毛乌素沙地花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)根围AM真菌生态学研究

2007年5月、8月和10月在鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站定点采集花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)根围土样,系统研究了AM真菌的时空异质性及其与土壤因子的关系.结果表明:花棒能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系.菌根类型为Ⅰ-型;AM真菌孢子密度随土壤深度增加而下降,最大孢子密度出现在10月份的0～10cm 土层,最大定殖率出现在10月份10～20cm土层;孢子密度与泡囊定殖率呈极显著正相关;土壤有机质、速效氮和脲酶活性均与孢予密度呈极显著正相关,与菌丝定殖率、泡囊定殖率和总定殖率呈显著正相关;pH值与丛枝定殖事、菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈极显著负相关;蛋白酶活性与丛枝定殖率呈显著正相关.AM真菌与土壤因子的高相关性,说明丛枝菌根不同结构定殖程度和孢子密度可作为沙生土壤环境状况评估的有效指标.     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.     

河北中部药用植物AM真菌生态学研究

2005年8月和10月,对河北省安国市境内种植的9种药用植物AM真菌侵染状况及与土壤因子的相关性进行了调查分析.结果表明,9种药用植物都能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系,不同药用植物形成菌根的能力不同.形成的菌根包括重楼型(Paris-type)和疆南星型(Arum-type)2种类型.土壤碱解N与丹参和麻山药的孢子密度、北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率呈显著正相关,与紫苑丛枝定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤速效P与丹参丛技定殖率、麻山药泡囊定殖率呈显著正相关,与桔梗孢子密度、白术泡囊定殖率呈显著负相关.土壤有机质与北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关.土壤pH与北沙参菌丝定殖率和总定殖率、北柴胡孢子密度呈显著负相关,与北沙参孢子密度呈显著正相关.     

毛乌素沙地3种豆科植物根际AM 真菌生态分布研究

通过对毛乌素沙地草木樨(Melilotus suaveolens)、胡枝子(Leapedeza bicolor)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)等3种豆科植物根际土壤样品和根样的采集和分析,研究了3种植物根际AM真菌的群落组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离出的3属28种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)种类占绝对优势;3种豆科植物都有较高的AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度,但不同种之间或同一种植物在不同样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.AM真菌泡囊定殖率和总定殖率与土壤速效N有显著负相关,其定殖强度可能主要取决于宿主植物和AM真菌的相互选择性.     

树莓根际AM真菌分布和定殖

2004年7~12月在关中盆地西部,每月分别从0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm 4个土层采集树莓根际土样,系统研究树莓根际AM真菌时空分布和土壤因子之间的相关性。结果表明,树莓能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系。AM真菌的最高定殖率并不伴随有最大孢子密度,最高定殖率发生在9月,达86%,而最大孢子密度出现在11月,平均密度为14个/g土。土壤碱解氮与孢子密度呈极显著负相关,土壤有机质与孢子密度呈显著负相关,土壤pH与菌丝定殖率呈显著负相关,与泡囊定殖率呈极显著负相关。在检测和评估土壤生态状况和植物形成菌根的能力等方面,宿主植物根际AM真菌的孢子密度和AM真菌不同结构的定殖程度是十分有用的指标。     

丛枝菌根真菌和甜菜夜蛾的相互作用

为探索丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与植食性昆虫的相互作用,将摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae BEG167,Fm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices BEG141,Gi)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme Berch,Gv)3种AM真菌以及甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua分别接种至花生和番茄上,通过测定AM真菌的侵染定殖和甜菜夜蛾的生长发育指标分析AM真菌与甜菜夜蛾的相互作用。结果显示,甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生植株后,Fm、Gv和Gi的侵染率和泡囊数均有增加,侵染率分别是未取食的1.15、1.10和1.11倍,而Fm的泡囊数增加最显著,是未取食的1.27倍。在菌根番茄植株上,Fm和Gv的侵染率显著增加,分别是未取食的1.24倍和1.94倍,Fm、Gv和Gi的泡囊数均显著增加,分别是未取食的1.50、1.98和1.42倍。甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生和菌根番茄植株后,幼虫存活率下降,幼虫历期和蛹期明显延长;Fm对其影响最显著,甜菜夜蛾在花生上的存活率、幼虫历期和蛹期分别为26.67%、26.78 d和10.67 d,在番茄上分别为35.52%、24.33 d和10.39 d,与取食非菌根植株处理差异显著。表明甜菜夜蛾能在一定程度上促进AM真菌的侵染和定殖,而AM真菌能抑制甜菜夜蛾的生长和发育,但其影响因AM真菌种类而不同。     

