放线菌菌株MY02的鉴定及发酵液中抗真菌活性组分的分离

从东北地区蔬菜保护地土壤中筛选分离到一株放线菌菌株MY02,通过对其形态学特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定其为龟裂链霉菌龟裂亚种Streptomyces rimosussub sp.rimosus。该菌株的发酵液具有抗真菌活性。发酵液经离心、过滤、萃取、硅胶柱层析等步骤分离纯化其活性物质,并进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,表明其活性物质中含有两种抗真菌活性组分。对活性组分的正丁醇溶液进行紫外光谱扫描,结果表明该活性组分具有四烯类抗生素的典型特征吸收峰。     

一株具有抗真菌活性的放线菌菌株FXj9的分离和鉴定

从江西井冈山自然保护区发病毛竹中分离到一株具有明显抑制植物病原真菌活性的生防放线菌菌株FXj9。根据菌株FXj9的形态和生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析将其初步鉴定为链霉菌属中吸水类群的涂链霉菌（Streptomyces endus）。抗菌谱测定及稳定性研究结果表明,菌株FXj9发酵液对禾谷镰孢、尖镰孢、甘蔗节菱孢菌、链格孢菌和炭角菌都有较好的抑制作用,抑制率为25.2%~72.6%。且菌株FXj9发酵原液对禾谷镰孢的室内药效达86.1%,效果显著优于药剂对照组。其抑菌活性物质对温度敏感,在80 ℃处理后抑菌活性丧失;在酸性及中性条件下发酵液活性稳定,不能被蛋白酶降解,初步判定该活性物质不属于蛋白质或肽类。本研究为该菌株今后的生防应用及活性物质的分离奠定了基础。     

秦岭链霉菌发酵液中杀虫活性成分分离及结构鉴定

采用大孔树脂层析、硅胶柱层析以及制备高效液相色谱等技术对具有抑菌和杀虫活性的秦岭链霉菌发酵液中的杀虫活性成分进行了分离纯化,得到3个杀虫活性化合物,经高分辨质谱和核磁共振波谱技术分别鉴定为阿维菌素B1a、B2a和A1a。研究发现,同一菌株发酵液中可以同时产生杀虫和杀菌两类成分,与阿维链霉菌Streptomyces avermectinius亲缘关系差异很大的链霉菌也可以产生阿维菌素成分。     

印楝内生放线菌鉴定及对稻瘟病菌拮抗作用研究

从印楝叶片和果实中分离93株内生放线菌。生长速率法测定表明29株内生放线菌对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea具有拮抗作用,其中菌株YL-2对稻瘟病菌的抑制率达82.65%。杯碟法测定表明菌株YL-2发酵液对供试的18种植物致病真菌均具有抑菌活性,盆栽试验表明菌株YL-2发酵液对稻瘟病防效达85.41%,显著高于浓度为25 mg/L春雷霉素可湿性粉剂的防效。根据形态特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁化学成分和16S rDNA序列,初步鉴定菌株YL-2为娄彻氏链霉菌Streptomyces rochei。     

抗菌蛋白磷酸盐结合蛋白前体的分离及其产生菌的鉴定

以抑菌活性生物测定结果为指导,采用硫酸铵沉淀、离子交换柱层析、凝胶柱层析和SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳等方法,从采自广西土壤的1株放线菌菌株GXWl发酵液中分离到1种未见文献报道具有抑菌活性的蛋白,经质谱鉴定并与NCBInr蛋白数据库比对,认为其应为磷酸盐结合蛋白前体 (phosphate-binding protein precursor,pre-PBP),分子质量为39.18 ku。根据其形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,将菌株GXWl归入链霉菌属,并鉴定为锈赤蜡黄链霉菌Streptomyces rubiginosohelvolus。     

蚜虫病原细菌的分离鉴定及其对褐飞虱的杀虫活性初探

为寻找有效防治褐飞虱的病原微生物,采用平板划线法和稀释涂布法,从感病死亡的蔷薇蚜虫体中分离筛选出一株对褐飞虱具有较高致病性的菌株JSA1;通过形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S r DNA序列分析,对菌株JSA1进行了初步鉴定;采用盆栽法和稻苗浸渍法,对其杀虫活性进行了测定。鉴定结果显示菌株JSA1为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa。杀虫活性测定结果表明:菌株JSA1对褐飞虱具有杀虫作用,且致死率随菌液浓度的升高和作用时间的延长而提高,但致死率低于40%;菌株JSA1发酵液的上清液和沉淀破碎液对褐飞虱3龄若虫均具有致病力,72 h后的校正死亡率分别为30.72%和82.53%,表明铜绿假单胞菌JSA1在褐飞虱的生物防治方面具有一定的应用前景。     

