50%农利灵防治油菜菌核病药效试验

50％农利灵是西德巴斯夫公司生产的一种杀菌剂,为了验证该药剂对油菜菌核病的防治效果,为大面积推广提供科学依据,我们于1993年进行了田间防效试验。 试验设50％农利灵40g/666.7m~2、50g/666.7m~2、60g/666.7m~2;50％速克灵50g/666.7m~2;清水对照。共5个处理,3次重复,随机排列,于油菜盛花期(3月     

速克灵防治油菜菌核病

近年来,油菜菌核病严重地威胁着我省油菜生产。病田减产10—70％,含油量降低1—5％。为防治此病,1985—1986年,使用日本住友提供的50％速克灵可湿性粉剂进行防治,取得了较好效果。方     

向日葵盘腐型菌核病发生及流行规律研究

前言向日葵菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib)deBary)是一种世界性病害。在赤峰市,向日葵菌核病有5种症状即芽死、苗腐、立枯、茎腐和盘腐,其中以盘腐发生最重。我们于1988—1990年对向日葵盘腐型菌核病的发生流行规律进行了研究,为病害的预测预报及综合防治提供理论依据。试验方法1.病情消长调查选择不同耕地类型,从向日葵播种后至成熟期,每隔3天调查一次子囊盘出土情况,     

油菜菌核病化学防治适期研究

为了明确在油菜不同花期用药对油菜菌核病的防治效果的影响,试验中选用了8种药剂,分别于油菜初花期、盛花期和终花期开展化学防治试验。结果表明在油菜盛花期用药防效最佳,最高防效超80%(啶酰菌胺50%水分散剂86.83%、腐霉利50%可湿性粉剂防效80.75%)。     

木霉T97菌株对几种植物病原真菌的拮抗作用机制和温室防治试验

从土壤中分离了一木霉Trichoderma sp.菌株T97.竞争及对峙培养结果表明,木霉T97对豌豆根腐病菌Fusarium solani f.sp.pisi、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、茄子黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae、黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum、小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici、小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana和立枯丝核病菌Rhizoctonia solani等7种病原菌有较强的生长竞争优势.光学显微观察表明,木霉T97通过缠绕、附着和穿透的方式寄生立枯丝核菌、番茄灰霉病菌和小麦全蚀病菌.受T97作用后,茄子菌核病菌的菌丝尖端肿大、变粗,豌豆根腐病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝出现断裂等溶菌现象.用T97培养物(0.6%(w/w))处理土壤,对茄子黄萎病和菌核病、黄瓜枯萎病和菌核病以及豌豆根腐病的苗期病害防治效果达66%～81%.用T97孢子悬浮液108cfu/mL在花期喷雾保护黄瓜、辣椒和番茄叶面,对灰霉病的防治效果相当于50%速克灵WP 3 000倍液.     

草莓灰霉病发生危害及防治研究初报

草莓灰霉病是草莓病害中最严重的病害，带菌植株、病田土是该病的初侵染源。发病盛期为浆果成熟期。高温多雨的气候发病严重，栽植密度与发病呈显著正相关，偏施氮肥有利于发病，钾肥对发病有一定的抑制作用。农业防治主要针对发病规律控制病源，抑制发病因子；应用药剂扑海因、速克灵防治草莓灰霉病，防效达８０．６％以上，且药效稳定。采用综合防治平均防效在９４．０％以上     

药剂防治人参根病试验初报

人参根病种类较多,以人参锈腐病 〔Cylindrocarpon destructans(Zinss)Scholten〕为主,其次为疫病、菌核病和根腐病等。上述几种病害对人参根的产量与质量影响较大。据调查人参锈腐病被害损失率在20％左右,其他病害所造成的损失总计为5—8％左右。目前尚无切实可行的防治措施。     