陕北南泥湾湿地农田养分及AM真菌多样性

研究选取南泥湾湿地6种不同作物类别的农田为样地,并设荒野次生林地为对照,分0~10、10~20cm和20~30 cm土层深度采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌多样性及其孢子密度。结果表明:0~30 cm土层范围,土壤有机质含量为7.54~17.23 g·kg~(-1),蔬菜地有机质含量显著高于其它地类;土壤速效氮含量为12.01~27.10 mg·kg~(-1);土壤速效磷的含量为3.08~9.67 mg·kg~(-1),云杉和林地土壤速效磷的含量显著低于其它地类;土壤速效钾含量为98.61~152.51 mg·kg~(-1);南泥湾农田养分含量偏低,尤其缺乏土壤速效氮和土壤速效磷。试验共分离出3属10种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,占60%;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,占30%;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种,占10%。林地AM真菌物种丰度最大,其次是云杉,水稻地AM真菌物种丰度最小。地球囊霉(G.Geosporum)是优势种类,美丽盾巨孢囊霉(Scu.Calospora)属于偶见种,摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)只出现在耕作土壤。不同地类孢子密度差异显著,以0~30 cm土层平均值比较:林地土孢子密度(2.24个·g~(-1))云杉幼苗地土孢子密度(2.18个·g~(-1))谷子地土孢子密度(1.46个·g~(-1))玉米地土孢子密度(1.31个·g~(-1))蔬菜土孢子密度(0.76个·g~(-1))水稻土孢子密度(0.73个·g~(-1))黄豆土孢子密度(0.67个·g~(-1))。     

北苍术根区土壤中AM真菌多样性及其与土壤养分相关性分析

本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对河北承德栽培和野生北苍术根区土壤AM真菌群落多样性的差异和群落组成进行了检测,同时解析了土壤养分因子对AM真菌群落多样性的影响。结果显示,北苍术根区土壤中检测的AM-OTU分属于1门1纲5目6科8属AM真菌。野生北苍术AM真菌群落由球囊霉属（77.20%）等组成;栽培北苍术由巨孢囊霉属（34.48%~47.20%）、球囊霉属（30.05%~53.7%）等组成;土壤有机质、pH、有效磷、有效钾与AM真菌多样性指数Shannon、Simpsoneven呈正相关,其中有机质对AM真菌群落多样性影响最大。硼与AM真菌多样性指数Shannon、Simpsoneven、Sobs均呈正相关,铁、铜、锰、锌与之呈负相关。本研究阐明了野生与栽培北苍术根区AM真菌多样性及优势菌群差异,揭示了土壤养分因子与其多样性间的关系,为AM真菌在北苍术仿野生栽培中的应用提供了理论依据。     

新疆天然胡杨林和野生骆驼刺丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究初报

为探明新疆常见的 2 种建群植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)和骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)丛枝菌根真菌的侵染状况、群落的种类和分布,在塔里木河中游和昌吉老龙河下游的胡杨林分别采集了 13 个土壤和根系样,在骆驼刺根周围分别采集了 8 个土壤和根系样,对土样中丛枝菌根真菌的种类和根系菌根的侵染状况进行了分析.结果表明:胡杨根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、大果球囊霉(G.macrocarpum)、沙荒球囊霉(G.deserticola)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)和象牙白球囊霉(G.eburneum).骆驼刺根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为沾屑多样孢囊霉(Diversispora spurcum)、摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)和聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum).胡杨根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别可达80%和100%,骆驼剌根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别达65%和90%.说明胡杨和骆驼刺是丛枝菌根依赖性很强的植物,且丛枝菌根真菌的多样性也十分丰富.     

泡囊——丛枝菌根生态学研究进展

泡囊－－丛枝菌根（ＶＡ菌根）是广泛分布的一类内生菌根，能够促进寄主对土壤中矿质元素的吸收，调节寄主体内的代谢活动，增强植物的抗逆性，有利于植物生长。综合有关研究资料，论述了近年来关于泡囊－－丛枝菌根真菌的有效性，寄主特性及土壤环境条件等生态因子对泡囊－－丛枝菌根效应影响等方面的研究进展和取得的成就，泡囊－－丛枝菌根生态学研究的发展方向为自然及农业大生态和微环境生态。     

Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with desert ephemeral plants in Gurbantunggut Desert

Previous studies documented that most desert plants can be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi,however,little is known about how the dynamics of AM fungi are related to ephemerals in desert ecosystems.The dynamics of AM fungi with desert ephemerals were examined to determine the effects of host plant life stages on the development of AM fungi.Mean colonization of ephemeral annual plants was 45% lower than that of ephemeral perennial plants.The colonizations were much higher in the early part of the growing season than in later parts,peaking at flowering times.The phenology of AM fungi in root systems varied among different ephemerals.The density of AM fungal spores increased with the development of ephemeral annual plants,reached its maximum at flowering times,and then plateaued about 20 days after the aboveground senescence.A significant positive correlation was found between AM fungi spore density and biomass of ephemeral annual plants.The life cycles of AM fungi associated with desert ephemerals were very short,being about 60-70 days.Soil temperature and water content had no direct influence on the development of AM fungal spores.We concluded that the development of AM fungi was in response to desert ephemeral phenology and life history strategy.     

