陇东黄土高原冬小麦生长对气候变暖的响应特征

使用地面平行观测资料,就甘肃陇东黄土高原作物冬小麦对气候变暖的响应进行初步比较分析.结果表明:1981年以来,冬小麦对气候变暖的响应主要表征为全生育期与越冬期缩短,返青期与成熟期提前;各发育阶段对增温的响应差异明显,增温使营养生长阶段的返青～起身～拔节和生殖生长阶段的开花及成熟日期提前,乳熟日期和开花～成熟期间的总日数无明显变化,但增温使开花～乳熟有延长趋势,使乳熟～成熟有缩短趋势.产量随平均最低气温的升高和≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃及≥15℃积温的增加而增加,随≥20℃积温的增加而减少,表明乳熟期的高温天气对冬小麦产量有逼熟减产的负作用.     

渭北旱塬区气温变化与冬小麦物候的响应

通过对渭北旱塬区永寿、风翔、蒲城、旬邑4个农业气象试验站1971年到2010年冬小麦观测数据以及30个县市区同期气象资料同步观测分析,得出渭北旱塬区气候近40年来增温明显,且以冬季和春季增温最为显著。受气候变化影响,本区域冬小麦播种期、越冬期推迟,返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期等发育期普遍提前,以返青期提前最为显著,相关性分析显示,除了冬前生长期,冬小麦越冬期以及春季各发育期间隔和发育期平均气温相关显著,而且春季的相关性明显比冬季显著,但表现在发育期间隔方面,却是冬小麦越冬期呈显著缩短趋势,而返青后各发育期间隔没有明显变化。结论认为：气候变暖一方面有利于越冬农作物安全越冬,减少冻害对农业生产的影响,而且温度升高,也增加了农业生产积温,使农作物可生长期延长,有利于提高复种指数;另一方面,由于旱塬区春季气温变率较大,发育期提前将导致作物受冻害的气候风险增大,尤其果树开花期遭受冻害,将对产量构成严重威胁。冬季气温持续上升,将导致冬小麦条锈病孢子和林果病虫害等安全越冬,对病虫害防治工作带来很大难度。因此,气候变暖对旱塬农业生产将产生深刻的影响,应引起高度关注。     

天水市冬小麦生长对气候变暖的响应

通过分析冬小麦生育期、产量与温度的关系及变化趋势,建立回归模拟方程,揭示冬小麦对气候变暖的响应,为种植结构调整和粮食安全提供理论依据。结果表明:1980年以来,天水冬小麦对气候变暖的响应主要表现为出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期缩短,返青期推迟;增温使出苗～返青期、拔节～抽穗期延长,返青～拔节、抽穗～成熟期缩短;随着冬小麦全生育期平均气温和地温的升高,全生育期以6.7 d/10a的速度缩短;小麦全生育期与5、10、15、20 cm平均地温均呈负相关。小麦产量有先降后升的变化趋势。天水市小麦适宜播期应在10月1日左右。     

甘肃东部气候变化及冬小麦生长发育响应特征

分析发现1971年以来陇东黄土高原变暖特征明显,其中西峰半湿润塬区1971～2005年增温线性趋势0.0525℃/a,环县半干旱川区增温线性趋势0.0367℃/a,平凉半湿润半干旱过渡地区增温线性趋势0.0411℃/a.除了环县川区夏季增温不明显,其余各区域四季增温均比较显著,西峰塬区四季增温幅度最大,增温趋势最明显,平凉次之.增温表现出夏季、秋季、春季、冬季依次增强的趋势.西峰半湿润塬区年降水量呈减少的趋势,环县半干旱川区年降水量呈增加的趋势,处于半湿润和半干旱过渡带的平凉年降水量则没有明显变化,不同区域秋季降水量均呈现出减少的趋势.气候变暖对陇东不同气候区域冬小麦生态影响既有相同之处,也有不同之处,相同之处主要表现在停止生长期和乳熟期均没有明显变化,起身期提前趋势明显.不同之处体现在西峰播种期明显推迟,返青期明显提前,而环县和平凉播种期和返青期均没有明显变化;西峰、平凉分蘖期明显推迟,抽穗期明显提前,而环县分蘖期和抽穗期没有明显变化;西峰、环县成熟期显著提前,全生育期日数显著缩短,而平凉成熟期和全生育期日数则没有明显变化;另外,西峰、平凉冬前及早春分蘖减少,越冬死亡率大幅度下降,产量显著增高,西峰、环县灌浆期显著延长,成熟期显著缩短,环县越冬死亡率较高时段对应秋春季降水偏少时段,产量增幅不大,增产趋势不明显.综合分析认为,西峰半湿润塬区气候变暖特征最明显,气候变暖对冬小麦的生态影响最显著.     

气候变化对陇东冬小麦生态影响特征研究

对黄土高原比较有典型代表性的残塬"董志塬"的变暖及冬小麦生态响应特征进行研究,发现"董志塬"近35 a来年平均增温线性趋势达0.0505℃,增温表现出平均气温、最高气温、最低气温同时上升,且冬春季增温速度最快,秋季次之,夏季增温最平缓;增温对冬小麦的生态影响主要体现在全生育期(线性趋势0.91 d/a)、越冬期(线性趋势0.85 d/a)显著缩短,春季发育期普遍提前(返青期以0.57 d/a的线性趋势提前,拔节期以0.42 d/a的线性趋势提前,成熟期以0.48 d/a的线性趋势提前),而春季各发育期间间隔日数并未出现缩短的趋势.认为气候变暖对当地农业生产有利有弊,气候变暖,尤其冬春气温显著升高将导致越冬期土壤水分损耗增大,春旱加剧,不利于春季农业生产;另一方面冬小麦全生育期缩短,成熟期提前,能有效提高复种指数和土地利用率.     

