花棒根际土壤微生物研究

在花棒林内,对不同林龄(5a、10a、20a)、不同深度的根际与非根际微生物的种类、数量进行了研究,结果表明有明显差异:在数量方面细菌占绝对优势(52.92%),放线菌次之(33.33%),真菌最少(13.75%)。在种类方面根际微生物的种类大于非根际。不同深度的土壤微生物数量也存在一定差异;变化为:细菌为0～10cm>20～30cm>10～20cm>30～40cm;真菌为0～10cm>10～20cm>20～30cm>30～40cm;放线菌为0～10cm>30～40cm>10～20cm>20～30cm。随着林龄的增加细菌数量减少;真菌数量呈上升趋势;放线菌表现为5a和10a大致相当,20a最少。     

关中农田土壤剖面的主要物理性状研究

为了探明现代长期集约化生产和耕作管理模式下土壤物理状态的变化特征,对关中地区农田0～60 cm剖面范围内的土壤物理特性进行了研究。结果显示：(1) 土壤剖面容重呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,表层0～10 cm土壤容重最小,为1.34 g·cm^-3,20～40 cm土层容重高达1.67 g·cm^-3,达到了制约根系延伸的极限容重;(2) 土壤紧实度随着剖面深度增加逐渐增大,0～15 cm、15～25 cm、25～45 cm土层范围内的平均值分别为482 kPa、1 647 kPa、2 268 kPa;(3) 土壤饱和导水率随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小,其中0～10 cm土层的饱和导水率最高,平均为0.968 mm·min^-1,且各土层之间的差异达到显著水平。研究表明只有0～10 cm土层土壤结构性较好,而10 cm以下土壤的物理状态具有明显的退化趋势,制约着作物根系的延伸、气体交换和水分的入渗,应予以足够的重视。     

围栏禁牧对毛乌素沙地土壤理化特征的影响

过度放牧导致干旱半干旱区毛乌素沙地草地严重退化。通过禁牧措施排除放牧干扰,使草地自然恢复,作为一种低投入的措施在世界各国退化草地生态系统恢复中得到广泛采用。文中对毛乌素沙地三种不同管理类型(持续放牧、围栏5年和围栏16年)土壤理化性状进行了研究,研究结果显示:围栏禁牧5年对0～30cm土壤颗粒组成和容重没有显著影响;围栏禁牧16年0～10cm土壤容重显著小于持续放牧区,而极细沙、粉粒和粘粒含量显著高于持续放牧区;围栏5年显著增加了0～5cm土壤有机碳,而0～30cm的全氮均没有显著增加。围栏16年土壤有机碳较放牧区在0～5cm、5～10cm、10～30cm分别显著增加了231%、81%、55%;全氮含量的变化趋势与之相同。结果表明,围栏5年对土壤粘粉粒、全氮含量的恢复基本没有效果;围栏16年能显著增加表层土壤粘粉粒含量和有机碳、全氮,但土壤碳、氮水平还是在比较低的水平(有机碳:4.30g.kg-1;全氮:0.74g.kg-1),即长期禁牧可以逐渐改善土壤质地和提高土壤肥力。研究结果为半干旱退化沙质草地生态系统的恢复、重建及管理提供科学依据。     

放牧对荒漠灌丛草地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响

以内蒙古阿拉善盟荒漠草地为研究对象,分析了不同放牧强度对土壤理化性质、团聚体组成、养分含量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:与轻度放牧相比,重度放牧使0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机C和全N含量显著降低,土壤容重显著增加;各土层中土壤团聚体以0.053~0.25 mm粒径为主,放牧强度的增加造成土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值降低,分形维数(D)值升高,土壤团聚体结构遭受破坏,稳定性降低,导致土壤团聚体由大粒径团聚体(0.25~2 mm)向小粒径团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm、<0.053 mm)转变;重度放牧使土壤团聚体的C/N值升高,造成有效养分难以释放,植物所需养分亏缺。说明重度放牧是造成阿拉善盟荒漠草地退化的重要因素。     

