)、可湿性粉剂(WP)、颗粒剂(GR)、水分散粒剂(WG)和悬浮剂(SC)等。我国现有的农用微生物杀菌剂剂型种类较为单一,主要为可湿性粉剂,未来应加强其他剂型如水分散粒剂和悬浮剂等的研究开发。生防菌的活菌数、制剂加工和贮存条件以及田间环境因素等对农用微生物杀菌剂的防效均有很大影响,科学合理地评价这些影响,并研究其形成原因和内在规律,对农用微生物杀菌剂的深入研究开发具有重要意义。文章从剂型种类、性质、质量控制以及生产条件、贮存条件和田间环境条件对制剂性质与防效的影响等方面,对农用微生物杀菌剂剂型的研究现状和存在问题进行了详细的综述,并分析了其未来发展趋势。     

Effect of inoculum type and timing of application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: control of sclerotinia disease in glasshouse lettuce

The effects of Coniothyrium minitans inoculum quality and an 8-week interval between inoculum application and crop planting on sclerotinia ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) disease in three successive lettuce crops were investigated in a glasshouse trial. Spore suspensions of three isolates of C. minitans (Conio, IVT1 and Contans) applied at 10⁸ CFU m⁻² and a standard Conio maizemeal–perlite application (06 L m⁻², 10¹¹ CFU m⁻²) were assessed for their ability to control S. sclerotiorum . Only the maizemeal–perlite inoculum (isolate Conio) consistently reduced sclerotinia disease. In the third lettuce crop only, isolates IVT1 and Contans formulated by Prophyta and isolate IVT as an oil–water formulation, all applied as spore suspensions, reduced disease at harvest compared with the untreated control. Recovery, viability and C. minitans infection of sclerotia buried during the 8-week period prior to each of the three lettuce crops, and of sclerotia formed on the crop, were tested. Only the maizemeal–perlite inoculum (isolate Conio) reduced the recovery of sclerotia buried in soil for weeks between inoculum application and crop planting, reducing their viability and increasing infection by C. minitans . Eight weeks was sufficient to enable C. minitans to infect sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum , and may account for disease control. After harvest of the second and third crops, maizemeal–perlite treatment (isolate Conio) reduced the number and viability of sclerotia recovered on the soil surface and increased infection by C. minitans compared with spore-suspension treatments. The effect of inoculum concentration and the influence of soil temperature (varying with time of year) on infection of sclerotia by C. minitans are discussed.     

农作物病虫害防治农药速查系统构建与应用

为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。     

Effects of disease control by fungicides on greenhouse gas emissions by UK arable crop production

BACKGROUND: The UK government has published plans to reduce UK agriculture's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, the goal of global food security requires an increase in arable crop yields. Foliar disease control measures such as fungicides have an important role in meeting both objectives. RESULTS: It is estimated that UK winter barley production is associated with GHG emissions of 2770 kg CO₂ eq. ha^?1 of crop and 355 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 of grain. Foliar disease control by fungicides is associated with decreases in GHG emissions of 42–60 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 in UK winter barley and 29–39 kg CO₂ eq. t^?1 in UK spring barley. The sensitivity of these results to the impact of disease control on yield and to variant GHG emissions assumptions is presented. Fungicide treatment of the major UK arable crops is estimated to have directly decreased UK GHG emissions by over 1.5 Mt CO₂ eq. in 2009. CONCLUSION: Crop disease control measures such as fungicide treatment reduce the GHG emissions associated with producing a tonne of grain. As national demand for food increases, greater yields as a result of disease control also decrease the need to convert land from non‐arable to arable use, which further mitigates GHG emissions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry