东亚小花蝽对四种害虫的捕食作用

室内饲养的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri成虫对棉蓟马成虫、烟粉虱4龄若虫、朱砂叶螨雌成螨和甘蓝蚜成虫的捕食作用、种内干扰作用测定结果表明：捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型;东亚小花蝽对棉蓟马的捕食量符合Na=1.0819Nt/（1＋0.08485Nt）,对朱砂叶螨的捕食量符合Na=2.704Nt/（1＋0.1423Nt）,对烟粉虱的捕食量符合Na=1.9641Nt/（1＋0.2455Nt）,对甘蓝蚜的捕食量符合Na=1.5912Nt/（1＋0.1808Nt）。东亚小花蝽的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,捕食率与个体间相互干扰的关系符合Hassell模型。东亚小花蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,寻找效应与害虫密度负相关。在这4种害虫中,小花蝽对朱砂叶螨的瞬间攻击率和最大捕食量均最大、处置时间最短,对棉蓟马的瞬间攻击率最小,对烟粉虱的最大捕食量最小、处置时间最长。     

迭球螋成虫对棉蚜的捕食作用

在室内测定迭球螋(Forficula vicaria Semenov)成虫对棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)的捕食作用。结果表明, 迭球螋对棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ(1959)型模型, 拟合的圆盘方程为 Na=0.993 6 Nt/(1+0.004 1 Nt); 根据汪世泽等(1988)提出的 HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型 Na=a ?exp(- bNt -1 )拟合, 求得日均最大捕食量176.9头, 最佳寻找密度92头; 利用Holling(1959)寻找效应与猎物密度关系公式 E=a/(1+aThNt ), 结果表明寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而降低; 利用Hassell (1969)模型 E=QP-m 和 Beddington(1975)模型 E=aT/［1+btw(P-1)］对寻找效应与迭球螋成虫密度之间的关系进行拟合, 拟合方程分别为: E=0.631 8 P -1.369 3 和E =0.738 4/(2.266 8 P -1.266 8), Beddington模型更好地反映了寻找效应与迭球螋密度之间的关系; 寻找效应与迭球螋密度和棉蚜密度之间的关系用Beddington(1975)模型 E=a/［1+aThNa+btW(P-1)］进行描述, 拟合方程: E=0.738 4/(2.266 8 P+0.004 04 Na -1.266 8), 寻找效应随迭球螋密度和猎物棉蚜密度的增大而下降。     

异色瓢虫成虫对槐豆木虱的捕食作用

在室内测定异色瓢虫［Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)］成虫对槐豆木虱［Cyamophila willieti（Wu）］若虫的捕食作用。结果表明,异色瓢虫对槐豆木虱若虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ（1959）型方程,拟合的圆盘方程为Na＝1.128 47Nt/（1+0.010 1Nt）,经χ2适合性测验表明,圆盘方程的预测值与实测值相符;对猎物的捕食选择效应表明,在槐豆木虱和槐蚜(Aphis robiniae Macchiati)之间,异色瓢虫更喜好槐豆木虱;异色瓢虫的捕食率与个体间的相互干扰关系,用Hassell（1969）等的模型拟合为E＝0.577 668P-0.275;对自身密度的功能反应,用Watt(1959)模型拟合为A＝98.73P-0.705 3;在此基础上,根据HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型Na=a•exp (-bN-1t)拟合,求得日均最大捕食量102.3头,最佳寻找密度61.1头。     

多异瓢虫对枸杞蚜虫的捕食功能反应

室内测定了多异瓢虫[Adonia variegata(Goeze)]对枸杞蚜虫(Aphis sp.)的捕食功能反应及种内干扰作用。结果表明,其功能反应属于Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程,捕食枸杞蚜虫数量随蚜虫密度的加大而增加;对枸杞蚜虫的捕食作用受自身密度制约,捕食率随天敌密度的加大而下降,相互之间存在干扰。干扰反应数学模型为E=QP-m=0.1115P-0.0169。     

泛希姬蝽对中国梨喀木虱成虫的捕食作用

在室内研究了捕食性天敌泛希姬蝽成虫对中国梨喀木虱成虫的捕食作用。结果表明,泛希姬蝽对中国梨喀木虱成虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型反应,拟合的圆盘方程为Na=0.753 7 N/(1+0.018 9 N),泛希姬蝽对自身密度的功能反应用Watt模型拟合为A=28.724 6P-0.702,其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Has-sell-Varley的干扰反应模型拟合为E=0.614 5P-0.224 7。     