气候变化对陇东塬区冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

分析西峰农业气象试验站冬小麦生育期的观测资料表明,气候变暖使陇东塬区冬小麦全生育期天数缩短,主要是越冬期天数缩短,而冬小麦实际生长的天数并未缩短;气候变暖使冬小麦播种期推迟,成熟期提前,从而使麦田的休闲期延长,延长了复种作物的生长期,为提高气候资源的利用率和单位面积的产量提供了保证。气候变化对冬小麦气候产量的影响具有明显的周期性。     

不同根区温度对冬小麦生长发育及养分吸收的影响

以Hoagland营养液为介质,采用自制的恒温培养系统研究了不同根区温度对冬小麦生长发育以及N、P、K养分吸收的影响。结果表明:小麦冬前至返青期低温处理明显抑制根系发育,根长、根体积、根系生物量、叶面积、地上部生物量、养分累积量均比常温处理显著降低,其中越冬前低温处理对地上部的影响大于对根系的影响,而返青期低温处理对根系的影响大于地上部;越冬前和越冬期高温促进了根系生长,但地上部生物量和养分累积量呈降低趋势,返青期高温抑制了根长和根体积的增加,但有促进地上部生长的作用。     

陕西冬小麦物候期对气候特征响应研究

通过对陕西关中平原和渭北旱塬两个不同生态区7个站点1992-2011年气象数据和冬小麦生长发育数据分析发现,两地冬小麦返青及返青前各物候期均呈推迟趋势,返青后各物候期呈提前趋势,导致冬小麦整个生育期均缩短。影响关中地区冬小麦物候期变化的主要因素为温度。越冬期与11月和12月平均温度呈正相关;返青期在关中平原与11月和12月平均温度呈正相关,1月份平均温度呈负相关,在渭北旱塬仅与2月份平均温度呈负相关;两地抽穗期与3-4月各月平均温度呈负相关,成熟期与3-5月各月平均温度及生育期平均温度呈负相关。日照时数对冬小麦物候期变化影响较小,主要为3-5月份各月平均日照时数与成熟期呈负相关关系,渭北旱塬生育期总日照时数与成熟期之间也达显著负相关。降水对物候期影响最小,相关关系均不显著。     

河北省南部冬小麦冬前及越冬期热量变化特征

采用河北南部4个代表性站点逐日气象资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验和小波分析等统计方法,建立了河北南部冬小麦冬前及越冬期积温适宜度评价模型,分析了温度及积温变化特征。结果表明:1961~2010年日平均气温稳定降至16℃日期在1985年前后发生突变,突变区域为2005~2007年,日期变化存在10~12a尺度周期变化规律;气温稳定降至14℃的日期在2003年前后发生突变,突变区域为2009~2010年;冬前≥0℃积温适宜度平均值为0.89,在1991年前后发生突变,2004~2010年积温适宜度呈显著降低趋势,积温适宜度变化存在12~15a尺度震荡周期;越冬期负积温适宜度平均值为0.64,变异系数0.36,1967年前后发生突变,突变区域为1976~1993年,负积温适宜度变化存在4~7a震荡周期;越冬期极端最低气温在1985年前后发生突变,1995年后极端最低气温升高趋势十分显著;越冬期最低气温≤-10℃日数呈明显减少趋势。河北南部麦区冬前积温升高趋势不显著,近10a大多数年份积温显著偏多,但波动较大,偏离常态发生概率增大,积温适宜度呈下降趋势,极易出现积温过多或过少,造成冬前旺长或苗弱;越冬期负积温呈明显减少趋势,积温适宜度上升,极端最低温度升高,日最低气温≤-10℃日数减少,这种变化趋势一定程度上减少了极端最低温度偏低和低温持续时间较长引起的冻害发生。     

基于DSSAT模型陕西杨凌不同降水年型冬小麦灌溉制度研究

基于DSSAT作物模型模拟了不同降水年型水分胁迫条件下的冬小麦生产潜力,对比分析不同生育期灌水对产量、WUE以及土壤蒸发量等的影响,从而确定关键灌水期;并在综合考虑产量、WUE、总灌水量、灌水次数等因素的基础上确定了不同降水年型下的最优灌溉制度。结果表明：(1) 冬小麦越冬水、返青水、拔节水、灌浆水四水中以返青水最为关键,其次为拔节水,最后为越冬水和灌浆水;当不灌返青水时,冬小麦产量和蒸腾量显著降低,土壤蒸发量显著升高;(2) 不同降水年型之间也存在显著差异,产量、WUE、作物蒸腾量等表现为丰水年略大于平水年,二者显著大于枯水年;而灌水边际效益表现为平水年＞枯水年＞丰水年;(3) 枯水年、平水年、丰水年的冬小麦最优灌溉制 度分别为枯水年返青期和拔节期各灌水75 mm和50 mm,平水年返青期灌水75 mm,丰水年返青期和拔节期各灌水25 mm。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.