不同放牧强度对典型草原土壤胞外酶活性的影响

与碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)分解矿化相关的土壤胞外酶的相对活性可以揭示微生物的生长和代谢过程。为探讨不同放牧强度对典型草原土壤胞外酶活性的影响,本研究对不同放牧强度下0-10和10-20cm土层的胞外酶活性展开调查。本研究的胞外酶包括:β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、磷酸酶(AP)。结果显示:0-10cm土层,轻度放牧强度显著增加NAG和LAP活性;中度放牧强度显著增加了BG, NAG, LAP和AP活性;重度放牧强度显著增加LAP活性。10-20cm土层,轻度放牧强度显著增加NAG和LAP活性;中度放牧强度显著增加BG, NAG和LAP活性。随放牧强度的增加,两个土层土壤胞外酶活性均呈先增加后降低趋势;随土壤深度增加酶活性均呈降低趋势。冗余分析结果表明,土壤胞外酶活性(EEA)在0-10cm土层主要受微生物碳、铵态氮和土壤水分的影响,而10-20cm层受微生物氮、pH值、土壤水分和硝态氮的影响。在本研究区域尺度上,轻度和中度放牧强度下的土壤胞外酶具有更高的活性。     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲土壤盐渍化特征分析——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

通过大量的野外调查以及实地测点,以新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为典型区,研究该绿洲土壤特征(电导率、含盐量等)在空间的分布规律,运用相关分析和回归分析方法研究该绿洲土壤特征之间的耦合关系。分析结果表明:土壤含盐量、电导率和TDS在0-10 cm、10-30 cm、30-50 cm均有强变异性,pH值在各个土层均为弱变异性,而含水量则表现为中等变异性;含盐量与电导率、TDS之间正相关关系极显著,而与含水量有一定的正相关性,与pH值有一定的负相关性;通过回归分析发现,土壤溶液电导率和TDS的值可直接反映含盐量的大小,而土壤pH值和含水量则不能反映土壤盐渍化程度的高低。     

Effects of different grasses between rows of apple trees on soft characteristics of 1-year-old orchard

于苹果园建植第一年春季,果树行间分别种植不同草种,以清耕的土壤为对照,研究果园土壤温度、含水量、pH值、有机质及N、P、K的变化.结果表明,种草后,夏季高温时土壤温度降低、日变幅减小,含水量增加,生长季结束时,果园土壤pH下降,碱解N、全N、速效P、全P、有机质含量增加,而除种植红三叶的土壤速效K显著(P＜0.05)升高外,其余处理全K、速效K均无显著变化;种草后对不同深度土壤肥力的影响不同,马蹄金对土壤N、P和狗牙根与高羊茅对有机质的影响在0～20cm内表现一致,而种植多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、紫羊茅的0～10cm土壤碱解N、全N、全P和种植红三叶、紫军茅的0～10cm土壤有机质升高幅度较10-20cm大,多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、红三叶、白三叶的速效P,红三叶和高羊茅的碱解N、全N,马蹄金、多年生黑麦草、白三叶的土壤有机质0～10cm土壤升高幅度较10～20cm小,白三叶10～20cm土壤碱解N增加幅度较0～10cm小,全N则反之;草种不同对土壤作用不一,马蹄金对土壤肥力改善作用最大,红三叶、白三叶次之,而狗牙根、高羊茅较差.说明种草后可改善土壤性状,而草种是影响果园种草效益的关键因素.     

行间种植不同草种对幼龄苹果园土壤特性的影响

于苹果园建植第一年春季,果树行间分别种植不同草种,以清耕的土壤为对照,研究果园土壤温度、含水量、pH值、有机质及N、P、K的变化。结果表明,种草后,夏季高温时土壤温度降低、日变幅减小,含水量增加,生长季结束时,果园土壤pH下降,碱解N、全N、速效P、全P、有机质含量增加,而除种植红三叶的土壤速效K显著(P<0.05)升高外,其余处理全K、速效K均无显著变化;种草后对不同深度土壤肥力的影响不同,马蹄金对土壤N、P和狗牙根与高羊茅对有机质的影响在0~20 cm内表现一致,而种植多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、紫羊茅的0~10 cm土壤碱解N、全N、全P和种植红三叶、紫羊茅的0~10 cm土壤有机质升高幅度较10~20 cm大,多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、红三叶、白三叶的速效P,红三叶和高羊茅的碱解N、全N,马蹄金、多年生黑麦草、白三叶的土壤有机质0~10 cm土壤升高幅度较10~20 cm小,白三叶10~20 cm土壤碱解N增加幅度较0~10 cm小,全N则反之;草种不同对土壤作用不一,马蹄金对土壤肥力改善作用最大,红三叶、白三叶次之,而狗牙根、高羊茅较差。说明种草后可改善土壤性状,而草种是影响果园种草效益的关键因素。     

退化草原土壤理化性质空间异质性及其对土壤水分的影响

测定分析锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗额里图牧场退化草原草地生态系统0～120 cm土层土壤理化性质(质量含水量、容重、饱和含水率、电导率、pH和有机质),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法探讨其空间异质性及各理化性质对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:退化草原土壤呈弱碱性,电导率、容重和pH随土层加深而增大,而饱和含水率和有机质含量随土层加深而减小,由此可见土壤pH与有机质含量随土层加深呈相反规律,除容重和pH呈弱变异,其余土壤特性指标均呈中等变异,除80～120 cm土层外,其余土层土壤含水量变异系数随土壤含水量的增大而降低;本研究区各土层土壤含水量、有机质、pH表现出强烈的空间相关性,容重由随机性因素引起的变异程度最小,饱和含水率由结构性和随机性因素共同引起空间变异,影响本研究区土壤理化性质的因素较复杂;各土层土壤饱和含水率变程普遍较大,为13. 94～52. 77 km,较长距离其空间连续性较好,0～10 cm土层pH变程最大,有机质变程最小,而80～120 cm土层恰好相反; 0～10 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤质量含水量均与饱和含水率呈显著正相关,10～20 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤水分相对较大,土壤持水力较强,中间土层(20～80 cm)土壤含水量与有机质和pH存在显著相关关系。     

青海湖区域不同土地利用方式下土壤理化特征研究

通过对青海湖环湖区1987—2010年五期遥感解译,以湖区北部近30年耕作模式与放牧模式下草地和耕地为研究对象,研究两类土地土壤理化性质的变化差异来探求两种模式下土壤演替规律。研究结果表明：草地和耕地粒级都属于砂-粉砂级,在0~60cm内草地粉砂、粘粒含量大于耕地,而砂含量小于耕地;总碳和全氮以30cm为界,界上草地总氮、全氮含量明显大于耕地且差异明显,界下两者差异较小;草地低频磁化率在整个剖面上小于耕地且变幅较小,频率磁化率两者以30cm为界,界上耕地小于草地,界下则呈现相反态势;0~60cm内草地色度值皆小于耕地,其中红度和黄度值在剖面上变化趋势一致,而亮度值两者变化差异大;两者pH值在10~40cm段差异性明显,在该范围内草地的pH值明显大于耕地,40cm开始两者变化不大。     

Soil exchangeable base cations along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla plantation in a semi-arid sandy land,China

As a pioneer leguminous shrub species for vegetation re-establishment,Caragana microphylla is widely distributed in the semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands of the Horqin region,North China.C.microphylla plantations modify organic carbon(SOC),nitrogen(N) and phosphorus dynamics,bulk density and water-holding capacity,and biological activities in soils,but little is known with regard to soil exchange properties.Variation in soil exchangeable base cations was examined under C.microphylla plantations with an age sequence of 0,5,10,and 22 years in the Horqin Sandy Land,and at the depth of 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm,respectively.C.microphylla has been planted on the non-vegetated sand dunes with similar physical-chemical soil properties.The results showed that exchangeable calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and potassium(K),and cation exchange capacity(CEC) were significantly increased,and Ca saturation tended to decrease,while Mg and K saturations were increased with the plantation years.No difference was observed for exchangeable sodium(Na) neither with plantation years nor at soil depths.Of all the base cations and soil layers,exchangeable K at the depth of 0-10 cm accumulated most quickly,and it increased by 1.76,3.16,and 4.25 times,respectively after C.microphylla was planted for 5,10,and 22 years.Exchangeable Ca,Mg,and K,and CEC were significantly(P<0.001) and positively correlated with SOC,total N,pH,and electrical conductivity(EC).Soil pH and SOC are regarded as the main factors influencing the variation in exchangeable cations,and the preferential absorption of cations by plants and different leaching rates of base cations that modify cation saturations under C.microphylla plantation.It is concluded that as a nitrogen-fixation species,C.microphylla plantation is beneficial to increasing exchangeable base cations and CEC in soils,and therefore can improve soil fertility and create favorable microenvironments for plants and creatures in the semi-arid sandy land ecosystems.     

祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林土壤养分和pH变化特征

祁连山北坡中山带森林灰褐土是生长青海云杉的集中地带。选择排露沟流域海拔2 900～3 300 m的青海云杉林为研究对象,每隔100 m海拔梯度设置3个调查样地,研究青海结果表明：① 在海拔梯度上,0~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮及全磷平均含量高海拔处高于低海拔,而且高海拔与低海拔差异显著（P<0.05）;土壤全钾和速效钾含量则是高海拔低于低海拔,差异亦显著（P<0.05）;速效磷含量随海拔升高没有明显的变化规律,而且海拔间差异不显著（P<0.05）;土壤pH随海拔的升高不断减小,但是海拔间的差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 ② 在不同土层深度,0~10 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾平均含量均大于10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,而且0~10 cm土层含量显著大于20~40 cm土层（P<0.05）;土壤pH和全钾含量则随土层深度增加,pH在0~10 cm土层与20~40 cm差异显著（P<0.05）,但全钾含量在不同土层差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。 ③ 在碳、氮、磷、钾营养元素循环中,土壤pH和土壤有机质是影响青海云杉群落养分供应的首要限制因子。     

不同放牧压力下荒漠草原土壤有机碳特征及其与植被之间关系的研究

研究了荒漠草原土壤有机碳的特征及其与植被之间的关系。结果表明:0-10cm和10-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量随着放牧强度的增加而降低,未放牧区(CK)>轻度放牧区(LG)>中度放牧区(MG)>重度放牧区(HG),中度放牧区和重度放牧区分别显著低于未放牧区(P<0.05);0-10cm土层土壤有机碳含量与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,与草群高度具有较强的相关性;10-20cm土层土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度具有极强的相关性,而与草群高度的相关性较弱;根据相关性的强弱,建立了土壤有机碳与草地地上生物量和植被盖度的线性回归模型。     

博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤养分特征及其相关性分析

对博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH进行了分析。结果表明：① 土壤有机质在表层和80 cm土层属于强变异;20 cm、40 cm和60 cm土层属于中等变异。② 有机质含量为0.03%～4.19%,差值较大;不同深度土壤有机质含量从表层到深层逐渐减少,递减规律显著;5层（0~10 cm、20 cm、40 cm、60 cm和80 cm）土壤之间有机质含量垂直方向的相关性特征显示,60 cm深度与其他层次土壤有机质含量呈弱正和弱负相关,0 cm与80 cm、20 cm与40 cm之间的相关性极显著。③ 土壤有机质含量与pH、速效钾含量呈负相关,与速效磷含量呈正相关,与全氮呈极显著正相关（[WTBX]R[WTBZ]=0.934）。④ 通过对土壤样品养分含量分级显示,土壤有机质含量和速效磷含量平均值分别为0.44%和1.99 mg•kg^-1,均属于极缺乏型;全氮含量和速效钾含量平均为0.07%和39.78 mg•kg^-1,属于很缺乏型;pH平均为7.47,属于中性。     

Hierarchical responses of soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics to soil acidification in a dryland agroecosystem,China

Soil acidification is a major global issue of sustainable development for ecosystems. The increasing soil acidity induced by excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization in farmlands has profoundly impacted the soil carbon dynamics. However, the way in which changes in soil p H regulating the soil carbon dynamics in a deep soil profile is still not well elucidated. In this study, through a 12-year field N fertilization experiment with three N fertilizer treatments(0, 120, and 240 kg N/(hm~2·a)) in a dryland agroecosystem of China, we explored the soil p H changes over a soil profile up to a depth of 200 cm and determined the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) to the changed soil p H. Using a generalized additive model, we identified the soil depth intervals with the most powerful statistical relationships between changes in soil p H and soil carbon dynamics. Hierarchical responses of SOC and SIC dynamics to soil acidification were found. The results indicate that the changes in soil p H explained the SOC dynamics well by using a non-linear relationship at the soil depth of 0–80 cm(P=0.006), whereas the changes in soil p H were significantly linearly correlated with SIC dynamics at the 100–180 cm soil depth(P=0.015). After a long-term N fertilization in the experimental field, the soil p H value decreased in all three N fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the declines in soil p H in the deep soil layer(100–200 cm) were significantly greater(P=0.035) than those in the upper soil layer(0–80 cm). These results indicate that soil acidification in the upper soil layer can transfer excess protons to the deep soil layer, and subsequently, the structural heterogeneous responses of SOC and SIC to soil acidification were identified because of different buffer capacities for the SOC and SIC. To better estimate the effects of soil acidification on soil carbon dynamics, we suggest that future investigations for soil acidification should be extended to a deeper soil depth, e.g., 200 cm.     

