小花尺蛾触角感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对小花尺蛾Eupithecia abietaria debrunneata Staudinger雌雄成虫触角感器类型?形态与分布进行研究, 结果表明:小花尺蛾触角鞭亚节第50~64节的各亚节感器种类无差异, 触角长度?感器长度和数量存在雌雄二型现象?触角上感器类型为10类17种, 包含B?hm氏鬃毛(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?叉形感器?鳞形感器?毛形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?刺形感器?锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?耳形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?腔形感器?腔锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)和栓锥形感器?雄蛾触角显著短于雌蛾触角, 雄蛾毛形感器Ⅰ?毛形感器Ⅲ的长度显著长于雌蛾, 数量显著多于雌蛾, 雌蛾刺形感器数量显著多于雄蛾?在鳞翅目昆虫上首次发现耳形感器Ⅲ, 结合已有感器功能的报道, 对感器类型?形态和分布进行比较, 并分析其功能?     

美国白蛾触角感器的超微结构

为明确美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea成虫触角上感器的种类、形态和分布，通过扫描电镜观察美国白蛾雌、雄成虫触角上感器的超微结构。结果显示，美国白蛾雌成虫触角呈锯齿状，雄成虫触角呈双栉节状。雌、雄成虫触角上的感器类型有所不同，个别感器的长度和基部直径差异显著。美国白蛾成虫触角上分布9类共16种感器，即4种毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅳ、2种刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种鳞形感器、2种锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、2种腔锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种栓锥形感器、1种舌形感器、2种Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ以及1种新的感器——单孔栓感器。毛形感器数量最多，且雄成虫触角上的毛形感器数量多于雌成虫触角上的。单孔栓感器数量较少，雌、雄成虫触角上仅发现2～3个，在雌成虫第1～3鞭亚节腹面锯齿端部各分布有1个。毛形感器Ⅳ——超长毛形感器及舌形感器仅分布在雄成虫触角上。锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、腔锥形感器Ⅰ和Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异不显著，而其余感器的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异显著；雄成虫触角上毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅲ、腔锥形感器Ⅱ和刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度均显著大于雌成虫触角上的，雌成虫触角上鳞形感器和栓锥形感器的长度显著大于雄成虫触角上的。表明美国白...     

栗实象成虫触角感器超微结构观察

栗实象Curculio davidi是为害板栗Castanea mollissima的主要种实害虫,严重影响着板栗的品质和产量。为探明栗实象成虫触角感器类型、形态和分布,本文利用扫描电镜对栗实象雌雄成虫触角及触角感器进行观察。结果表明:栗实象雌雄成虫触角柄节、梗节、鞭节1~6亚节长度存在显著差异。雌、雄成虫触角上均有7类12种感器,包括4种刺形感器、2种锥形感器、1种叉形感器、2种毛形感器,1种B?hm氏鬃毛、1种腔形感器和1种端指形感器。其中雄虫刺形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅰ、叉形感器的长度显著长于雌虫,雄虫鞭节第7、8亚节的锥形感器数量显著多于雌虫。     

豆卜馍夜蛾触角感器的超微结构与分布

为了解豆卜馍夜蛾Bomolocha tristalis Lederer成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构、数量和分布,探索其化学感受机制。利用扫描电镜技术对豆卜馍夜蛾雌、雄蛾的触角感器进行观察。结果表明:在豆卜馍夜蛾触角上共观察到8种类型感器:B?hm氏鬃毛(两种亚型,BBⅠ型和BBⅡ型)、毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器、鳞形感器和栓锥形感器。其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是腔锥形,除刺形和栓锥形感器外,其他感器数量在触角鞭节从基部到端部呈现由少到多,再减少的趋势。毛形、锥形和耳形感器表皮具多孔属于嗅觉感器。雄蛾触角与雌蛾相比,鞭亚节多2～4节;毛形、刺形和鳞形感器明显长于雌蛾,耳形感器明显短于雌蛾;毛形和腔锥形感器数量均明显多于雌蛾。豆卜馍夜蛾触角感器种类丰富,数量较多,雌、雄蛾间存在性二型现象,B?hm氏鬃毛、刺形和栓锥形感器在结构和分布上存在有利其功能的特化现象。     

杂拟谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对杂拟谷盗成虫触角形态及感器进行了观察,结果表明,杂拟谷盗成虫触角为棒形,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节又分为9个亚节,不存在雌雄二型现象。雌、雄成虫触角上均存在以下6类14种感器,包括Bhm氏鬃毛、3种毛形感器、1种栓锥形感器、6种锥形感器、1种刺形感器、2种指形感器。雌雄个体之间触角感器的类型、分布、长度、基部直径没有明显差异。结合感器的形态、分布和已报道的触角电位反应数据,对杂拟谷盗触角各类感器的功能进行了推测。     