水蝇冬前调查预测翌年麦田实际发生量

近年,我们用1月份麦田水蝇的虫口密度作为4、5月大田水蝇实际发生量的预测,实践证明可靠,准确。 方法是选早、中、晚播麦田各1块,每田3点取样,每点查小麦100株。全月分上、中、下旬3次调查,统计全月各田的活虫数量(卵壳算活虫数)。平均每田活虫数在20—30头以上的,各类麦田都属严     

轮作防治油菜菌核病的效果

油菜菌核病,近年来在太仓县有发展的趋势。1965年普遍流行,病田率达100％;平均病株率在15.5％以上,重病田发病率高达53.6％,产量损失在25.2％左右。收获后检查,每亩残留菌核量在     

利用烟剂防治苹果巢蛾的研究

苹果巢蛾(Hyponomeuta malinella Zeller)幼虫巢网孔隙約为0.28—2.25微米,平均0.53微米,一般噴雾液滴約100—400微米,无法喷入网內。利用烟剂毒杀幼虫药效测定結果証明:45％六六六烟剂不及45％滴滴涕烟剂和六六六-滴滴涕混合烟剂(45％等量六六六和滴滴涕)。每公頃用六六六-滴滴涕混合烟剂15—20斤,风速1—1.5米/秒,于越冬幼虫出鞘活动初期,日落后采用定点或定点与移动相結合的方法施烟一次,田間防治效果达77.9％—94.3％;平均示范防治效果为74.3％、73.3％。烟剂防治效果高于敌百虫,稍遜于对硫磷噴雾,且施药安全、防治費低,比噴液提高工效30倍,适于大面积应用。     

Sunflower Response to Application of L-Ascorbate Under Thermal Stress Associated with Different Sowing Dates

Unlike edaphic factors, it is difficult to control climatic conditions and their changes that affect plant growth and development. To deal with such posture, farmers have to cultivate their crops at the right time. From this point, over two–year of 2014 and 2015, a field experiment was performed at El-Nubaria region, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt, to assess the response of sunflower to different combinations between sowing dates (early, mid and delayed) and ascorbic acid treatments (with ascorbic acid and without ascorbic acid). Ascorbic acid was sprayed at 30, 40 and 50 days after sowing. The results showed that sowing sunflower in mid sowing (May 21) achieved the highest values of cumulative heat units utilization efficiency as well as all growth and yield traits, while the lowest values were recorded under the delayed sowing date (June 21). Application of ascorbic acid was effective for promoting growth and yield traits under all studied sowing dates. Ascorbic acid achieved 11.6, 10.1, 10.7 and 12.9% increases under early sowing, and 9.5, 6.6, 8.6 and 10.3% increases under delayed sowing in head diameter, seed weight plant^?1, seed yield and oil yield, respectively. Comparing to mid sowing?×?without ascorbic acid, application of ascorbic acid alleviated seed yield losses associated early sowing from 15.7–6.6% and from 23.0–16.4% with delayed one. In conclusion, for remediating the thermal stressful impacts of early or late sowing of sunflower, farmers are advised to treat crop plants with ascorbic acid to avoid yield losses.

     

Influence of take-all epidemics on winter wheat yield formation and yield loss

ABSTRACT The effects of take-all epidemics on winter wheat yield formation were determined, and disease-yield relationships were established to assess the agronomic efficacy and economic benefits of control methods. Epidemics were generated in naturally infested fields by varying cropping season, crop order in the rotation, and experimental fungicide seed treatment. Disease incidence and severity were assessed from tillering to flowering. Yield components were measured at harvest. Models simulating the formation of the yield components in the absence of limiting factors were used to estimate the losses caused by take-all. Losses were predicted by the disease level at a specific time or the area under the disease progress curve, reflecting accumulation during a specific period. Losses of grain number per square meter and 1,000-grain weight were linked to cumulative disease incidence between the beginning of stem elongation and flowering, and disease incidence at midstem elongation, respectively. Yield losses were accounted for by both cumulative disease incidence between sowing and flowering, and disease incidence at midstem elongation. Results confirm the importance of nitrogen fertilization in reducing the impact of take-all on wheat.     

