2009-2018年阿拉山口进境羊毛截获疫情分析

本文介绍了2009-2018年阿拉山口口岸进境羊毛的情况,并对口岸进境羊毛截获疫情进行了分析。结果表明,进境羊毛包括进境洗净毛和进境未梳的含脂羊毛(原羊毛),来自哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、土库曼斯坦、阿塞拜疆和俄罗斯6个国家。共计截获种类16个科51个属75个种(属)1 392种次有害生物,其中检疫性有害生物3个科5个属8种(属)746种次。根据以上疫情截获分析,建议从鉴定、处理、风险评估等多方面加强检疫监管。     

2011～2016年广东口岸进境水果截获疫情分析与对策

本文对广东口岸2011～2016年进境水果疫情截获情况进行统计,对所截获不同水果的疫情、不同来源地的疫情及检疫性有害生物进行分析,在此基础上分析了进境水果检验检疫监管的现状及存在的问题,并提出相应的监管对策,为进境水果检验疫监管工作提供参考.     

北京口岸进境苗木线虫检出分析

近年来,北京口岸多次从进境苗木中检出植物病原线虫。本文对北京口岸线虫检出情况进行分析,总结了线虫疫情的特点,并提出加强进境苗木检疫监管的工作建议。旨在为提高口岸对进境苗木的检疫监管、降低检疫性线虫传入风险提供参考。     

盐田港口岸进境集装箱空箱截获疫情分析

为掌握进境集装箱空箱携带有害生物的种类和规律,进一步探讨进境空箱的检疫监管对策,笔者对2006年10月至2008年10月间盐田港口岸进境集装箱空箱中截获有害生物数据进行分类统计,共截获各类医学媒介生物、检疫性有害生物及一般性有害生物共计97种222批次,来自21个国家和地区.由此说明进境集装箱空箱携带有害生物疫情复杂,应对进境空箱加强卫生和植物检疫监管,以防止疫情和有毒有害物质随集装箱携带入境.     

进境矿石携带疫情分析及检疫监管对策

通过分析近年来口岸在进境矿石中截获有害生物的数据,明确了主要疫情类别,易携带疫情矿种及疫情多发季节。进一步分析了进境矿石疫情的来源及可能的入侵途径,并对相关检疫监管工作提出了建议。     

进境百合种球检疫与监管措施浅析

通过检疫风险评估，确定进境百合检疫性有害生物25种。2004—2006年，在进境百合种球中检疫截获有害生物24种。隔离检疫监管发现病虫害17种。提出了从审批入手，强化进境种球的源头管理；做好进境口岸的协调，强化种植过程的疫情监管；加强除害处理技术研究、规范操作程序；完善部门间的协调机制；推行质量体系认证，完善分类管理等6条管理措施。     

河北口岸进境棉花货物携带杂草疫情分析及应对策略

由于纺织工业的需求,我国每年有大量国外棉花输入,而来自世界各地的进境棉花中常夹杂棉籽、叶梗、杂草甚至虫体等。河北出入境检验检疫局技术中心于2014年9月开始对进境棉花品质检测样品进行100%疫情排查,至2015年12月共检出杂草25种56种次,其中检疫性美洲豚草1种次,全国首次截获6种次,疫情检出率平均为26.8%。为防止外来杂草随进境棉花传入,本文从加强对进境棉花货物本身的检疫及对棉企的后续监管等方面提出应对策略。     

辽宁口岸进境原木疫情分析及检疫监管建议

本文对2001～2010年间辽宁口岸进境原木疫情情况进行分析,探讨了进境原木截获有害生物种类特点、疫情年发生规律特点并对其形成原因进行了深入分析。同时,对今后的检疫监管工作提出了相关建议。     

昆山口岸东南亚木质包装截获蠹虫疫情分析

对江苏昆山口岸2001～2010年东南亚进境货物木质包装截获蠹虫疫情进行了统计分析,共截获各类蠹虫16属45种377批次。蠹虫种类以小蠹科、长蠹科以及长小蠹科为主。不同月份进境木质包装截获蠹虫种类、批次差异明显,以6月份截获最多,2月份和11月份最少。木质包装疫情比例与其来源密切相关,以马来西亚木质包装截获疫情批次最多,印度尼西亚、马来西亚木质包装截获蠹虫疫情比例最高。并提出了几点加强东南亚进境木质包装检疫监管措施。     

2003-2013年全国进境水果截获疫情分析

对2003-2013年全国口岸进境水果截获的各类疫情进行统计分析.全国进境水果中截获有害生物总计2043种388831种次,检疫性有害生物130种25450种次;从130多个国家及地区进境水果中截获检疫性有害生物,其中截获数量最多的国家是泰国;截获最多的检疫性有害生物为杧果果核象甲(Sternochetus mangiferae).针对疫情截获情况,提出在水果检疫查验过程中应关注的工作重点,为更好地开展水果检疫监管提供参考.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.