25种农药鸟类初级环境风险评估

评估了蔬菜常用25种农药鸟类环境风险,结果表明,敌敌畏、虫螨腈、敌百虫、毒死蜱、四聚乙醛和福美双共6种农药按照登记用量和登记方法使用对鸟类的急性风险不可接受;虫螨腈对鸟类的短期饲喂风险不可接受,上述农药在使用时应避开鸟类活动区域。     

难降解农药的登记管理及其风险分析

近年来在环境中难降解农药对生态环境的影响在登记管理中引起关注。本文介绍了欧盟、美国等国家对难降解农药的登记管理现状,讨论了农药的降解性与农药在环境中的浓度的关系,并提出了对难降解农药的管理建议。欧盟对同时具有难降解、高富集性的农药设置了阈值,但未对难降解农药划定不准许登记的阈值,而是通过环境风险评估确定农药的风险;美国、日本、澳大利亚等国家未对难降解农药登记设置阈值。多元线性回归表明,农药的降解DT50对土壤中农药浓度的影响显著,但并不是影响土壤中农药浓度的最主要因素。建议我国登记管理中也不宜对难降解农药划定不准许登记的阈值;对于符合持久性有机污染物定义的农药应履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》,对其他农药,应根据已发布的农药环境风险评估标准开展环境风险评估。     

美国的农药使用管理

美国国家环保局(EPA)在进行农药登记时，根据其对环境、人类的风险评估。将产品分为两类：“一般性使用产品”和“限制性使用产品”。《联邦杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀鼠剂法》(FIFRA)认为，“一般性使用产品”是那些被认为较为安全的。若按标签使用．不会对人类和环境有重大影响．使用技术要求不高的农药产品。“限制性使用产品”则是那些被认为对环境和人类风险较大的．或使用技术要求较高的。即便是按标签指导使用也会对人类和环境产生负面影响或达不到使用效果的农药产品。“限制性使用产品”目前约占整个登记产品总数的1／4。     

浙江省加强农药登记后续管理的实践与思考

农药登记后续管理是农药管理的重点和难点。近年来,浙江从法规政策、体系队伍、人员配置、业务工作等层面,积极探索加强农药登记后续管理服务工作,初步建立了集农药续展登记、风险监测评估、登记再评价为一体的后续管理体系,在加快高毒农药取代、老产品清理、续展登记把关、农药使用风险监测、登记再评价等方面取得了较好进展。本文总结了浙江省加强农药登记后续管理的主要做法,分析查找了主要问题,提出了相应的对策建议,旨在强化农药使用的风险管理,助推现代农业的可持续发展。     

加强农药田间试验确保农药应用效果

农药田间试验工作是农药登记管理中的一个重要技术环节,只有通过农药田间药效试验才能制定农药产品的使用范围和对象、使用剂量、施用方法等应用技术内容,才能确定农药对作物和和天敌的安全性、环境的影响.     

建立和完善我国的农药再评价机制

农药作为农业投入品对保障农产品质量安全,保障人类健康和环境安全至关重要。加强对登记后农药的管理是农药风险管理的重要内容,各国政府为长期有效地控制农药风险．保证安全,逐步将登记后农药的再登记和再评价纳入登记管理范畴。本文着重探讨农药再评价的内涵．介绍欧盟和美国的农药登记再评价的基本情况,在分析我国农药登记后管理工作的基础上,提出加强农药登记后管理需要完善法律规定,建立长期的再评价制度和科学评价机制,提高公众参与意识,增强与社会体系的开放性与协作性。     

日本农药登记及应用状况分析

本文概述了日本在农药登记管理方面的法律依据、登记基本资料要求、农药登记品种、使用情况和存在问题等,重点介绍了农药登记的新品种,包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂、生物杀虫剂、天敌、杀鼠剂及信息素类新型农药等较好的品种,生测资料、残留资料要求,杂草抗药性最新情况等。日本在农药登记、管理、科学使用及农民协会等方面的风险控制经验值得借鉴。     

植保无人飞机施用农药应用研究进展及管理现状

植保无人飞机是现代植保施药机械,具有作业效率高、精准、节水省药、灵活机动和对施药人员安全等特点,然而,与传统施药方式不同,其用水量少,喷施农药浓度高,喷雾易飘移,存在潜在的应用风险。目前关于植保无人飞机施药应用研究主要集中在雾滴沉积分布、飘移影响因素和防治效果评价等领域,有关其在膳食风险、环境风险和职业暴露健康风险评估等方面研究较少,且药剂登记和管理标准法规等相对滞后。为全面了解植保无人飞机施药应用以及管理现状,本文综述了植保无人飞机施药应用、风险研究及国际航空植保农药登记管理情况,总结了我国在该领域发展潜力和管理建议,以期为我国植保无人飞机安全施用农药和登记科学管理提供参考。     

赤霉酸的剂型及其发展动向

随着环境问题的日益突出,世界各国政府登记管理机构和农化公司愈发关注更安全、更环境友好的农药制剂以及更便捷包装的开发。制剂技术在提高农药使用价值和吸引对农药关注方面是非常有效的,同时也能提高使用时的安全性,减少使用量和浪费,由此减少对环境的影响和增进食品安全。赤霉酸制剂剂型的选择也是国内外专家和农化企业研究的热点。通过对近年来赤霉酸登记以及农药制剂发展的调查,提出了未来赤霉酸剂型选择的几点建议。     

新书介绍:《农药出口登记实用指南》

由申继忠主编的《农药出口登记实用指南》于2011年1月由化学工业出版社出版,全书共分为10章,是在搜集、整理农药出口登记工作中常用农药知识的基础上,从实用的角度重点介绍和分析了当前亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲等地区相关国家的农药登记管理概况和登记要求,包括农药的原药全分析与残留分析方法、国际实验室认可与GLP实验室认证、毒理学与毒性试验、剂型与加工、产品质量与分析方法、使用技术、对环境及生态的影响等。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.