氯吡嘧磺隆除草活性及对不同玉米品种的安全性

采用农药室内生物测定法对氯吡嘧磺隆除草活性和对不同玉米品种的安全性进行了研究。在35 g/hm2（有效成分,余同）下,氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米田常见杂草苍耳、鸭跖草、反枝苋、香附子等的鲜重抑制率均在90%以上,对禾本科杂草无效,且与对照药剂烟嘧磺隆有很大的互补性。氯吡嘧磺隆对23种不同玉米品种的安全性差异显著,在140g/hm2下,饲玉7号、五岳18等5个品种较为敏感,株高抑制率均在9.85%以上;金海5号、鲁单981等12个品种敏感性略低,株高抑制率在4.31%～8.29%;郑单958、泰爆1号等6个品种耐药性较高,抑制效果不明显。氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米幼苗主根长抑制率存在较大差异,其IC50值由高到低依次为泰爆1号、强盛16、郑单958、农大108、五岳21、鲁单981、中玉9号、金海5号、西星雪中墨、农大0638、甜玉米。氯吡嘧磺隆在玉米与香附子、反枝苋之间的选择系数分别为16.11、13.18,显著高于对照药剂。结果表明氯吡嘧磺隆对部分常见阔叶杂草及莎草科杂草有较高的除草活性,并对大部分玉米品种安全。     

烟嘧磺隆对不同玉米品种的安全性测定

采用温室盆栽法比较了登海系列的几个玉米品种对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性差异。结果表明,以株高和鲜重抑制率为指标,各品种对药剂的敏感性差异显著;而且施药后不同品种叶绿素和根系活力的变化与生理形态上的药害差异表现出一致性趋势。     

淮安市玉米粗缩病大发生情况调查

淮安市2004年玉米种植面积8.53万hm2,有30个左右的玉米品种,以农大108、澄海11号、郑单958、登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号为主体种植品种.2004年玉米粗缩病发生面积1.9万hm2,占种植面积的55.36%,其中春玉米40%面积发生粗缩病,病株率平均5.6%,夏玉米61.5%面积发生粗缩病,病株率平均15.9%.以农大108、登海11号、郑单958及西玉3号抗病性较好,而登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号、中科1号、浚单18号抗性很差,病株率最高达44.3%,由于品种结构、冬季气候、昆虫种群变化等原因,导致粗缩病逐渐上升为玉米的主要病害.因此,研究分析其发生动态、制定综合防治对策,对有效控制其发生危害、保证玉米的优质高产非常重要.     

干旱胁迫下不同玉米品种的耗水特性及其水分利用效率的差异

通过盆栽控水对12个玉米杂交品种的耗水量、生物学产量及其水分利用效率(WUE)进行测试,结果表明:12个品种的耗水量、干物质积累和WUE存在显著或极显著差异,其中郑单958、掖单13、陕单911这3个品种属于高水分利用效率、高产、耗水型品种;中单2号属于高水分利用效率、中产、中等耗水型品种;农大60、陕单902属于高水分利用效率、中产、节水型品种;户单1号、掖单19、沈单10号这3个品种属于中等水分利用效率,生物产量表现一般、节水型品种;户单4号、陕单9号和丹玉13这3个品种属于低水分利用效率、生物学产量较低、节水型品种。     

麦谷宁生测方法及其对玉米的安全性研究

选用种植面积较大且抗逆性较强的玉米品种农大 108为指示植物 ,研究了麦谷宁的玉米沙培试验方法。结果表明 ,浸种催芽 ,播种后先盖覆沙量的一半后加药 60mL,再盖沙至 2 cm厚 ,于 2 5℃黑暗培养 3d,可获得满意的结果。回归分析表明 ,麦谷宁浓度的对数与玉米主根长抑制率相对应的机率值成很好的线性关系 ,r2 均大于 0 .90。就大面积种植的 16个玉米品种对麦谷宁的敏感性测定结果表明 ,掖单 12对麦谷宁较敏感 ,农大 3138对麦谷宁耐药力最强 ,各品种对麦谷宁的 IC50 值均大于 7.38μ g· kg-1,感性介于烟嘧磺隆和氯磺隆之间     