番茄潜叶蛾成虫触角及幼虫头部感受器的超微结构

为明确番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)成虫触角及幼虫头部感受器的种类、分布和形态结构,采用扫描电镜法观察番茄潜叶蛾雌雄成虫触角和4龄雌雄幼虫触角及口器上的感受器种类和形状。结果显示,番茄潜叶蛾成虫触角上共有8种类型感受器,分别为B?hm氏鬃毛、毛形感受器、鳞形感受器、锥形感受器（Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型）、刺形感受器、腔锥形感受器、栓锥形感受器和耳形感受器。其中,雌成虫的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型锥形感受器数量、刺形感受器数量、B?hm氏鬃毛长度、鳞形感受器长度及基部直径、Ⅰ型锥形感受器长度及基部直径、Ⅱ型锥形感受器长度、刺形感受器臼状窝直径、腔锥形感受器基部直径和耳形感受器基部直径均显著大于雄成虫;而雄成虫的毛形感受器数量和腔锥形感受器中心锥长度显著大于雌成虫。幼虫头部共计有6种类型感受器,主要着生在触角、下颚和下唇上,分别为毛形感受器、锥形感受器、刺形感受器、栓锥形感受器、指形感受器和感觉锥;幼虫触角、下颚和下唇的感受器类型和数量在雌雄间完全相同。而雌性幼虫触角鞭节上的锥形感受器SB5和下颚须上的锥形感受器SB2的长度显著大于雄性幼虫;雄性幼虫下颚茎节上的刺形感受器Sch1和下颚须上的锥形...     

二点委夜蛾触角感器的超微结构研究

对二点委夜蛾成虫触角感器的形态结构进行了扫描电镜观察,结果表明:二点委夜蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节由72个亚节组成,触角内侧面覆盖有鳞片。雌蛾触角上存在9种感器:毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、腔乳头状感器、鳞形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛。不同感器在触角各节上的分布与数量各不相同,且雌雄之间存在差异。鳞形感器为雌蛾特有,雄蛾触角上的毛形感器多于雌蛾,腔锥感器少于雌蛾。     

草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器的超微结构观察

草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda 于2018年12月入侵中国大陆,为害玉米等农作物。本研究采用扫描电子显微镜技术,对草地贪夜蛾成虫触角感器的形态结构进行了观察。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾触角呈丝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,雌雄成虫鞭节分别由63个和69个亚节组成,雌雄成虫触角被覆鳞片,共有11种感器类型,分别是:毛形感器、刺形感器、芽胞感器、鳞形感器、耳形感器、坛形感器、B?hm氏鬃毛、 锥形感器、栓锥形感器、 腔锥形感器和腔乳头状感器,多数感器又有不同的亚型。鞭节上感器类型较柄节和梗节丰富。雄蛾触角上的感器数量多于雌蛾。     

锈赤扁谷盗触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对锈赤扁谷盗触角感器进行观察,发现其触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节分9个亚节。雄虫触角各节均显著长于雌虫,而直径除鞭节5、7、8、9四节外,其余各节均显著大于雌虫。成虫触角感器主要有刺形感器、毛形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛3种主要类型。其中,刺形感器具有4种形态,主要分布于鞭节第7、8、9节,毛形感器有2种形态,毛形感器Ⅰ各节都有分布,毛形感器Ⅱ仅有1根,位于柄节腹面,Bhm氏鬃毛主要分布于柄节与梗节连接处。雌、雄虫感器的类型、分布无明显差异,雄虫感器密度略大于雌虫。结合感受器的形态、分布和已报道的触角电位反应数据,对各感受器的功能进行了推测。     

长林小蠹触角感器的超微结构

为了探究长林小蠹Hylurgus ligniperda(Fabricius)触角上感器的类型和数量,为进一步探索其对化学信号的感受机制奠定基础,利用扫描电镜技术对长林小蠹雌雄成虫的触角感器进行观察。结果表明：长林小蠹触角上存在5种类型的感器和少量腺孔,包括毛形感器(ST-Ⅰ、 ST-Ⅱ、 ST-Ⅲ亚型)、锯齿形感器(SZ-Ⅰ、 SZ-Ⅱ、 SZ-Ⅲ亚型)、刺形感器(Sch)、腔锥形感器(Sco)和芽形感器(BS)。毛形感器约占总感器数的61%,锯齿形感器在触角的每一节均有分布,占感器总数的24.7%,刺形感器分布在柄节基部和梗节,腔锥形感器只少量散生在部分毛形感器带上,数量约占4.1%,鞭节端部分布有0～3个芽形感器,且有个体差异。长林小蠹雌雄成虫间触角感器的结构和类型无明显差异,雌虫ST-Ⅰ比例稍多,雄虫ST-Ⅱ比例稍多。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.