拮抗茄子黄萎病菌土壤放线菌的分离筛选和鉴定

为了研究土壤拮抗性放线菌对茄子黄萎病的生防价值,从陕西省延安市宝塔区与汉中地区土壤中分离、纯化获得154株具有纤维素降解活性的放线菌。采用平板对峙培养法进行初筛,用生长速率法对抑菌效果较好的菌株ZX-10-4进行抑菌谱的测定,并进行盆栽试验验证其对茄子黄萎病的防治效果,通过形态、培养特征及16S rDNA序列分析研究其分类地位。结果显示,有17株放线菌对茄子黄萎病菌抑菌效果较好且抑菌活性稳定,其中菌株ZX-10-4的抑菌活性最高,抑菌率达90.15%;活性菌株ZX-10-4发酵原液对茄子黄萎病的保护和治疗作用分别为70.00%和60.33%,稀释5倍液的防效也在50%以上。根据形态、培养特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列分析,初步确定菌株ZX-10-4为白网链霉菌Streptomyces albireticuli的近似种。     

黄瓜内生放线菌的分离、筛选及其活性菌株鉴定

 从植物内生放线菌中筛选拮抗活性菌株和寻找新的农用活性代谢产物,可为植物病害防治提供新的资源。本研究结果发现黄瓜幼苗的根、茎、叶中均有内生放线菌的存在,根组织中的数量、种类明显多于叶片和茎,占总分离株的72.7%,以链霉菌的淡紫灰类群、灰褐类群为主。活性筛选试验结果表明,黄瓜内生放线菌中对12种靶标真菌和6种细菌具有拮抗作用的菌株分别占46.8%和39.0%,主要为分离自根组织的链霉菌淡紫灰类群。分离自黄瓜叶片的gCLA4菌株抑菌谱较广,其发酵滤液对供试12种靶标真菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,但对靶标细菌有选择性抑制作用。形态学、细胞化学和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendularectus)。     

拮抗放线菌TA21对烟草根黑腐病菌的抑制及其控病作用

菌株TA21是一株从重庆烟区土壤中筛选出的对烟草根黑腐病菌Thielaviopsis basicola有较强拮抗作用的放线菌,为了明确其抑菌效果和控病作用及其在烟草根黑腐病生防中的应用潜力,本文进行了菌株TA21抑菌活性检测和温室控病测试;并通过形态学、生理生化和分子分类的方法确定其分类地位。室内测定试验表明,菌株TA21对烟草根黑腐病菌的抑菌带宽达12.5mm;温室控病试验发现其对烟草根黑腐病防治效果达85.3%。无菌滤液试验表明,在试验浓度范围内无菌滤液均能有效抑制烟草根黑腐病菌菌丝生长、减少孢子萌发。根据菌株形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特性、细胞组分及16S rDNA序列分析,确定菌株TA21为链霉菌属吸水链霉菌Streptomyces hygroscopicus。     

具杀松材线虫活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌筛选及其毒力测定

松材线虫是松树萎蔫病的主要病原,为了筛选到具有较高杀线虫活性的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis菌株,采用直接触杀法对苏云金芽胞杆菌发酵液进行杀线虫活性以及稳定性的检测,并对筛选出的高活性菌株通过扩增16S rDNA片段进行菌株的鉴定。结果表明,4个菌株中具有最高活性的菌株D发酵液处理松材线虫8 h的死亡率超过70%,24 h其死亡率达到100%;在温度为-20、25、40、60、80和121℃条件下处理的菌株D发酵液,其对松材线虫的毒力都在85%以上;在pH 5.0~10.0时,菌株D发酵液对松材线虫的毒力都在85%~94%,并无显著的差异;将菌株D发酵液进行蛋白酶K处理后,其对松材线虫的毒力仍在98%以上;在4℃环境下保存50 d,菌株D发酵液的毒力没有明显下降。通过16S rDNA 1.5 kb片段的序列分析,初步得出菌株D可能是苏云金芽胞杆菌KNU-07。可见,菌株D发酵液具有耐热、耐储藏和对蛋白酶K稳定的特性,是一株具有开发潜力和应用前景的高毒力菌株。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.