水稻纹枯病菌菌核上的真菌和细菌种类及其对水稻纹枯病菌生长的影响

 A total of 136 fungal and 86 bacterial isolates were isolated from the sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani,collected from three different sources.These fungal isolates were identified as the following 12 genera:Alternaria,Aspergillus,Cladosporium,Coniothyrium,Curvularia,Gliocladium,Fusarium,Metarhizium,Peni-cillium,Phoma,Phytophthora and Trichoderma.Some isolates of Trichoderma and Gliocladium were found to inhibit the growth of R.solani strongly in vitro.Among the 86 bacterial isolates,20 of them could inhibit the growth of R.solani,whereas 5 isolates were found to promote the growth of mycelia and the formation of sclerotia of R.solani.These bacterial isolates with antagonistic actives to R.solani were identified as Bacillus and Pseudomonas.     

Potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet outdoor water demand in arid regions

The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting(RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference(as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0–2.0 m~3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.     

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY ON LAND AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TARIM RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN,XINJIANG PROVINCE,CHINA

<正> A Systematic Study on Land (SSL), aiming at the investigation of the land complex, isone of the important parts of integrated physical geography. With systematic theory as guid-ance, the dissertaton carries out the comprehensive and systematic study of a series ofsubsystems like land classification, land structure analysis, comprehensive physicalregionalization, land evaluation, reasonable planning of land utilization as well as popula-     

广西黑皮冬瓜疫病的病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

 Isolate PD1 of Phytophthora was isolated from diseased black pericarp wax gourd in Guangxi in 2005. The morphological and biological characters of the isolate were examined, and its sequence of ribosomal DNA-ITS was analyzed. The range of growth temperature of the isolate was 10-37℃ and the optimal one was 31℃. The pathogen was sensitive to 10 mg/kg of malachite green, and its ability for starch utilization was weak. A wide host range of the pathogen was confirmed by artificial inoculation. The sizes of sporangia were (37.5-71.7) μm×(20.8-47.5) μm (av. 55.0 μm×30.4 μm). Microcycle conidiation of the pathogen was observed. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker based on its morphological and biological characters as well as ribosomal DNA-ITS sequence.     

地高辛标记cDNA探针检测苹果茎痘病毒

 Partial sequence(314 bp) of ASPV was cloned and used as a probe labelled with digoxigenin-11dUTP. The total RNA extracted from samples with Apple stem pitting virus and a series of dilutions of plasmid with ASPV-cDNA were detected by dot blot hybridization. The results showed that the probe was sensitive and specific. The probe couldn't hybridize with total RNA of Apple stem grooving virus, Apple mosaic virus and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus samples as well as negative control, only hybridized with that extracted from dormant shoot infected with ASPV. The sensitivity for detection of plasmid contained ASPV-cDNA was 1.64 μg.     

低钾逆境下根结线虫感染所诱导的番茄根巨型细胞的组织病理学反应

 Comparison of histopathological response and quantitative measurement of giant cell(GC) induced by Meloidogyne javanica in tomato root were studied under potassium-deficient(0.2 mmol/L K⁺) and replete conditions(control,6.0 mmol/L K⁺).K⁺-deficient stress did not impede the formation and maintenance of GC.The mean number of GC per feeding site as well as the mean diameter of GC did not differ between the treatments.However,the thickness of cell wall including components resulted from the accumulated polysaccharide and the length of cell-wall ingrowth increased 5-25 d after inoculation in K⁺-deficient as compared with K⁺-replete conditions.An increase of cell-wall ingrowth suggested a kind of compensational response to the potassium stress.     

Exploring groundwater quality in semi-arid areas of Algeria: Impacts on potable water supply and agricultural sustainability

Groundwater quality assessment is important to assure safe and durable water use. In semi-arid areas of Algeria, groundwater represents the main water resource for drinking water supply of the rural population as well as for irrigation of agricultural lands. Groundwater samples from wells and springs were collected from the Gargaat Tarf and Annk Djemel sub-watersheds of the Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria, and were analyzed and compared with the World Health Organization(WHO) standards. Results showed t...     