潍安市玉米粗缩病大发生情况调查

淮安市2004年玉米种植面积8．53万hm^2．有30个左右的玉米品种，以农大108、澄海11号、郑单958、登海9号、白玉109、掖单4号为主体种植品种。2004年玉米粗缩病发生面积1．9万hm^2．占种植面积的55．36％，其中春玉米40％面积发生粗缩病，病株率平均5．6％，夏玉米61．5％面积发生粗缩病，病株率平均15．9％。以农大108、登海11号、郑单958及西玉3号抗病性较好，     

不同玉米品种抗蚜性研究

通过田间试验,研究安徽淮北玉米产区33个常用玉米品种对玉米蚜的抗虫性。结果表明:不同玉米品种的抗蚜性差异很大。33个供试玉米品种的相对抗蚜性排序依次为:苏玉10﹥浚单20﹥郑单23﹥蠡玉13﹥秦龙14﹥先玉335﹥郑单958﹥鲁单6018﹥苏玉20﹥金赛6850﹥中农大311﹥迪卡1号﹥中科11、申源213﹥皖玉17、东单80﹥鲁单661、弘大8号、滑玉13﹥安农8号﹥浚单18、农乐988﹥齐单1号、济单8号﹥益丰29﹥中农大236﹥中迪985﹥蠡玉35、蠡玉16﹥中科4号﹥农大108﹥登海3号﹥隆平206。其中抗性最强的苏玉10与抗性最弱的隆平206,相对抗蚜指数相差达20.2倍。     

不同玉米品种抗蚜性研究

通过田间试验,研究安徽淮北玉米产区33个常用玉米品种对玉米蚜的抗虫性。结果表明:不同玉米品种的抗蚜性差异很大。33个供试玉米品种的相对抗蚜性排序依次为:苏玉10﹥浚单20﹥郑单23﹥蠡玉13﹥秦龙14﹥先玉335﹥郑单958﹥鲁单6018﹥苏玉20﹥金赛6850﹥中农大311﹥迪卡1号﹥中科11、申源213﹥皖玉17、东单80﹥鲁单661、弘大8号、滑玉13﹥安农8号﹥浚单18、农乐988﹥齐单1号、济单8号﹥益丰29﹥中农大236﹥中迪985﹥蠡玉35、蠡玉16﹥中科4号﹥农大108﹥登海3号﹥隆平206。其中抗性最强的苏玉10与抗性最弱的隆平206,相对抗蚜指数相差达20.2倍。     

玉米田主要杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性

为明确我国玉米田杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,于2010—2011年自山东、吉林、四川、河北4省采集连续多年施用烟嘧磺隆的玉米田杂草种子样本121个,在温室内采用盆栽法测定了其对烟嘧磺隆的抗性。结果显示:4个杂草样本对烟嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中山东淄博张店区傅家镇高家村的牛筋草抗性种群的GR50为25.76g/hm2,是敏感种群(1.33g/hm2)的19.37倍,已产生明显的抗药性;四川彭山县谢家镇岳油村的稗草、河北大城县广安镇夏屯村的虎尾草和河北邯郸的狗尾草分别产生了6.14、5.43和5.65倍的低水平抗性;其余杂草样本均无明显抗性。同一杂草不同采集地点的敏感样本对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性存在差异。     

国内培育出8类特用玉米

目前 ,国内农业科研单位已培育出 8大类具有推广价值的特用玉米品种。1　甜玉米　分为普通甜玉米和超甜玉米。普通甜玉米的甜度约为普通玉米的 2 5倍 ,超甜玉米的甜度为西瓜的 2倍多。而且 ,甜玉米果皮柔嫩、味带糯性、适口性好 ,既可鲜食 ,又可速冻保鲜 ,还可制成罐头 ,其秸秆可作为优质青贮饲料。目前 ,我国推广的甜玉米品种有加强型超甜玉米甜单 8号和津鲜1号等。2　糯玉米　主要用于鲜食。与普通玉米相比 ,糯玉米糯性强、黏软清香、甘甜适口、风味独特 ,其秸秆可作为优质青贮饲料。我国推广的糯玉米品种有烟糯玉米 6号、中糯玉 1号、鲁…     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.