Management of phytophthora root rot in radiata pine seedlings

Chemical and biological agents were evaluated for their ability to suppress root rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum , in field-grown radiata pine seedlings in New Zealand. Trials were conducted over two seasons in an area of a forest nursery with a natural infestation of P. cactorum , and a history of root rot. In each season, symptoms of root rot developed during April, one month after root pruning, when seedlings were approximately six months old. In trial one, root rot incidence by mid July 2007 was 9·1% in untreated plots and 8·4% in plots that had been treated with metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (14 kg ha⁻¹) at seedling emergence. Disease incidence was lowest (2·1%) in plots that received seven monthly applications of phosphorous acid (6·5 L ha⁻¹). Other treatments, including seed coating with thiram or Trichoderma spp., and foliar applications of methyl jasmonate, did not control disease. In trial two, effects of treatment timing relative to root pruning were investigated. By late June 2008, three months after root pruning, root rot incidence was 22·2% in the untreated plots. Phosphorous acid was the most effective treatment and almost completely suppressed disease (0·1% incidence) when applied fortnightly from February until May (seven applications). Metalaxyl-M/mancozeb (15 kg ha⁻¹) was not effective (21·4% incidence) when applied five months before root pruning. However, disease incidence was reduced when the chemical was applied one week after root pruning (14·9% incidence) and greater control was achieved (8·2% incidence) when the application rate was increased to 50 kg ha⁻¹.     

洋葱茎基盘腐烂病药剂田间筛选试验

为了解决甘肃河西地区洋葱茎基盘腐烂病发病重、药剂防效差的问题,本试验选取7种药剂,在移栽时进行蘸根处理,观测分析不同药剂处理对洋葱植株成活率、生育期、防治效果和产量的影响。结果表明,1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂500倍液蘸根处理对洋葱茎基盘腐烂病防治效果较好,植株成活率达到90%以上,定植后30 d的防治效果为80.89%,57 d的防治效果为64.45%,产量为7029.85 kg/667 m²,增产率达到26.77%。在洋葱定植时可以使用该药剂进行蘸根处理,57 d内对茎基盘腐烂病的防治效果较好,且减少了农药的施用量,为甘肃河西高海拔冷凉区洋葱绿色优质生产提供了技术方法。     

气候条件对油菜菌核病的影响及防治阈值

油菜菌核病是里相河农下区首要病害,常年发病指数约２０％,损失产量１５％－３０％。对兴化,扬州油菜菌核病连续８年的观测结果表明,油菜开花期的降雨量是导致并加重菌核病的决定因素,而日均气温对菌核病的影响不大。     

几种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果

小麦茎基腐病是小麦上重要的真菌性茎基部病害,在黄淮海冬麦区呈广泛流行态势,对我国小麦生产安全构成严重威胁。本研究评价了不同拌种剂、拔节期喷施杀菌剂以及两者结合使用对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果。药剂拌种防治结果表明：60 g/L戊唑醇FS、25 g/L咯菌腈FS和25%氰烯菌酯SC拌种处理能显著降低苗期病株率,其病株防治效果为63.6%～100%。药剂拌种对灌浆期小麦茎基腐病的病情指数防治效果受到年份和地点的影响。2018年开封和2020年内黄的25%氰烯菌酯SC、2019年温县和2020年内黄的30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS和2020年内黄的30%丙硫菌唑OD拌种可以显著降低小麦灌浆期的病情指数;在2019年温县的25%氰烯菌酯SC和2018年开封的30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS均不同程度地降低了病情指数,但未达到显著水平。综上所述,25%氰烯菌酯SC、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑FS和30%丙硫菌唑OD拌种处理的灌浆期病情指数防治效果为12.8%～85.1%,增产1.2%～13.1%。拔节期喷施杀菌剂的结果表明：30%多·酮SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD和50%多菌灵WP在小麦拔节期喷雾防治能够显著降低灌浆...     