Degradation leads to dramatic decrease in topsoil but not subsoil root biomass in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of degradation on belowground biomass (BGB) is essential for assessment of carbon budget of the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, China. This ecosystem has been undergoing serious degradation owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. This study examined the response of the vertical distribution of plant BGB to degradation and explored the underlying mechanisms in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. A field survey was conducted in an alpine meadow with seven sequential degrees of degradation in the Zoige Plateau on the Tibetan Plateau during the peak growing season of 2018. We measured aboveground biomass (AGB), BGB, soil water content (SWC), soil bulk density (SBD), soil compaction (SCOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phosphorus (STP), soil available nitrogen (SAN), and soil available phosphorus (STP) in the 0-30 cm soil layers. Our results show that degradation dramatically decreased the BGB in the 0-10 cm soil layer (BGB_0-10) but slightly increased the subsoil BGB. The main reason may be that the physical-chemical properties of surface soil were more sensitive to degradation than those of subsoil, as indicated by the remarked positive associations of the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 with SWC, SCOM, SOC, STN, SAN, and STP, as well as the negative correlation between the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 and SBD in the soil layer of 0-10 cm. In addition, an increase in the proportion of forbs with increasing degradation degree directly affected the BGB vertical distribution. The findings suggest that the decrease in the trade-off value of BGB_0-10 in response to degradation might be an adaptive strategy for the degradation-induced drought and infertile soil conditions. This study can provide theoretical support for assessing the effects of degradation on the carbon budget and sustainable development in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau as well as other similar ecosystems in the world.     

关中西部葛藤（Puerraria）根区AM真菌分布与定殖

分析陕西武功的药葛、粉葛和菜葛3个葛藤品种（Puerraria lobata）根区AM真菌的空间分布和定殖情况，以了解AM真菌分布和定殖与土壤因子间的相关性。结果表明：AM真菌定殖和空间分布与宿主种类和土壤深度密切相关。同一植物，品种不同AM真菌定殖率也不同，菜葛的总定殖率，泡囊和菌丝定殖率分别高达98．85％，82．79％，95．96％，均高于粉葛与药葛。丛枝定殖率粉葛显著高于药葛；孢子密度药葛高达7．95个/g土，显著高于菜葛和粉葛。AM真菌孢子密度和菌丝，丛枝及总定殖率均在0～10cm土层达到最大值，而其泡囊定殖率最大值则出现在10-20cm土层。葛藤根际土壤有机质与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关。土壤pH值与总定殖率呈极显著负相关，与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关。土样中AM真菌多为球囊霉属（Glomus）种类。也有少数无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）种类，详细情况有待于进一步鉴定。     

密度调控对华北落叶松人工林土壤有机碳及养分特征的影响

以华北落叶松人工林为对象,研究不同林分密度下(分别为740、1480、2000和2170株.hm-2)各土层的土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度、养分特征以及它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量及碳密度随着土壤深度增加而减少,呈明显的垂直分布特征;当林分密度增大到2170株.hm-2时,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度显著增加至最大,分别为25.45g.kg-1和15.68kg.m-2,并与740株.hm-2林地土壤有机碳含量及碳密度差异显著。当林分密度由740株.hm-2增加到2170株.hm-2时,各种养分变化规律不尽一致,但当林分密度为2170株.hm-2时,0-60cm深度的土壤全氮、全磷及速效钾含量均保持在一个相对较高的水平,而土壤全钾和有效磷含量仅在0-20cm土层较高。对于落叶松人工林地整个土壤剖面,土壤有机碳含量及碳密度与土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾含量均呈显著或极显著正相关。从林地土壤固碳的角度,建议将华北落叶松人工林的林分密度控制在2170株.hm-2。