Soil water repellency and influencing factors of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas at different succession stages

Soil water repellency(WR) is an important physical characteristic of soil surface. It is capable of largely influencing the hydrological and geomorphological processes of soil, as well as affecting the ecological processes of plants, such as growth and seed germination, and has thus been a hot topic in recent research around the world. In this paper, the capillary rise method was used to study the soil WR characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas. Soil water repellencies at different succession stages of Nitraria tangutorun were investigated, and the relationships between soil WR and soil organic matter, total N, and total P, soil texture, pH, and concentrations of CO3 2-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+were discussed. Soil WR may be demonstrated at the following nebkhas dune evolvement stages: extremely degradeddegradedstabilizedwell developednewly developedquick sand. Apart from some soil at the bottom, the WR of other soils(crest and slope of dune) was found to be largest at the topsoil, and decreased as the soil depth increased. The results showed that multiple factors affected soil WR characteristics, e.g. WR increased significantly as the contents of soil organic matter and total N increased, but did not change as the total P content increased. Soil texture was a key factor affecting soil WR; soil WR increased significantly as clay content increased, and decreased significantly as sand content increased. Low pH was shown to be more suitable for the occurrence of soil WR. Four cations(Ca2+, Mg2+, K+and Na+) and two anions(Cl-and SO4 2-) enhanced soil WR, while CO3 2-decreased it. HCO3-did not show any observable effect. Finally, we established a best-fit general linear model(GLM) between soil-air-water contact angle(CA) and influencing factors(CA=5.606 sand+6.496(clay and silt)–2.353 pH+470.089 CO3 2-+11.346 Na+–407.707 Cl-–14.245 SO4 2-+0.734 total N–519.521). It was concluded that all soils contain subcritical WR(0°CA90°). The development and succession of Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas may improve the formation of soil subcritical WR. There exist significant relationships between soils subcritical WR and soil physical or chemical properties.     

香荚兰尖孢镰刀菌营养体亲和性测定的初步研究

 Eight hundred twenty four nit mutants were induced from 73 strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae, and classified into four phenotypes by their abilities to utilize different nitrogen sources. Among these mutants, 64.9% were characterized as nit 1, 24.3% as nit 3, 9.8% as nit M, 1.0% as nit X. Based on complementary pairing tests of different nit mutants on the medium MM, 44 isolates belonged to 8 different VCGs, 29 isolates were classified into single and different VCGs. These results indicated that there was significant VCG diversity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae population. VCGs might be correlated with geographic origin of strains, but no close correlation was found between VCGs and pathogenicity.     

施肥对紫花苜蓿产量的影响

在青海大通县长宁地区采用四因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究氮、磷、钾、硫肥的施用效果.结果表明:在该地区,随着氮、磷、钾、硫施用量的增加,苜蓿产量先增后减.施用量的最优组合为尿素225 kg/hm2,过磷酸钙675 kg/hm2,加拿大钾肥225 kg/hm2,硫磺粉15 kg/hm2.在低氮时,苜蓿产量随磷肥用量增加而增加,随钾肥用量的增加而先增后减;在高氮情况下,产量随磷肥用量先增后减,随钾肥用量增加而增加.在低磷的情况下.产量随氮肥用量增加而增加;在高磷情况下,随氮肥用量的增加产量变化不大,磷、钾配合,在一个因素固定后,另一因素随着施肥水平的增加苜蓿产量先增后减.在低磷条件下,增加硫肥的施肥量,苜蓿产量先增后减,在高磷条件下,增加硫肥施肥量的苜蓿产量逐渐增加.     

Effect of fungicides on stages of the life cycle of Phytophthora cinnamomi

An assessment was made of the effects of several fungicides on the formation of zoosporangia, the release of zoospores from zoosporangia, zoospore motility, germ tube formation and mycelial growth, by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Compounds active against mycelial growth (such as metalaxyl and furalaxyl), as well as those active against zoospores (such as captafol and zineb), could be detected by a lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) assay which has been developed. This assay may be useful as a screening procedure to detect new fungicides.     