吡唑醚菌酯在小麦不同生育期病害防治中的应用

为探讨吡唑醚菌酯对小麦不同生育期病害的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis、根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces tritici及赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的室内抑制活性;通过种子发芽盒试验,测定了吡唑醚菌酯不同药种比包衣处理对小麦种子发芽的影响;采用菌土混合法,测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯种子处理悬浮剂(FS)对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效;同时测定了5%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(SC)对小麦白粉病、锈病及赤霉病的田间防效。结果表明：吡唑醚菌酯对小麦纹枯病菌、根腐病菌、全蚀病菌和赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.404、5.862、0.193和1.372 mg/L。25℃条件下,5%吡唑醚菌酯FS不同药种比对济麦22鲜重及干重均有一定的促进作用;10℃下,对小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显示出一定的促进作用。5%吡唑醚菌酯FS苗后20 d对小麦纹枯病的防效在74%以上,药种比1∶50时防效达99.02%;5%吡唑醚菌酯SC按3000 mL/hm     

芽孢杆菌JPC-2的营养竞争测定及其对小麦根部病害的防治效果

对营养竞争拮抗测定方法进行了改进,对接法将芽孢杆菌JPC-2与小麦纹枯病菌接种于大豆麦麸(SWB)培养基上,JPC-2可在SWB培养基上迅速扩展并完全抑制小麦纹枯病菌的菌丝生长。田间试验表明,芽孢杆菌JPC-2液体菌剂(107cfu/mL,1∶100)处理种子对小麦纹枯病的冬前期防效高于扬花期防效,防治效果为61.9%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑包衣处理(用量为种子质量的0.3%);对小麦根腐病的防治效果可达46.8%,与空白对照差异显著(p<0.05);并使小麦增产73.5%,高于3%苯醚甲环唑种衣剂。芽孢杆菌JPC-2固体菌剂(106cfu/mL,225kg/hm2)沟施于土壤,再播种液体菌剂包衣(107cfu/mL,药种比1∶30)的小麦种子,对小麦纹枯病菌的冬前期防效为68.9%,扬花期防效为59.7%,小麦增产38.9%,与0.2%戊唑醇种衣剂(1∶50)增产效果相当。     

引起向日葵盘腐和瘦果花皮的根霉种类及其生物学特性

 根霉(Rhizopus spp.)引起的盘腐病是向日葵生产中的毁灭性病害。近年甘肃酒泉的食用向日葵制种田和生产田,向日葵根霉盘腐和瘦果“花皮”发生严重,重病田盘腐病的发病率达100%,给该地区食用向日葵制种和生产造成了巨大损失。2017年和2018年从酒泉食用向日葵罹病花盘和“花皮”瘦果样本上分离得到34株根霉属真菌,样本检出率达100%。依据菌株的形态学和分子生物学特征,将其鉴定为葡枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)和少根根霉(R. arrhizus)。致病性测定结果表明,葡枝根霉可侵染向日葵的舌状花和花托,引起褐色盘腐;少根根霉和葡枝根霉在人工接种条件下还可侵染向日葵叶片和胚根。葡枝根霉引起向日葵盘腐病在我国系首次报道。     

微生物菌剂拌种对花生土传病害的防治效果及产量影响

为探索微生物菌剂拌种防治花生根部病害的防治效果及对产量的影响,以鲁花8号为试验材料,选择3个微生物菌制剂和1个化学药剂,设置1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌、200亿CFU/mL多粘类芽胞杆菌、1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）、1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）、200亿CFU/mL多粘类芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）和25%咯菌腈拌种处理进行田间药效试验。结果表明： 6种供试药剂拌种处理均对花生有一定的增产作用,且对根腐病和白绢病均有一定的控制效果,其中1000亿CFU/mL解淀粉芽胞杆菌+1亿CFU/g真菌生防菌（TB）种子处理的出苗率、增产率和综合防效最高,其出苗率和增产率分别为94.35%和23.15%;出苗30 d后根腐病防效为76.95%,出苗60 d后根腐病和白绢病防效分别为83.54%和83.88%,在绿色防控技术推广应用中具有良好的应用前景。