多异长足瓢虫捕食枸杞蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究

通过室内多异长足瓢虫对枸杞蚜捕食作用的研究表明,多异长足瓢虫成虫对枸杞蚜若蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型反应模型,拟合的圆盘方程为Na=0.571N/(1 0.033 3N),其寻找效应随着构杞蚜若蚜密度的增加而降低.多异长足瓢虫成虫对自身密度的功能反应用Watt模型拟合为A=75.21p-0.5339,其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Haasell-Vadey干扰反应模型拟合为E=0.863 6P-1.0515.     

食虫齿爪盲蝽对枸杞木虱的捕食作用研究

在室内研究了捕食性天敌食虫齿爪盲蝽成虫对枸杞木虱2龄若虫的捕食作用。结果表明,食虫齿爪盲蝽对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型反应,拟合的圆盘方程为Na=0.964 9N/(1+0.313N)。捕食木虱数量随木虱密度增加而增大,但寻找效应随之而降低。食虫齿爪盲蝽对自身密度的功能反应用Watt模型拟合为A=43.089 0P-0.780 5,其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Hassell-Varley的干扰反应模型拟合为E=0.5394P-0.378 7,饥饿48 h的食虫齿爪盲蝽的捕食速度与时间段关系的数学模型为V=2.128 1x-1.007 2。     

三种瓢虫对木虱成虫的捕食量观察

六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmuculatus、红星盘瓢虫Phry(?)ocaria congener和龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica成虫的捕食能力与柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri成虫密度呈负加速曲线型,符合Holling圆盘方程Na=(a′TN)/(1+a′TnN)。三种瓢虫成虫对柑桔木虱成虫功能反应的线性方程分别为1/Na=1.0735(1/N)+0.0105,1/Na=1.5909(1/N)=0.01119和1/Na=1.03431/N+0.007727。根据方程可得三种瓢虫成虫对柑桔木虱成虫一昼夜捕食量的上限分别为95.2头,89.4头和129.4头。     

中华通草蛉幼虫对麦蚜捕食作用的初步研究

室内试验研究了中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica（Tjeder） （Neuroptera：Chrysopidae）1～3三龄幼虫对麦蚜Phopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）的功能反应、二龄幼虫自身密度干扰作用和种内干扰效应。研究结果表明，幼虫的功能反应均属HollingⅡ型，日最大捕食蚜虫量1～3龄分别为331头、470头和767头，功能反应的参数表明中华通草蛉幼虫对麦蚜具有很大的捕食潜能。二龄幼虫自身密度干扰作用分别用Hassel ＆ Varley的模型E=QP-m和Beddington的模型E=at／（1＋btw（P-1））进行模拟，模拟模型分别为E=0．555P-0．765和E=0．515／（1＋0．551（P-1）），结果表明：随着二龄幼虫密度的增大，其捕食作用率随之减少。二龄幼虫的种内干扰效应试验表明，在捕食过程中捕食者密度的增大和蚜虫数成倍增加的时候，其捕食作用率仍然显著下降。     

异色瓢虫幼虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食效应

在室内研究了捕食性天敌异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食作用。结果表明,异色瓢虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型反应,拟合的圆盘方程为N_a=1.028 9 N_t/(1+0.009 8 N_t)。根据HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型N_a=a·exp~(-b/N_t)计算出最佳寻找密度43.54头;在猎物密度一定的情况下,利用其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Hassell-Varley的干扰反应模型拟合为E=0.242 4P~(-0.398 5);分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系式为I=0.005 4lgP+0.679 6。利用Holling(1959)寻找效应(E)与猎物密度(N_t)关系式计算了寻找效应;利用HassellVarley(1969)模型和Beddington(1975)2种模型对异色瓢虫4龄幼虫寻找效应和自身密度之间的关系进行了模拟,模拟方程分别为:E=0.748 7P~(-1.298 4)、E=1.021 3/(2.479 4P-1.479 4)和E=1.021 3/(0.01 N_a+2.479 4P-1.479 4),异色瓢虫对云南云杉长足大蚜的寻找效应随猎物密度及捕食者密度的增加而下降。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.