内蒙古荒漠地区丛枝菌根植物的初步研究

本文对内蒙古荒漠建群及优势植物的丛枝菌根共生状况进行了调查。在观察的16科76种植物中,被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的植物有61(占79. 8% )种;其中多年生草本植物被丛枝菌根真菌侵染的比例较高,占94. 46%;而一年生和二年生的草本植物的比例仅65%。须根系植物中菌根植物约占91. 3%,高于直根系(75. 5% )。古地中海孑遗种四合木(Tetraenamongolica)、棉刺(Potaniniamongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthusmongolicus)和强旱生植物半日花(Helianthemumsoongoricum)有一定的菌根侵染。本地区野生植物的丛枝菌根形态结构类型多数为Arum类型,占83. 6%;而Paris类型少,只占3. 3%。丛枝菌根结构类型与植物的生活型、根系类型和侵染率无关。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in Asteraceae plants growing in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia

The present research was undertaken to explor the possibility of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) association with Asteraceae plants in the arid lands of Saudi Arabia(Al-Ghat, Buraydah, Thumamah and Huraymila). AM fungal colonization in the roots, spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil, fungal species diversity and correlation between AM properties and soil properties were determined. The highest colonization was in Conyza bonariensis(65%) from Al-Ghat, Anthemis cotula(52%) from Buraydah and C. bonariensis(53%) from Thumamah. The lowest was in Vernonia schimperi(41%) from Al-Ghat, Pulicaria undulata(25%) from Buraydah, Acanthospermum hispidum(34%) from Thumamah, Asteriscus graveolens(22%) and V. schimperi(22%) from Huraymila. Vesicular and arbuscular colonization were also presented in all plant species examined. The number of spores were 112–207 in Al-Ghat, 113–133 in Buraydah, 87–148 in Thumamah and 107–158 in Huraymila. Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, G. fasciculatum and G. aggregatum were identified. Relative frequency of AM fungal species varied widely and was irrespective of location and plant species. Diversity index varied with the rhizosphere soils of different plant species at various locations. Soil properties varied with locations and no distinct correlations were observed among the soil properties, root colonization and the number of spores. The results of the present study specified the association of AM fungi in different plants of Asteraceae and its significance in the ecological functioning of annual plants in the punitive environments of the rangelands in Saudi Arabia.     

天津滨海盐碱土中VA茵根真菌资源调查研究

对天津盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行了研究,结果表明:在9科23种盐生植物中,有19种盐生植物被菌根真菌侵染。所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科(Poaceae)植物为P型菌根,豆科(Leguminosae),菊科(Compositae),柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)等其它科植物均为A型菌根;植物的菌根侵染率和植物本身的特性有关;菌根侵染率和孢子密度显著不相关(P=0.9740,r=0.1841,n=23)。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta under variable soil water conditions

Desert ephemeral plants play an important role in desert ecosystem.Soil water availability is considered as the major restrictive factor limiting the growth of ephemeral plants.Moreover,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM fungi) are widely reported to improve the growth of desert ephemerals.The present study aimed to test the hypothesis of that AM fungi could alleviate drought stress of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta,and AM fungal functions reduced with the improvement of soil water content.A pot experiment was carried out with three levels of soil water contents(4.5%,9.0%,and 15.8%(w/w)),and three AM inoculation treatments(Glomus mosseae,Glomus etunicatum and non-inoculation).The results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization rate decreased with the increase of soil water availability.Inoculation improved plant growth and N,P and K acquisition in both shoots and roots regardless water treatments.When comparing the two fungi,plants inoculated with G.mosseae performed better than those inoculated with G.etunicatum in terms of plant growth and nutrient acquisition.These results showed that ameliorative soil water did not suppress arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal functions in improving growth and nutrient acquisition of desert ephemeral Plantago minuta.     

祁连山排露沟流域青海云杉林土壤养分和pH变化特征

祁连山北坡中山带森林灰褐土是生长青海云杉的集中地带。选择排露沟流域海拔2 900～3 300 m的青海云杉林为研究对象,每隔100 m海拔梯度设置3个调查样地,研究青海结果表明：① 在海拔梯度上,0~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮及全磷平均含量高海拔处高于低海拔,而且高海拔与低海拔差异显著（P<0.05）;土壤全钾和速效钾含量则是高海拔低于低海拔,差异亦显著（P<0.05）;速效磷含量随海拔升高没有明显的变化规律,而且海拔间差异不显著（P<0.05）;土壤pH随海拔的升高不断减小,但是海拔间的差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 ② 在不同土层深度,0~10 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾平均含量均大于10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,而且0~10 cm土层含量显著大于20~40 cm土层（P<0.05）;土壤pH和全钾含量则随土层深度增加,pH在0~10 cm土层与20~40 cm差异显著（P<0.05）,但全钾含量在不同土层差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。 ③ 在碳、氮、磷、钾营养元素循环中,土壤pH和土壤有机质是影响青海云杉群落养分供应的首要限制因子。