猕猴桃灰霉病拮抗解淀粉芽孢杆菌X17可湿性粉剂的研制

以植物内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌X17为研究对象,通过对载体、分散剂、润湿剂、稳定剂、保护剂的筛选,确定了内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌X17可湿性粉剂最佳配方:硅藻土10%,羧甲基纤维素钠4%,十二烷基硫酸钠6%,甲基纤维素2%,糊精0.1%。结果显示,制备的解淀粉芽孢杆菌X17可湿性粉剂在25℃室温下芽孢含量为2.0×10¹⁰cfu/g,pH7.0,悬浮率78%,润湿时间35s,细度通过率99%,制剂贮藏6个月存活率达78%。盆栽试验结果表明,内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌X17可湿性粉剂和母粉500倍液对猕猴桃灰霉病的保护效果分别为80.59%和68.82%,菌株X17可湿性粉剂的防治效果优于其母粉。     

NaCl胁迫对剑麻幼苗根毛生长及其生理代谢的影响

以剑麻幼苗为材料,探讨了不同浓度NaCl模拟盐胁迫对剑麻幼苗根毛生长的影响,及胁迫下叶片膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性和同工酶的变化。结果表明,0.4%NaCl对剑麻根毛的生长抑制作用较轻,且随着NaCl胁迫浓度提高和时间增加,剑麻幼苗根毛受损伤的程度加强;同时叶片膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高。本研究结果还表明,较高的盐胁迫引起了剑麻幼苗脯氨酸含量和POD活性的显著增加,以及POD同工酶图谱的变化,因此,推断剑麻幼苗可能通过提高游离脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性来抵抗NaCl的胁迫伤害作用,提高其对盐分的适应性。     

The determination of trace levels of ethylenethiourea

All currently utilized herbicides have been identified by random screening and related compounds developed by subsequent imitative chemistry. Little success has as yet been achieved by rational design. Ideas for herbicide design are discussed in relationship to enzyme inhibition, enzyme regulation and the accumulation of toxic metabolites. A number of herbicides in current use function either by promoting the formation of toxic radicals or by inhibiting protective systems. There is scope for the development of protective enzyme inhibitors, as well as the modulation of other scavenging systems. Natural or synthetic photosensitizers as well as a number of allelopathic chemicals could be used as herbicides. Herbicide selectivity could be investigated by the selective inhibition of C⁴ photosynthesis enzymes, by a detailed examination of enzyme diversity, or by the modulation of mono-oxygenase enzymes or glutathione conjugation.     

环介导等温扩增技术在植物病原物检测中的应用

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术是一种新型的由环介导的等温核酸扩增分子技术,不仅特异性强、操作简便、成本低,还能快速、高效地检测病原物,为植物病害的防控提供更精准的防治适期,从而可以减少农药的滥用。本文主要针对LAMP技术的原理、发展、优缺点、在真菌、细菌、病毒等多种植物病原物检测及在抗药性检测中的应用进行总结,并结合国内外研究进展对其应用前景进行了分析。     

阿维·螺螨酯7%乳油高效液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇+水溶液为流动相,使用ZORBAX C185μm为填料的不锈钢柱和紫外波长检测器,检测波长245nm,对阿维.螺螨酯7%乳油进行的定量分析。结果表明,方法的标准偏差分别为0.01、0.02,变异系数为0.377%、0.462%,平均回收率为99.59%、99.19%,线性相关系数为0.999、0.999。     

丁醚脲10％乳油高效液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇＋水溶液为流动相,使用HypersilODS2C18 5μm为填料的不锈钢柱和紫外波长检测器,检测波230nm,对丁醚脲10％乳油进行的定量分析。结果表明,方法的标准偏差分别为0．050,变异系数为0．492％,平均回收率为99．62％,线性相关系数为0．999。     

作物土传病害的危害及防治技术

近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。     

溴虫腈·丁醚脲34%悬浮剂高效液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇＋水溶液为流动相,使用WondaSil C18 5μm为填料的不锈钢柱和紫外波长检测器,检测波长245nm,对溴虫腈.丁醚脲34%悬浮剂进行的定量分析。结果表明,方法的标准偏差分别为0.08、0.12,变异系数为0.78%、0.47%,平均回收率为99.48%、99.67%,线性相关系数为0.999、0.999。